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The effects of emotions on our behavior and the brain processes involved.
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Emotions & Emotions & ArousalArousal
Strong EmotionsStrong EmotionsImpair reasoning but a lack Impair reasoning but a lack of emotions can also lead of emotions can also lead to poor judgmentto poor judgment
Absence SeizureAbsence SeizureOriginally called petite malOriginally called petite mal
Type of epilepsy where a Type of epilepsy where a person has brief periods person has brief periods when they stare blankly when they stare blankly without talking or movingwithout talking or moving
Emotions & Emotions & ArousalArousal
James-Lange TheoryJames-Lange TheoryAutonomic arousal & skeletal Autonomic arousal & skeletal actions occur before an actions occur before an emotionemotionThe cognitive component of an The cognitive component of an emotion does not need emotion does not need feedback from the rest of the feedback from the rest of the bodybody
Pure Autonomic FailurePure Autonomic FailureCondition where output from Condition where output from the ANS to the body fails, the ANS to the body fails, either completely or almost either completely or almost completelycompletely
Locked-in SyndromeLocked-in SyndromeCaused by damage to the Caused by damage to the ventral part of the brain stemventral part of the brain stem
Emotions & Emotions & ArousalArousal
Panic DisorderPanic DisorderA condition marked by episodes of extreme A condition marked by episodes of extreme sympathetic nervous system arousal sympathetic nervous system arousal interpreted as fearinterpreted as fear
Perceptions of Perceptions of Bodily Reactions Bodily Reactions are Important for are Important for Interpreting Interpreting EmotionsEmotionsExtreme arousal is recognized as fear or Extreme arousal is recognized as fear or panicpanicStimuli inducing smiling or laughter are Stimuli inducing smiling or laughter are considered pleasant or amusingconsidered pleasant or amusing
Emotion Areas in the Emotion Areas in the BrainBrain
Limbic SystemLimbic SystemIncludes: cingulated cortex, Includes: cingulated cortex, hypothalamus, thalamus, hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala & hippocampus, amygdala & olfactory bulbsolfactory bulbs
Other Emotional Other Emotional AreasAreasMedial frontal cortex (anger) & Medial frontal cortex (anger) & insular cortex (disgust)insular cortex (disgust)
Hemispheric Hemispheric Response to Response to EmotionsEmotionsRight hemisphere especially Right hemisphere especially activated by unpleasant emotionsactivated by unpleasant emotions
Stress & HealthStress & HealthStressStressA nonspecific response of the body to any A nonspecific response of the body to any demand made on itdemand made on it
Psychosomatic IllnessPsychosomatic IllnessAn illness whose onset is influenced by An illness whose onset is influenced by personality, emotions or experiencepersonality, emotions or experienceUlcers: Ulcers: from a combination of bacteria from a combination of bacteria & current & past experiences & drugs & current & past experiences & drugs irritating the digestive system wallirritating the digestive system wallHeart disease:Heart disease: more common in more common in frequently hostile individualsfrequently hostile individualsVoodoo death: Voodoo death: due to the belief that a due to the belief that a curse has destined deathcurse has destined deathSerendipity: Serendipity: stumbling on something stumbling on something interesting while looking for something interesting while looking for something elseelse
Stress & the Stress & the HPA AxisHPA Axis
Stress Activates Stress Activates the ANS & the HPA the ANS & the HPA AxisAxisProlonged stress keeps the Prolonged stress keeps the HPA axis activeHPA axis active
Stress activates the Stress activates the hypothalamus which sends hypothalamus which sends messages to the anterior messages to the anterior pituitary gland to secrete pituitary gland to secrete ACTHACTH
ACTH stimulates the adrenal ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol, cortex to secrete cortisol, which increases blood sugar which increases blood sugar levels & enhances metabolismlevels & enhances metabolism
The Immune The Immune SystemSystem
LeukocytesLeukocytesWhite blood cells produced in White blood cells produced in the bone marrow before the bone marrow before migrating to the thymus gland, migrating to the thymus gland, spleen, & peripheral lymph spleen, & peripheral lymph nodesnodes
They patrol the blood & other They patrol the blood & other body fluids looking for body fluids looking for intrudersintruders
AntigensAntigensAntibody-generator moleculesAntibody-generator molecules
Proteins located on a cell’s Proteins located on a cell’s surfacesurface
When leukocytes discover cells When leukocytes discover cells with antigens different from the with antigens different from the rest of the body, they attackrest of the body, they attack
The Immune The Immune SystemSystem
