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Chapter One: Chapter One: Shaping Your HealthShaping Your Health

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Developmental Tasks of Early Developmental Tasks of Early AdulthoodAdulthood

1. Forming an initial adult identity (who am I?)

2. Establishing independence

3. Assuming responsibility

4. Broadening social skills

5. Nurturing intimacy

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Related Developmental Tasks of Related Developmental Tasks of Young AdulthoodYoung Adulthood

Obtaining entry-level employment Developing parenting skills

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Developmental Tasks of Middle Developmental Tasks of Middle AdulthoodAdulthood

1. Achieving generativity—giving back Contributing to the collective good Parenting

Traditional way in which people repay society

2. Reassessing plans of young adulthood— one’s original goals and objectives

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Developmental Tasks of Older Developmental Tasks of Older AdulthoodAdulthood

1. Accepting changes of aging

2. Maintaining physical functioning

3. Reassessing a sense of integrity—a sense of wholeness concerning life’s journey

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Today’s College StudentsToday’s College Students

Traditional-age students Nontraditional-age students Minority students Students with disabilities

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Traditional Definitions of HealthTraditional Definitions of Health

• Concerns Morbidity: pertaining to illness and disease Mortality: pertaining to death

• Episodic health care Seeking medical treatment when ill or injured

• Preventive or prospective medicine Identifying risk factors and high-risk health

behaviors to lower the risk of illness Empowerment

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Health Promotion: Personal and Health Promotion: Personal and Collective EmpowermentCollective Empowerment

• Individually oriented

•Group oriented

•Wellness

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Individually-Oriented Health Individually-Oriented Health PromotionPromotion

• Individual focuses on personal goals—may overlap with risk reduction for chronic illness

• Focus on fitness, social interaction, and healthy lifestyle

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Group-Oriented Health PromotionGroup-Oriented Health Promotion

• Community places emphasis on a group centered concept to promote empowerment

• Empowerment: Gain more self control over one’s health perspective (for example, drug prevention within communities at risk)

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WellnessWellness

• A process intended to aid individuals in unlocking their full potential through the development of an overall wellness lifestyle

• Emphasis on lifestyle May not focus on mortality and morbidity

but in practice shares many risk-reduction activities with health promotion approaches

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Institute of Medicine (2003) Institute of Medicine (2003) Priority Health ConcernsPriority Health Concerns

• Treat asthma• Coordinate care for 60+ million chronic disease

sufferers• Reduce diabetes• Develop evidence-based cancer screenings• Enhance rates of flu and pneumonia

immunization

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Institute of Medicine (2003) Institute of Medicine (2003) Priority of Health ConcernsPriority of Health Concerns

• Improve detection of depression

• Promote CVD prevention

• Reduce tobacco dependence

• Widen availability of prenatal care

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Why Behavior Change Is Often Why Behavior Change Is Often DifficultDifficult

•Several factors influence a person’s desire to change a health behavior—the person must

1. Know the behavior is associated with a health problem2. Accept that the behavior increases personal risk for the

health problem3. Recognize that risk-reduction intervention programs

exist and can be effective4. Believe the benefits of the new behavior justify the

change in behavior5. Feel that significant others will be accepting of such

changes

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Stages of ChangeStages of Change

• Prochaska et al. (1994) identified the following six stages people go through in changing health behaviors: Precontemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance Termination

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Multiple Dimensions of HealthMultiple Dimensions of Health

Physical dimension Emotional dimension Social dimension Intellectual dimension Spiritual dimension Occupational dimension Environmental dimension

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Dimensions of Health and Dimensions of Health and Developmental TasksDevelopmental Tasks

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A New Definition of HealthA New Definition of Health

• A view less centered on the concepts of morbidity and mortality

• Two areas of differences to focus on:1) The role of health (process of transitions)

2) The composition of health – Intrinsic resources– Extrinsic resources

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A New Definition of HealthA New Definition of Health

One’s ability to use the intrinsic and extrinsic resources related to each dimension of health to participate fully in the activities that contribute to growth and development, with the goal of feeling a sense of well-being as one evaluates one’s progress through life

© 2009 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.

Chapter One: Chapter One: Shaping Your HealthShaping Your Health