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Atomic Chem General Chem Water Chem Energy Misc.

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What 2 subatomic particles are contained in an atom’s nucleus?

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Protons and Neutrons

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What two subatomic particles must differ in number in order to have an

ion?

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Protons and Electrons

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The atomic number of an element is always the same

as the number of this subatomic particle.

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Protons= Atomic Number

This is why you look for the number of protons when you are identifying an atom on a

drawing

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What do you call atoms of an element that contain different

numbers of neutrons?Example: carbon-12 and

carbon-14

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Isotopes

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Strontium (Sr) has a mass number of 88 and an atomic

number of 38. Give the number of protons, electrons,

and neutrons in an atom of Strontium.

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Protons = 38Electrons = 38Neutrons = 50

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How many valence electrons does an atom of phosphorus

(P) have?

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5 valence electrons

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_______________ are made up of atoms of two or more

elements in fixed proportions.

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Compounds

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Why are the noble gases stable?

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A noble gas is stable because its outer electron energy level is full (has maximum number

of valence electrons).

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Na2CO3 is the chemical formula for sodium

carbonate. How many atoms of each element are present

in sodium carbonate?

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Na = 2C = 1O = 3

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Differentiate between covalent and ionic bonds.

Hint: What is going on with the electrons in each type of

bond?

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•In covalent bonds, electrons are shared.•In ionic bonds, one atom donates its electrons, becoming a positive ion. The other atom accepts the electrons, becoming a negative ion. The ions of opposite charges are then attracted to one another.

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Water is referred to as a __________ molecule

because it has an unequal distribution of electrical

charge.

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polar

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What is the term for water molecules being attracted to any other substance? Hint: This is what happened when

we dropped water on the glass slide.

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Adhesion

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Do lipids dissolve in water?

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No! Lipids do not dissolve in water because they are

nonpolar.

Ionic compounds and polar molecules dissolve best in

water.

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Did the paperclip float? Explain what water

properties contributed to the results we saw in the lab.

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It did not float. It sat on top of the water due to water’s surface tension. Surface tension is the result of

cohesion between water molecules. Cohesion or

sticking together of water molecules is caused by

hydrogen bonding.

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Differentiate between acids and bases. Hint: What ions

are released in water and what are their pH values.

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•Acids form H+ when dissolved in water. They have pH values below 7.•Bases form OH- ions when dissolved in water. They have pH values above 7.

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Define energy

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The ability to do work (move or change matter).

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What is the name for the starting materials in chemical

reactions?

What is the name of the newly formed substances in

chemical reactions?

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Reactants = starting materials

Products = newly formed substances

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What name is given to the energy needed to start a

chemical reaction?

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Activation energy

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Define an enzyme (what does it do?)

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Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the

speed of chemical reactions. Catalysts reduce the

activation energy of a chemical reaction.

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Name the 4 types of Energy inBiological Systems

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Chemical Energy

Thermal Energy

Electrical Energy

Mechanical Energy

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What is defined as, “anything that occupies space and has mass?’

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Matter

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What are the weak interactions that allow water

to cohere and adhere?

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Hydrogen Bonds

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What is a strong bond in which

valence electrons are shared?

Name the 3 types of these bonds

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Covalent Bond

Single covalent bond (2 electrons shared)

Double covalent bond (4 electrons

shared)Triple covalent bond (6 electrons shared)

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The force that describes attractionbetween molecules of the same

substance.

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Cohesion

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What is an acid-base indicator ?

Name 3 natural acid-base indicators.

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An acid-base indicator is a dye used todistinguish between acidic and basic

solutions by means of the color changes it undergoes in these solutions.

3 Natural Examples:• tea

• red cabbage juice• concord grape jelly