FORM4CHAPTER 6NUTRITION

BY:

NUR AMIRAH QISTINA BT MUHAMAD MAZLAN

NUTRITIONThe entire process by which organism obtain energy and nutrition from food.Function: for growth , maintenance and repair of damage tissue.Types: Autotrophic nutrition and Heterotrophic nutrition.

NUTRIENTThe substances that are required for the nourishment of an organisms.

6.1 TYPES OF NUTRITION

AUTOTROPHIC NUTRITIONAUTOTROPHS(autos : self ; trophos : feed)oUse simple inorganic substances and either light energy(photosynthesis) or chemical energy(chemosynthesis) to synthesise food.

PHOTOAUTOTROPHS:

Carry out photosynthesis.Produce organic

molecules from CO2 and H2O.

CHEMOAUTOTROPHS:

Carry out chemosynthesis.

Synthesise organic compound without the help of light.Obtain energy by

oxidising inorganic substances.

HETEROTROPHIC NUTRITIONHETEROTROPHS (heteros :other)•May practise holozoic nutrition ,saprophytism or parasitism.

HOLOZOIC NUTRITION

• Humans and nearly all animals.

• The organism feed by ingesting solid organic matter which is subsequently digested and absorbed into their bodies.

• Carnivorous plant : obtain nutrients by capturing and ingesting small insects.

SAPROPHYTISM

• Saphophytes.• Feed on dead

and decaying matter.

• Include bacteria and fungi which digest the food externally before the nutrients are absorbed.

PARASITISM

• A close association between 2 organisms , parasite and host.

• The parasite obtains nutrients by living on or in the body of the host.

• The parasite absorbs readily digested food from its host.

• Example of parasite : fleas and lice.

6.2 BALANCED DIETTHE NECESSITY OF A BALANCE DIETLiving organisms obtain nutrients from their diets.

The foods that constitute a balanced diet should contain the major nutrients which include:

Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Vitamins Minerals Roughage or dietary fibre Water

These nutrients must be taken in the correct proportion• To meet the daily energy requirement of an individual• To provide the necessity nutrients for growth and tissue

repair• For maintaining health

DAILY ENERGY REQUIREMENT

EnergyNeeded to perform physical activities, to sustain vital functions and for maintaining body temperature.

Generated by the oxidation of molecules obtained from food during cellular respiration.

Can only be obtained from carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Proteins are used to provide energy when carbohydrates and fats are not available.

FACTORS THAT EFFECTING THE DAILY ENERGY

LIFESTYLE

PEOPLE WHO INDULGE

IN SPORTS ACTIVITIES

REQUIRE MORE ENERGY

THAN THOSE WHO LEAD

A SEDENTARY LIFE.

AGEGROWING CHILDREN AND

ADOLESCENTS REQUIRE

MORE ENERGY COMPARE TO ADULTS

CLIMATE

PEOPLE WHO LIVE IN COLD

COUNTRIES REQUIRE MORE

ENERGY TO KEEP THEIR BODY

WARM,COMPARE TO THOSE IN THE

TROPICS.

BODY SIZE/weightAn individual of bigger

size require more energy than another of smaller

size.

OCCUPATIONPEOPLE THAT INVOLVE

HEAVY PHYSICALLY WORK

REQUIRE MORE ENERGY

THAN THOSE WHO ARE

PHYSICALLY INACTIVE.

SEXADULT MALES REQUIRE MORE ENERGY THAN ADULT FEMALE.MEN

GENERALLY ARE PHYSICALLY MORE ACTIVE AND HAVE LESS BODY FAT.

VITAMINS

Provide no energy but are essential for maintenance of good health and efficient metabolism.

Can be divided into: water-soluble vitamins : B and C : cannot be stored in the body : have to be constantly supplied in the daily diet Fat-soluble vitamins : A,D,E and K : can be stored in the body fat

The group of a complex non-protein organic compounds which are needed in relatively small quantities by living organism.

VITAMINS SOURCES FUNCTIONS

A EGG, MILK,CARROT, PAPAYA

• For growth and promote healthy skin• For good night

vision

B EGG, YEAST, LIVER, NUTS, TOMATO

• Promotes the effective functioning

of the nervous system

• Controls the supply of carbohydrates to

the muscle and nerve cells

C GREEN VEGETABLES, TOMATO, LIME

• Increases immunity against diseases

• Promotes healthy skin

D EGG, MILK, COD LIVER OIL

• Helps in the absorption of calcium and

phosphorus in the small intestines

E VEGETABLE OIL, EGG, LIVER, MILK,PALM OIL

• Maintains a healthy reproductive system

K SUNFLOWER SEEDS, MAIZE

•Necessary for the clotting of blood

MINERALSSimple inorganic nutrients which must be obtained through the diet, either from food or dissolved in drinking water.

