Chapter 10 – Section IChapter 10 – Section I

The continental drift hypothesis – The continental drift hypothesis – continents have moved slowly to continents have moved slowly to

their current locationstheir current locations

All continents were once connected All continents were once connected as one large landmass now called as one large landmass now called

PangaeaPangaea

The land mass broke apart, and the The land mass broke apart, and the continents drifted to their present continents drifted to their present

positions.positions.

Evidence for continental driftEvidence for continental drift

Puzzle-like fit of the continentsPuzzle-like fit of the continents

Similar fossils have been found on Similar fossils have been found on different continentsdifferent continents

Remains of warm-weather plants in Remains of warm-weather plants in Arctic areas and glacial deposits in Arctic areas and glacial deposits in

tropical areas suggest that tropical areas suggest that continents have movedcontinents have moved

Similar rock structures are found on Similar rock structures are found on different continents.different continents.

At first, continental drift was not At first, continental drift was not accepted because no one could accepted because no one could

explain how or why continents had explain how or why continents had movedmoved

Chapter 10 Section IIChapter 10 Section II

Seafloor Spreading

Using sound waves, scientists discovered a Using sound waves, scientists discovered a system of underwater mountain ranges system of underwater mountain ranges called the mid-ocean ridges in many called the mid-ocean ridges in many oceans.oceans.

In the 1960s, Harry Hess suggested In the 1960s, Harry Hess suggested the theorythe theory of seafloor of seafloor spreading to spreading to explain the explain the ridgesridges

1) Hot, less dense material below 1) Hot, less dense material below Earth’s crust rises towards the Earth’s crust rises towards the

surface at the mid-ocean ridges.surface at the mid-ocean ridges.

2) Then, it flows sideways, carrying 2) Then, it flows sideways, carrying the seafloor away from the ridge.the seafloor away from the ridge.

3) As the seafloor spreads apart, 3) As the seafloor spreads apart, magma moves up and flows from the magma moves up and flows from the

cracks, cools, and forms new cracks, cools, and forms new seafloorseafloor

Evidence for seafloor spreadingEvidence for seafloor spreading

1)1) Youngest rocks are located at mid-ocean Youngest rocks are located at mid-ocean ridges.ridges.

2)2) Reversals of Earth’sReversals of Earth’s

magnetic field aremagnetic field are

recorded by rocksrecorded by rocks

in strips parallel to ridges.in strips parallel to ridges.

Section III – Theory of Plate Section III – Theory of Plate TectonicsTectonics

Plate movementsPlate movements

1) Earth’s crust and upper mantle 1) Earth’s crust and upper mantle are broken into sectionsare broken into sections

2). The sections, called plates, 2). The sections, called plates, move on a plasticlike layer of the move on a plasticlike layer of the

mantlemantle

3) The plates and upper mantle 3) The plates and upper mantle form the lithosphere.form the lithosphere.

4. The plasticlike layer below the 4. The plasticlike layer below the lithosphere is called the lithosphere is called the

asthenosphereasthenosphere

Plate BoundariesPlate Boundaries1. Plates moving apart – divergent 1. Plates moving apart – divergent

boundariesboundaries

MovieMovie

2. Plates moving together – convergent 2. Plates moving together – convergent boundariesboundaries

Denser plates sink under less dense plates.Denser plates sink under less dense plates.

Newly formed hot magma forced upward Newly formed hot magma forced upward forms volcanic mountains.forms volcanic mountains.

Plates CollidePlates CollidePlates crumple up to form mountain rangesPlates crumple up to form mountain ranges

Earthquakes are common.Earthquakes are common.

Plates slide past – called transform Plates slide past – called transform boundaries, sudden movement can cause boundaries, sudden movement can cause earthquakes.earthquakes.

Convection inside Earth – The cycle of Convection inside Earth – The cycle of heating, rising, cooling, and sinking of heating, rising, cooling, and sinking of material inside Earth is thought to be the material inside Earth is thought to be the force behind plate tectonics.force behind plate tectonics.

Features caused by plate tectonicsFeatures caused by plate tectonics1) Fault and rift valleys.1) Fault and rift valleys.

2) Mountains and Volcanoes2) Mountains and Volcanoes

Strike-slip faults – cause of earthquakesStrike-slip faults – cause of earthquakes

Testing for plate tectonics – Testing for plate tectonics – scientists can measure movements scientists can measure movements

as little as 1 cm per yearas little as 1 cm per year