Chapter 15-16 Note-Taking Guide

Evolution: Evidence and Theory and Speciation

What is evolution by natural selection?

Evidence for Evolution

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

The Fossil Record

A fossil is a ______________________________.

Fossils are often found in layers of ______________________________________.

Sedimentary rock is formed when ______________________________ like dust, sand or

mud is deposited and turns to _________________________ over many years.

A _______________________________ is an imprint in rock in the shape of an

organism.

A _________________________ is when a mold fills in with hard

___________________________.

Sometimes a fossil can form when a whole animal is preserved in

________________________________________________.

What can Fossils Tell Us?

Law of Superposition states that successive layers of rock or soil were deposited

The lowest layer is the _____________________________because it was deposited

________________________________.

Any ____________________________________ found in those layers would be around

the same age as the layers.

______________________________________ is not exact but can only determine if a

fossil is older or younger than another fossil.

___________________________________________is determined using chemical

processes which can show a number of years for the age of the fossil or rock layer.

Succession of Forms

___________________________ indicate that species of organisms appeared, existed

for a while and then _________________________________ or became

__________________________.

__________________________________________ occur when large amounts of

species ____________________________.

Mass extinctions can be caused by the ______________________________ like volcanic

activity or from asteroid impacts.

Current extinctions are being caused by ______________________________.

____________________________________________ is the study of the comparison of

fossils to living organisms.

Biogeography shows that new organisms arise in areas where

______________________________ forms once lived.

Theories of Evolution (Change)

French scientist Jean Baptiste de Lamarck formed some of the first theories of change by

observing animals with webbed feet and other animals like giraffes.

He thought that ____________________________________________ like ones that are

earned through life were passed down to offspring.

His idea was easily __________________________________ but Lamarck was one of

the first thinkers of change of his time.

Darwin’s Dangerous Idea

In the mid-1800’s, Charles Darwin and Alfred Wallace independently developed an idea

that species were _____________________________ by

______________________________________.

In the process of natural selection, organisms best __________________________ to

their _______________________________ reproduced more successfully than other

organisms.

Over generations, the ____________________________ increase in the population.

Voyage of the Beagle

Darwin rode aboard the ship the H.M.S Beagle as the ship’s

_________________________________ so he could learn about all the plants and

animals he found.

Darwin based some of his work on the research of ____________________________

who said that many of the Earth’s geologic processes took a long time to complete and

the Earth must be quite ____________________________.

Darwin’s Observations

Darwin observed high in the Andes Mountains of South America that fossils of

____________________ creatures were present. How did they get up there?

Darwin reasoned that they ______________________________ must have been

uplifted from the sea bed many years ago.

If the land can change why not the living creatures there?

Darwin collected many _____________________________ and observed thousands of

species on his 5 year journey.

The Galapagos Islands

Darwin visited the _____________________________________________, an isolated

part of South America.

There he observed many animals ________________________ those found on the

mainland of South America.

Each island in the Galapagos had unique animals found nowhere else. Why?

Darwin’s Theories

_________________________________________________________________- states

that newer forms appearing in the fossil record are actually the

_______________________________ or slightly changed

_____________________________ of older species.

______________________________________________________________ states that

the __________________________________ may affect individual organisms in

different ways because they are not _________________________

_______________________________________ said populations are limited by adverse

conditions like ____________________,______________________,

and_________________________________ otherwise they would grow unchecked.

Darwin used Malthus’ ideas in his work.

Natural Selection

A population of organisms _____________________________________ to their

environment as their proportion of ______________________________ for favorable

___________________________ increases.

A single organism’s genetic contribution to the next generation is termed

_________________________________.

A ________________________________ gives an organism an

__________________________________________.

_________________________ occur in species which can create favorable or

unfavorable traits in certain environments.

Homologous and Analogous Structures

A _____________________________________ structure is a similar feature that

originated in a ________________________________________.

These structures originate from the same areas in ____________________________of

the animals.

_______________________________________ are features that look similar because

they are used for a _____________________________________ but arise from a

different embryological development like _______________________________ in birds

and bees

Vestigial Structures

_________________________________________________ are features that are no

longer _______________________________________ and have no apparent function in

a current animal but had a function in a common ancestor.

Vestigial structures indicate ___________________________________.

Some animals like humans are born with vestigial structures showing like tails.

Whales have 4-chambered stomachs like a cow even though it is not used.

Examples of vestigial structures

1.

2.

3.

Embryology

Embryology is the study of _________________________ and their

_____________________________.

Animals have similar _____________________________ at certain stages of

development indicating a common _________________________.

Macromolecules and DNA

All life on this planet has the same __________________________ bases and the same

types of _____________________.

This indicates that we are all __________________________.

Comparing genes and DNA, comparing amino acids sequences and comparing certain

protein sequences all lead to the same conclusion…

As the number of differences _____________________________, the more related the

two animals are.

Evolution in Action

Anyone can see evolution in action every day.

Entire ___________________________ can evolve into new species.

Larger animals take more time while bacteria and viruses can evolve in a matter of

hours.

Examples of Evolution in Action

1.

2.

3.

Patterns of Evolution

__________________________________ is when two species change together in close

association.

Some species cannot live without the other because they are so closely connected.

________________________________________evolution is when the environment

selects certain _____________________________ to be similar even though the two

animals may not closely related;

_____________________________and_____________________

_____________________________________ evolution is when two or more related

populations over time become more _____________________________. This usually

results in a new species; dogs and wolves.

______________________________ evolution is also called

_____________________________________________, when the animals adapt to a

specific _________________________________and change into new species over time.

________________________________ is when humans select the traits and cause the

evolution;

_____________________,___________________,_______________________and_____

___________________________.

Examples of Coevolution

1.

2.

3.

Convergent Evolution

Many ___________________________ have _____________________ counterparts on

other continents.

The ___________________________ selects an animal to occupy a habitat.

Examples of convergent evolution

1.

2.

3.

What is a species?

A species is a group of animals that can ____________________________ with each

other and produce offspring that that also _________________________.

One species cannot breed with another and create offspring that can also breed.

There are many ______________________________ that can restrict breeding which

can contribute to the formation of a new _________________________.

___________________________ is the formation of a new

________________________.

Isolating Mechanisms that cause Speciation

Geographic isolation is the

________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________.

Examples are

________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________.

Reproductive isolation creates a barrier to

_________________________________________________.

Examples are

________________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________________.

What do you think is the strongest piece of evidence presented?

What three people influenced Darwin’s work?

How can we see evolution working today?

How are new species being created?