MacrophagesMacrophagesA cell that surrounds a bacterium or other A cell that surrounds a bacterium or other intruder, digests it & exposes its antigens intruder, digests it & exposes its antigens on the microphages own surfaceon the microphages own surface
B & T CellsB & T CellsB cells are leukocytes which mature on the B cells are leukocytes which mature on the bone marrow & produce specific antibodies bone marrow & produce specific antibodies to attack an antigento attack an antigen
T cells are leukocytes which mature in the T cells are leukocytes which mature in the thymusthymus
There are 2 types of T cells: cytotoxic T There are 2 types of T cells: cytotoxic T cells which directly attack an intruder & cells which directly attack an intruder & helper T cells which stimulate other T cells helper T cells which stimulate other T cells or B cells to multiply more rapidlyor B cells to multiply more rapidly
The Immune The Immune SystemSystem
AntibodiesAntibodiesY-shaped proteins that circulate in the Y-shaped proteins that circulate in the blood & attach to one specific kind of blood & attach to one specific kind of antigenantigen
The body develops antibodies against The body develops antibodies against antigens that it has encountered in the pastantigens that it has encountered in the past
The Immune The Immune SystemSystem
Natural Killer Natural Killer CellsCellsBlood cells which attach to cells infected Blood cells which attach to cells infected with viruses & certain kinds of tumor cellswith viruses & certain kinds of tumor cells
CytokinesCytokinesChemicals released by the immune system Chemicals released by the immune system which cross the blood-brain barrier & which cross the blood-brain barrier & influence neuronal functioninfluence neuronal function
PsychoneuroimPsychoneuroimmunologymunology
Stress & the Immune System & the CNSStress & the Immune System & the CNSHow stress influences the immune system & how the How stress influences the immune system & how the immune system influences the CNSimmune system influences the CNSThe body can handle stressors like illnessThe body can handle stressors like illnessProlonged stress leads to prolonged increases in cortisol & Prolonged stress leads to prolonged increases in cortisol & other hormonesother hormonesThis directs energy away from synthesizing proteins, This directs energy away from synthesizing proteins, including immune system proteinsincluding immune system proteinsExtremely prolonged stress weakens the immune systemExtremely prolonged stress weakens the immune systemHigh cortisol levels impair memory & increase the High cortisol levels impair memory & increase the vulnerability of neurons in the hippocampusvulnerability of neurons in the hippocampusToxins from overstimulation kill neuronsToxins from overstimulation kill neurons
Posttraumatic Stress DisorderPosttraumatic Stress Disorder
SymptomsSymptomsFrequent distressing Frequent distressing flashbacks & nightmares flashbacks & nightmares about the event, avoidance of about the event, avoidance of reminders of it, & reminders of it, & exaggerated arousal in exaggerated arousal in response to noises & other response to noises & other stimulistimuli
Victims have a smaller than Victims have a smaller than average hippocampus & lower average hippocampus & lower than normal levels of cortisolthan normal levels of cortisol
Attack BehaviorsAttack BehaviorsTrigger is Some Sort of Pain or ThreatTrigger is Some Sort of Pain or ThreatPrimed by stimulating corticomedial area of the amygdala (seen in hamsters)Primed by stimulating corticomedial area of the amygdala (seen in hamsters)This area shows increased neural activity immediately after a 1This area shows increased neural activity immediately after a 1 stst attack attack
Heredity & Environment in ViolenceHeredity & Environment in ViolenceEvidence of genetic influences in aggression, antisocial & criminal behavior (twin studies)Evidence of genetic influences in aggression, antisocial & criminal behavior (twin studies)Monozygotic twins more likely to commit crimes & be aggressive than dizygoticMonozygotic twins more likely to commit crimes & be aggressive than dizygoticAdoptees with parents with criminal records more likely to exhibit aggressive behaviorsAdoptees with parents with criminal records more likely to exhibit aggressive behaviors
Attack BehaviorsAttack BehaviorsHormonesHormonesIn animals, male aggressive behavior is In animals, male aggressive behavior is linked to testosteronelinked to testosterone
In humans, higher levels of testosterone In humans, higher levels of testosterone related to higher violent activities and related to higher violent activities and criminal behaviorscriminal behaviors
Women injected with testosterone showed Women injected with testosterone showed increase in heart rate when looking at a increase in heart rate when looking at a picture of angry facepicture of angry face
Suggests that testosterone may induce Suggests that testosterone may induce people to attend longer & respond more people to attend longer & respond more vigorously to certain situationsvigorously to certain situations