Provide no energy but are vital for the maintenance of good health.

Macrominerals/major minerals are required in relatively large quantities.

Microminerals are required in trace amounts of less than 20mg per day.

MINERALS SOURCES FUNCTIONS

CALCIUM MILK, ANCHOVIES, CHEES, EGG

o Formation of strong bones and

teethoHelps in clotting in

blood

SODIUM COMMON SALT o Necessary constituent of blood

plasma

IRON MILK, LIVER, MEAT, EGG

o Builds haemoglobin of red

blood cells

IODINE SEAFOOD o Necessary for the functioning of the

thyroid gland

PHOSPHORUS

MILK, FISH, EGG o Formation of strong bones and

teeth

POTASSIUM MILK, EGG o For muscles contraction

o Helps to maintain the balance of

blood and tissue

ROUGHAGE/DIETARY FIBRERefer to the parts of plants that cannot be digested.The sources of roughage are vegetables, fruits, nuts and wholemeal grains.

Deficiency of roughage in our diet causes constipation and other disorders of the large intestine.

Helps to stimulate peristalsis and the muscle movement

of the small and big intestines

Helps to lower blood cholesterol

Prevent obesity, diabetes mellitus

and heart diseases

Functions of roughage

WATERWater is very essential to the survival of human as all

metabolic reactions take place in solution.Water makes up about 70% off the total body weight.

Controlling the body

temperature

Removing excretory products

Controlling the concentration

of blood

Transporting foods during

digestion

As a lubricant

As a medium for biochemical

reactions in the body

FUNCTIONS OF WATER

Failure to replace the lost water results in dehydration. A series loss of water can be fatal.

SELECTION OF AN APPROPRIATE BALANCED DIET

ATHELETES

CARBOHYDRATES: provide extra energy

PROTEINS :build up muscles

REDUCE INTAKE OF FATS

INFANTS

PROTEINS: build soft tissue

CALCIUM & PHOSPHORUS: build bones and teeth

CARBOHYDRATES: provide energy for growth

BREAST MILK IS THE BEST FOOD

6.3 MALNUTRITION

Results from taking an unbalanced diet in which certain nutrients are lacking , in excess, or in the wrong proportions.

Malnutrition leads to health problems and diseases.

THE EFFECT OF MALNUTRITION

DEFICIENCY IN PROTEINS

• Kwashiorkor : Stunted growth , muscles that waste away, diarrhoea ,oedema which causes the belly to swell, loss of appetite and apathy.

• Marasmus : lacks of energy-providing too .The child become very thin and looks old for his age.

DEFICIENCY IN MINERALS

• Rickets : CALCIUM & PHOSPHORUS. The child’s bones are soft and can bend out of shape.

• Osteoporosis : CALCIUM,VITAMIN D & PHOSPHORUS. The elderly ’s bones become porous and break easily.

DEFICIENCY IN VITAMINS

• Rickets : VITAMIN D.• Scurvy : VITAMIN C .Symptoms:

bleeding and swollen gums.• Sterility : VITAMIN E.• Night blindness : VITAMIN A

EXCESSIVE INTAKE OF

LIPIDS

• Obesity : An obese person is at higher risk of developing high blood pressure and heart problems.

• Atherosclerosis : A person leads to high blood pressure, puts a strain on the heart and increase the risk of stroke.

EXCESSIVE INTAKE OF

CARBOHYDRATES

• Obesity• Diabetes mellitus : A higher risk

of stroke, heart diseases and kidney failure.

EXCESSIVE INTAKE OF PROTEINS

• Gout : Raise the level of uric acid in the blood.

EXCESSIVE INTAKE OF VITAMINS

• The liver and kidney will be damaged : VITAMIN A,D,E & K

• an upset stomach : VITAMIN C

EXCESSIVE INTAKE OF MINERALS

• High blood pressure : COMMON SALT

• Damage the liver and kidneys : IRON

• Bone formation in soft tissues & promotes formation of kidney stones : CALCIUM

WAYS TO REDUCE THE CHANCE OF CONTRACTING CERTAIN HEALTH PROBLEMS DUE TO ONE’S DIET

i. CUTTING DOWN ON THE INTAKE OF SATURATED FATS,RED MEAT AND ORGANS.

ii. CUTTING DOWN ON THE INTAKE OF SALT.

iii. TAKING ENOUGH DIETARY FIBRE, WHICH CAN HELP LOWER BLOOD CHOLESTEROL LEVEL.

iv. HAVING ENOUGH SLEEP DAILY.v. MANAGING STRESS WELL.vi. EXERCISING REGULARLY.vii.ABSTAINING FROM SMOKING AND

ALCOHOL, WHICH CAUSE HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE.