Chapter 11 power point

© Cengage Learning 2016© Cengage Learning 2016

An Invitation to Health: Building Your Future, Brief Edition, 9eDianne Hales

Addictions

11

© Cengage Learning 2016

After reading this chapter, the student should be able to:

• Explain how substance abuse and other addictive behaviors affect every dimension of health

• Describe the dangers of a gambling addiction

• Review and give examples of substance abuse on college campuses

Objectives


• List the effects that drugs have on the brain, body, and behavior

• Summarize the benefits and the adverse effects of caffeine

• Describe the harmful effects of inappropriate use of over-the-counter and prescription drugs

Objectives (cont’d.)


• Identify the types and possible causes of substance use disorders

• Classify common drugs of abuse according to their characteristics and harmful effects

• Outline the principles of drug abuse treatment

Objectives (cont’d.)


• Increased risk-taking correlates with certain lifestyle and health behaviors– Frequent alcohol use and binge drinking

– Smoking

– Low physical activity

– Low vegetable and fruit intake

– Poor sleep

Risky Behaviors


• Gambling disorder– Persistent and recurrent problematic gambling

– Affects more men than women

– More common than alcohol dependence

– Generally develops over the course of years

Gambling


• More than six in ten college students have never used marijuana or illegal drugs

• Top forms of drug use– Marijuana

– Prescription drug misuse

• Why students do not use drugs– Spirituality and religion

– Academic engagement

– Perceived harmfulness

Drug Use on Campus


• Methods of entering the body– Swallowing, inhaling, and injection

• Toxicity– Drug dose at which it becomes poisonous to

the body

• Each person responds differently to different drugs

• Drugs tend to intensify emotional state a person is in

Understanding Drugs and Their Effects


• Stimulant

• Some effects of caffeine– Relieves drowsiness, increases alertness,

sharpens concentration and may relieve migraines

• For most people, caffeine poses few serious health risks– Doctors recommend limiting intake to 500 mg

per day

Caffeine and Its Effects


• Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs– Painkillers, nasal sprays, laxatives, eye drops,

sleep aids, and cough syrup

• Prescription drugs– Popular painkillers for nonmedical use

• Oxycodone and hydrocodone

– College women use more antidepressants than men

• Drug interactions can occur between OTC and prescription drugs

Medications


• Characteristics– Taking a substance in larger amounts or

higher frequency than originally intended

– Persistent desire to cut down or stop

– Unsuccessful efforts to cut down or stop

– Cravings

– Failure to fulfill obligations

Substance Use Disorders


• Types of dependence– Physical and psychological

• Drug dependence a brain disease– Drugs change biochemistry and anatomy of

neurons

– Rise in dopamine levels differs for different drugs

Dependence


• Cannabinoids– Marijuana and hashish

– THC is major psychoactive ingredient

• Medical marijuana– Used for a variety of reasons

• Alleviating cancer pain, neck pain and glaucoma

• Preventing and treating migraines and seizures

• Marijuana legalized in Washington and Colorado in 2012

Common Drugs of Abuse



• Herbal drugs– Salvia

– Khat

• Synthetic designer drugs– Emerging very quickly

– Examples: K2, Spice, “bath salts”, “party pills”

• Club drugs– Rohypnol, fentanyl, and many others

– Use dropping in recent years

Drugs of Abuse (cont’d.)


• Ecstasy (MDMA)– More likely than other stimulants to kill young,

healthy people• Medical emergencies have increased 75 percent in

recent years

• Amphetamine

• Methamphetamine– Less expensive and more addictive than

cocaine or heroin

– Leading problem drug

Additional Drugs of Abuse


• Cocaine– Crystalline white powder that is sniffed or

snorted

– Many risks and potential health consequences

• Depressants– Benzodiazepine

– Rohypnol• Can incapacitate and cause memory loss

More Drugs of Abuse



• Powerful narcotics (painkillers)

• Morphine

• Codeine

• Heroin– Most widely abused opioid in the U.S.

• LSD– Popular in the 1960s and in the 1990s

• Peyote– Less widely used in the U.S.

Opioids and Hallucinogens


• Ketamine– Anesthetic used by veterinarians

– Blocks chemical messengers that carry sensory input

– Misused as a date rape drug

• PCP– Use peaked in the 1970s

• Inhalants produce vapors with psychoactive effects

Dissociative Drugs


• 6.1 million Americans in need of substance abuse treatment– More than 5 million never seek treatment

• 12 step programs– Alcoholics anonymous

– Narcotics anonymous

• Relapse prevention– Learning to avoid cues that can set off

cravings

Treating Substance Dependence and Abuse

Education

Chapter 11 power point