Attack BehaviorsAttack BehaviorsBrain Abnormalities & Brain Abnormalities & ViolenceViolenceIntermittent explosive Intermittent explosive disorder:disorder:Condition marked by Condition marked by occasional outbursts of violent occasional outbursts of violent behavior with little or no behavior with little or no provocationprovocationSometimes linked with Sometimes linked with temporal lobe epilepsytemporal lobe epilepsyDamage to the prefrontal Damage to the prefrontal cortex induces fighting & cortex induces fighting & threatening responses with threatening responses with less provocationless provocationPrefrontal damage causes a Prefrontal damage causes a general loss of inhibition & a general loss of inhibition & a tendency toward many socially tendency toward many socially inappropriate behaviors, not inappropriate behaviors, not just violencejust violence
Attack BehaviorsAttack BehaviorsSerotonin Synapses & Aggressive Serotonin Synapses & Aggressive BehaviorBehaviorTurnover:Turnover: The amount of release & resynthesis of a neurotransmitter by a presynaptic neuronThe amount of release & resynthesis of a neurotransmitter by a presynaptic neuron
Social isolation induces a drop in serotonin turnover in brains of male mice; this further increases the Social isolation induces a drop in serotonin turnover in brains of male mice; this further increases the possibility of aggressive behavior toward other malespossibility of aggressive behavior toward other males
Monkeys with the lowest serotonin turnover had the highest amount of aggressive behaviors; they Monkeys with the lowest serotonin turnover had the highest amount of aggressive behaviors; they also died earlieralso died earlier
Low serotonin turnover are not only linked specifically to violence but to decreased inhibition Low serotonin turnover are not only linked specifically to violence but to decreased inhibition impulsesimpulses
In humans, lower-than-normal serotonin turnover was found in those convicted of violent crimes or In humans, lower-than-normal serotonin turnover was found in those convicted of violent crimes or attempted suicidesattempted suicides
Neurons synthesize serotonin from tryptophanNeurons synthesize serotonin from tryptophan
A diet high in other amino acids but low in tryptophan impairs the brain’s ability to synthesize A diet high in other amino acids but low in tryptophan impairs the brain’s ability to synthesize serotoninserotonin
An increase in aggressive behaviors was found in young men a few hours after eating a diet low in An increase in aggressive behaviors was found in young men a few hours after eating a diet low in tryptophantryptophan
Escape, Fear & AnxietyEscape, Fear & AnxietyUrbach-Urbach-Wiethe Wiethe DiseaseDiseaseA genetic disorder causing A genetic disorder causing gradual atrophy of the gradual atrophy of the amygdaleamygdale
Produces a weakened Produces a weakened experience of fear-related experience of fear-related emotionsemotions
Those with this disorder Those with this disorder have difficulty recognizing have difficulty recognizing fear in othersfear in others
Anxiety-Anxiety-reducing Drugsreducing DrugsCholecystokininCholecystokininOne of the main excitatory neuromodulators One of the main excitatory neuromodulators in the amygdalein the amygdale
Injections of CCK-stimulating drugs into the Injections of CCK-stimulating drugs into the amygdala enhances the startle reflexamygdala enhances the startle reflex
Gamma Amino Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA)Butyric Acid (GABA)Main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the Main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the amygdaleamygdale
Injections of GABA-blockers induce panicInjections of GABA-blockers induce panic
BarbituratesBarbituratesTranquilizers of years backTranquilizers of years back
Are addicting & can be fatal Are addicting & can be fatal
Anxiety-Anxiety-reducing Drugsreducing Drugs
BenzodiazepinBenzodiazepinesesCommonly used class of Commonly used class of tranquilizerstranquilizers
Includes: diazepam, Includes: diazepam, chlordiazepoxide & alprozolamchlordiazepoxide & alprozolam
They bind to a receptor site on the They bind to a receptor site on the GABAGABAAA receptor complex which receptor complex which
causes the receptor to change shape causes the receptor to change shape & bind more tightly& bind more tightly
They exert their antianxiety effects They exert their antianxiety effects in the amygdala & hypothalamusin the amygdala & hypothalamus
Anxiety-Anxiety-reducing Drugsreducing DrugsDiazepam-binding Inhibitor (DBI) Diazepam-binding Inhibitor (DBI) aka aka EndozepineEndozepineA protein that binds to the same sites as benzodiazepines A protein that binds to the same sites as benzodiazepines but blocks their behavioral effectsbut blocks their behavioral effects
Alcohol’s effectsAlcohol’s effectsAlcohol has similar behavioral effects as benzodiazepinesAlcohol has similar behavioral effects as benzodiazepines
Combinations of alcohol & tranquilizers can be fatalCombinations of alcohol & tranquilizers can be fatal
Alcohol, benzodiazepines & barbiturates exhibit Alcohol, benzodiazepines & barbiturates exhibit cross-cross-tolerancetolerance