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The American The American Revolutionary WarRevolutionary War
CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Proclamation of 1763 stops colonists from moving west
Parliament taxes the colonies to pay British war debts
Intolerable Acts set up harsh rule in Massachusetts
EFFECTS OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
Colonies declare independence
Britain recognizes United States independence
United States borders extend to Florida and the Mississippi River
George Washington emerges as a leader
Strengths and Weaknesses
One of the Patriots’ greatest advantages was which of the following?
A.A larger population
B.Mercenaries fighting on their side
C.A stronger navy
D.George Washington as their military leader
E.Tom Brady
The Opposing Sides
British Strengths…Population
Monetary Wealth
Royal Navy
Professional Army
8 million vs. 2.5 million colonists
Trained and experienced50,000 British
30,000 Hessian mercenaries30,000 American Loyalists
(Tories)
British Weaknesses…Unrest in Ireland
Government inept and confused, led by King George III
and Lord North
Lack of desire to crush American cousins
Whigs cheered American victories in Parliament
British Weaknesses…Military Difficulties
Second-rate generals
Inadequate and poor provisions
Need for clear victory, a draw would be a colonial victory
Armies 3,000 miles from home, took months to reach the front
Vast colonial territory to conquer (1,000 x 600 miles)
American Strengths…Outstanding Leadership
Military – George WashingtonDiplomatic – Benjamin Franklin
European Imports
Marquis de Lafayette
Comte de Rochambeau
Francois De Grasse
Thaddeus Kosciusko
Casimir Pulaski
Friedrich von Steuben
American Strengths…
Colonists fighting defensively
Self-sustaining agricultural base
Colonists better marksmen?
Moral advantage
Good cause with a positive goal
American Weaknesses…Colonies were poorly organized and not united for war
Continental Congress debated, took little action, and exercised little leadership
No written constitution until 1781
Colonies were jealous of Congress and each other
ECONOMIC DIFFICULTIES:
Little metallic currency available
Fearful of taxation
Congress issued virtually worthless currency
TROUBLES WITH GOVERNMENT:
American Weaknesses…
MILITARY DIFFICULTIES:
Inadequate firearms, cannons, and gunpowder (the colonists had enough for each soldier to fire nine shots)
Clothing and shoes scarce (2,800 men barefoot at Valley Forge)
No Navy
American soldiers numerous but unreliable
The Opposing Sides
Capture of Fort Ticonderoga
May 10, 1775
Ethan Allen and Benedict Arnold with the Vermont militia, the Green Mountain Boys, captured the mostly abandoned
British fort without a fight
Captured valuable cannons and gunpowder
Took control of a key route to Canada
Battle of Bunker HillJune 17, 1775
Colonel William Prescott led 1,200 militia to take the high ground over
Boston Harbor
Colonial troops dug in and prepared defenses
on Breed’s Hill
British General William Howe attacks:
2,400 redcoats under his command
British are repelled after two frontal
assaultsOn the third attack,
the militia ran out of gunpowder, and the British
took the position
Losses…BRITISH
226 killed
(19 officers)828 wounded
(62 officers)
1,054 total casualties
COLONISTS
115 killed
305 wounded
30 captured
(20 died as POW)450 total casualties
Although the British won the Battle of Bunker Hill, they learned
that defeating the Americans on the battlefield would not be quick or easy
The Death of the American General Warren by John Trumbull
British Grenadiers attack on Breed's Hill
A. A
B. B
C. C
D. D
Which of the following shows the correct chronology?
A. Bunker Hill, Lexington, Ft. Ticonderoga
B. Concord, Yorktown, Lexington
C. Yorktown, Lexington, Concord
D.Lexington, Ft. Ticonderoga, Bunker Hill
E.Concord, Lexington, Bunker Hill
More Military Action
Early Battles
Redcoats Leave Boston
March 5, 1776
General Henry Knox and the Continental Army took the cannons captured from
Fort Ticonderoga 300 miles to Dorchester Heights,
overlooking Boston Harbor
General Howe and the British are forced
to retreat from Boston to Halifax, Canada
King George III of Great Britain declared, "The colonies are in
open and avowed rebellion. The die is now
cast. The colonies must either submit or
triumph."
The King ordered the blockade of all colonial
ports by the Royal Navy
Attack onCanadaRichard Montgomery captured
Montreal in November, 1775Benedict Arnold and
Montgomery marched on Quebec:
Poor planning and bad weather weakened the attack
British reinforcements forced Colonists to withdraw, leaving Canada to the
British and Montgomery dead
British and Canadians lost 20 men The American losses were around 500
“The Death of Montgomery” by John Trumbull
Battle of Long IslandAugust 27, 1776
General Howe’s British forces completely outnumbered and outmaneuvered the Americans
500 Ships20,000 Troops
Washington and his 10,000 defeated troops retreated across the Hudson River to New Jersey under the cover of darkness
Had General Howe pursued and continued the attack, he would have captured Washington, crushed the
Continental Army, and ended the war
British: 400
American : 2,000 men and several cannons
Casualties:
Battle of White PlainsOctober 28, 1776
Washington halted the American retreat at White Plains
to prepare a defense
British forces led by General Howe attacked
Hessians mercenaries led by Colonel Johann
Gottlieb Rall outmaneuvered American militia on Chatterton’s Hill, and forced Washington’s
forces to break and continue to retreat
Battle of Fort
Washington
November 16, 1776
British and Hessian forces outflanked and defeated the Americans last
position in New York
2,900 Americans were captured and lost valuable guns,
gunpowder, and cannons
The Continental Army retreated across New Jersey
into Pennsylvania
British troops crossing the Hudson River
Molly PitcherThe only American hero to
emerge from the loss at Fort Washington was
Margaret “Molly” Corbin.
“Molly Pitcher” was the wife of a Pennsylvania soldier, John Corbin, who had gone into
battle at her husband’s side bringing water to swab cannons
After her husband was killed, she stepped into his place to
load and fire a cannon, until she fell wounded.
“The American Crisis”
December, 1776
Thomas Paine published a series of pamphlets to boost American morale
The first volume began with the famous words:
“These are the times that try men’s souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis,
shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now,
deserves the love and thanks of man and woman.
Americans Turn the
Tide
Battle of TrentonDecember 26, 1776
Washington’s famous crossing of the Delaware River
2,400 Troops18 Cannons
The town was defended by 1,200 Hessians with 6 light guns
commanded by the feared Colonel Rall
On the night before the attack, Rall was at dinner when he was brought information about the American attack
Rall ignored the message, which was found in his pocket after his death
The American forces attacked from three directions
The surprised Hessians attempted to form ranks in the town, but were attacked from the front and rear
Surrounded and mortally wounded, Rall surrendered
Casualties:
Hessians: 21 killed, 90 wounded, 900 captured
Americans: 4 wounded, 2 possibly froze to death
General George Washington “Crossing the Delaware” at the Battle of Trenton on Christmas night, 1776 by Emmanuel Leutze
The surrender to General George Washington of the dying Hessian commander, Colonel Rall, at the Battle of Trenton
Battle in the Streets of Trenton
General Washington leading the attack at the Battle of Trenton
Battle of PrincetonJanuary 3, 1777
British Major General Lord Charles Cornwallis attempted to retake Trenton from the Americans
Washington decided to leave Trenton before his army was attacked and outnumbered
In the middle of the night, the Americans left fires burning, and outmaneuvered the British at Princeton
Washington was not able to hold Princeton for long, and was forced to retreat as his army was outnumbered
General Washington leads the attack at the Battle of Princeton
Battle of Brandywin
eSeptember 11, 1777
General Howe brought his army by sea to the Chesapeake
intending to capture Philadelphia
Washington took up defensive positions at Brandywine Creek,
Pennsylvania to block them
British and Hessian forces outmaneuvered the Americans
and forced them to retreat, opening the route to Philadelphia
Battle of Germantow
nOctober 4, 1777
Washington planned a surprise attack on British and Hessian
forces encamped at Germantown, Pennsylvania
The plan was much like the attack on Trenton, as the
Americans were to attack from four directions at night
Confusion and heavy fog led to American forces
breaking and retreating
Battle of Saratoga
October 17, 1777
British planned to cut off the New England
colonies at the Hudson River
Three-Part strategy to attack Albany:
1. General John Burgoyne from the north
2. Colonel Barry St. Leger from the west
3. General William Howe from the south
General Howe changed his plans and attacked Philadelphia first:
Captures Philadelphia – Continental Congress flees to Baltimore
Washington retreats to Valley Forge, Pennsylvania
Betsy Ross sews first “stars and stripes” flag?
