Chapter 19.1

Oxidation and Reduction

Objectives:1. Assign oxidation numbers to reactant and

product species.

2. Define oxidation and reduction.

3. Explain what an oxidation-reduction reaction (redox reaction) is.

Oxidation States• The oxidation number assigned to an

element in a molecule is based on the distribution of electrons in that molecule.

• The rules by which oxidation numbers are assigned are summarized on the next slide.

chromium (II) chloride

chromium (III) chloride

potassium chromate

potassium dichromate

Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers

Assigning Oxidation Numbers

Oxidation• Reactions in which the atoms or ions of an

element experience an increase in oxidation state are oxidation processes.

• A species whose oxidation number increases is oxidized.

Reduction• Reactions in which the oxidation state of an

element decreases are reduction processes.

• A species that undergoes a decrease in oxidation state is reduced.

Aluminum from Aluminum Oxide

Tungsten from Tungsten Oxide

Oxidation and Reduction as a Process• Any chemical process in which elements undergo

changes in oxidation number is an oxidation-reduction reaction.

• This name is often shortened to redox reaction.

• The part of the reaction involving oxidation or reduction alone can be written as a half-reaction.

• Equations for the reaction between nitric acid and copper illustrate the relationship between half-reactions and the overall redox reaction. 2+

+20

Cu Cu + 2e –

+5 2 +1 +4 2 +1+

23

2

2

2NO + 2 + 4H 2NO + 2H Oe –

–– –

–

+5 + 2+

3 2

+2 0 +4

2Cu + 2NO + 4H Cu + 2NO + 2H O–

(oxidation half-reaction)

(reduction half-reaction)

(redox reaction)

Redox Reactions and Covalent Bonds• When hydrogen burns in chlorine, a covalent

bond forms from the sharing of two electrons.

• The pair of electrons is more strongly attracted to the chlorine atom because of its higher electronegativity.

2 2

0 0 +1 1

H + Cl 2HCl–

• Neither atom has totally lost or totally gained any electrons.

• Hydrogen has donated a share of its bonding electron to the chlorine but has not completely transferred that electron.

Particle Model for a Redox Reaction