Howe retires to Philadelphia for comfortable winter quarters
Colonel St. Leger was driven back by Benedict Arnold at
the Battle of Oriskany
Burgoyne moved south and retook Crown Point and Fort
TiconderogaBurgoyne was surrounded by
American General Horatio Gates at Saratoga, New York
On October 17, 1777 Burgoyne surrendered 5,800 men
British General William Howe was replaced by Henry Clinton
Surrender of General Burgoyne at Saratoga by Fauvel
General John Burgoyne surrenders to General Horatio Gates
French Alliance
French AllianceBenjamin Franklin was in Paris to
convince King Louis XVI to help with weapons, supplies, troops,
and strong naval forces
February 6, 1778
The French, still angry about their defeat in the French and Indian War,
wanted proof that the Americans could win before they would help
Saratoga convinced the French to declare war on Britain
King Louis offered troops, the French navy, money,
supplies, and a treaty of alliance
The War Comes to an
End
Victory at SeaJohn Paul Jones on the
USS Bon Homme Richard, attacked a larger British
warship, the HMS Serapis
September 23, 1779
His ship hit and in flames, Jones stated, “I have not yet begun to fight!”
when asked to surrender
American boarding parties defeated the British and captured the Serapis
in bloody hand-to-hand combat
Battle of Flamborough Head, 23rd September 1779
An American Traitor
Deep in debt, passed over for promotion, and bitter about not getting enough credit, Benedict Arnold made a secret deal to offer to the British the
American fort at West Point
Arnold's scheme was detected when American forces captured British Major John André carrying
papers that revealed Arnold's plan
Benedict Arnold escaped to a British ship and left for England
PLEASE GET OUT PLEASE GET OUT YOUR SPIRAL AND YOUR SPIRAL AND GET READY FOR GET READY FOR TAKING NOTESTAKING NOTES
Battle of the Chesapeake
September 5, 1781
French Admiral Comte de Grasse defeated
British Admiral Sir Thomas Graves at the mouth of the Chesapeake River, Virginia
The victory of the French fleet prevented the Royal Navy from
resupplying, reinforcing, or allowing British troops to evacuate
Battle of YorktownBritish General Charles Cornwallis
marched his army to Yorktown, Virginia
September 28 – October 19, 1781
American and French forces surrounded Cornwallis
British forces were low on ammunition and food, could not be reinforced, resupplied, or evacuated by sea
due to the French naval blockade
Cornwallis was forced to march out of Yorktown and surrender
CASUALTIES:
British: 500 killed, 6,000 captured
American and French: 80 American and 200 French
The British Surrender at Yorktown 19th October 1781
The British Surrender at Yorktown 19th October 1781
Treaty of Paris of
1783
American negotiators Benjamin Franklin, John Jay, John Adams, and Henry Laurens
PROVISIONS:
Britain formally recognized the independence of the United States
Tories (Loyalists) were allowed to file legal suits to reclaim lost property
NEW BOUNDARIES:
Great Lakes to the North
Mississippi River to the West
Florida to the South (returned to Spain)
Treaty ratified by Congress on April 15, 1783
Signing of the preliminary Treaty of Paris, November 30, 1782.
Benjamin West's painting of the delegations at the Treaty of Paris: John Jay, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Henry Laurens, and William Temple Franklin.
The British delegation refused to pose, and the painting was never completed
Review Question 1
Review Question 2
Review Question 3
The End