Chapter 1 (1-22)

1

CHAPTER1

WORD UP!The BIG Picture!

Introduction to Science

Chapter

1

Area – LuasGravitational force – Daya gravitiHypothesis – HipotesisLength – PanjangMass – JisimNatural phenomena – Fenomena semula jadiVolume – Isi paduWeight – Berat

Year Paper 1Paper 2

PMR Past-year Questions

Sec. A Sec. B

2005 Q1

2006 Q1

2007 Q1, Q2

2008 Q1

2009 Q1

1

BA

B1

Konsep PENTING!

Pengenalankepada Sains

Bab

1ISTILAH!• Luas – Area

• Daya graviti – Gravitational force

• Hipotesis – Hypothesis

• Panjang – Length

• Jisim – Mass

• Fenomena semula jadi – Natural phenomena

• Isi padu – Volume

• Berat – Weight

S1

S1

S1, S2

S1

S1

S1

S1

S1, S2

S1

S1

Tahun Kertas 1Kertas 2

Soalan Tahun-tahun Lepas PMR

Bhg. A Bhg. B

2005 S1

2006 S1

2007 S1, S2

2008 S1

2009 S1

F1MR-ch1(1-22).indd 1F1MR-ch1(1-22).indd 1 7/22/10 10:31:05 AM7/22/10 10:31:05 AM

2

BA

B1

Namakan radas makmal dalam jadual di bawah.

Kelalang kon Buret Balang gas Tungku kaki tigaTabung didih Bikar Rod kaca Kelalang dasar bulatTabung uji Pipet Takung kaca Corong turasSilinder penyukat Kasa dawai Mangkuk pijar Corong tiselKelalang volumetri Kaki retort Mangkuk penyejat Penunu Bunsen

1.1 HP • Menerangkan kepentingan sains dalam kehidupan harian• Menyenaraikan perkara di sekeliling anda yang berkaitan

dengan sains

1.2 HP • Menggunakan radas saintifik yang umum dalammakmal

1

Tabung uji

6

Silinder penyukat

2

Tabung didih

7

Pipet

3

Bikar

8

Buret

4

Kelalang kon

9

Kelalang dasar bulat

5

Kelalang volumetri

10

Corong tisel

Objektif Pembelajaran1.1 Memahami sains adalah sebahagian daripada kehidupan harian

1.1 PERBINCANGANAktiviti Sains dan fenomena semula jadi

Kontekstual

1.2 PERBINCANGANAktiviti Radas makmal dan kegunaannya

Kontekstual

✓ ✓

✓ ✓

Tandakan (✓) dalam petak yang disediakan bagi fenomena semula jadi.

Objektif Pembelajaran1.2 Mengetahui langkah-langkah keselamatan dan radas dalam makmal sains

2CHAPTER

1

Name the laboratory apparatus in the table below.

Conical flask Burette Gas jar Tripod standBoiling tube Beaker Glass rod Round-bottomed flaskTest tube Pipette Glass trough Filter funnelMeasuring cylinder Wire gauze Crucible Thistle funnelVolumetric flask Retort stand Evaporating dish Bunsen burner

1.1 LO • Explain the importance of science in everyday life• Make a list of things around you that are related to

science

1.2 LO • Use some common scientific apparatus in thelaboratory

1

Test tube

6

Measuring cylinder

2

Boiling tube

7

Pipette

3

Beaker

8

Burette

4

Conical flask

9

Round-bottomed flask

5

Volumetric flask

10

Thistle funnel

✓ ✓

✓ ✓

Mark (✓) in the boxes provided the natural phenomena.

1.1DISCUSSION

Activity

Learning Objective1.1 Understanding that science is part of everyday life

Science and natural phenomenaContextual

1.2DISCUSSION

ActivityLaboratory apparatus and their uses

Contextual

Learning Objective1.2 Knowing the safety percautions and apparatus in a science laboratory

Chapter 1


Cha

pter

1In

trod

ucti

on t

o S

cien

ceM

IND

Ro

bic

s MIN

DR

ob

ics

1.2 Knowing the safety precautions and apparatus in a science laboratoryDISCUSSION

Activity1.2 1 Name the apparatus that is used to

1.1 Understanding that science is part of everyday lifeDISCUSSION

Activity1.1 1 What are the occurrences in nature involving living things and non-living things called? (Natural phenomena)

2 Give three examples of natural phenomena. (Lightning, melting of ice, fl owers blossoming…) 3 Name the fi eld of knowledge that relates to the world around us. (Science) 4 State three branches of science. (Physic, chemistry and biology) 5 State three careers related to science. (Doctor, science teacher, biochemist…)

(a) hold small amounts of liquid (Test tube)(b) measure a fi xed volume of liquid (Pipette)(c) evaporate liquid (Evaporating dish)(d) measure the volume of a liquid (not accurate)

(Measuring cylinder)(e) measure accurately the volume of a liquid

(Pipette or burette)

(f) support apparatus such as beakers when heating them (Tripod stand)

(g) measure temperature (Thermometer)(h) transfer liquid into a container (Filter funnel)(i) hold a test tube when it is being heated. (Test

tube holder)(j) pick up solid chemicals (Spatula)

22


Chapter 1


Cha

pter

1In

trod

ucti

on t

o S

cien

ceM

IND

Ro

bic

s MIN

DR

ob

ics

3

CHAPTER1

1.3 LO • State the steps in a scientific investigation

11

Filter funnel

16

Retort stand

12

Gas jar

17

Wire gauze

13

Evaporating dish

18

Tripod stand

14

Crucible

19

Bunsen burner

15

Glass trough

20

Glass rod

• Plan the investigation• Make hypothesis• Conduct experiment• Hypothesis

• Analyse data• Collect data• Make conclusions• Interpret data

• Science theory• Make report• Identify problem• Control variables

• Collect data

• Analyse data

• Interpret data

• Make conclusions

If hypothesis iswrong

Control variablesPlan the

investigationMake hypothesisIdentify problem

If hypothesis is right,science theory

is builtMake report

Arrange in the correct sequence the steps in a scientific investigation.TSTS

• Arranging

Learning Objective1.3 Understanding the steps in scientific investigation

Conduct experiment

to test hypothesis

1.3DISCUSSION

ActivitySteps in a scientific investigation

Mastery

3

BA

B1

1.3 HP • Menyatakan langkah-langkah dalam penyiasatan saintifik

11

Corong turas

16

Kaki retort

12

Balang gas

17

Kasa dawai

13

Mangkuk penyejat

18

Tungku kaki tiga

14

Mangkuk pijar

19

Penunu Bunsen

15

Takung kaca

20

Rod kaca

• Merancang penyiasatan• Membuat hipotesis• Menjalankan eksperimen• Hipotesis

• Menganalisis data• Mengumpul data• Membuat kesimpulan• Mentafsirkan data

• Teori sains• Membuat laporan• Mengenal pasti masalah• Mengawal pemboleh ubah

Susun mengikut urutan yang betul bagi langkah-langkah dalam penyiasatan saintifik.KBSB• Membuat urutan

• Mengumpul data

• Menganalisis data

• Mentafsirkan data

• Membuat kesimpulan

Jika hipotesis ditolak

Mengawal

pemboleh ubah

Merancang

penyiasatanMembuat hipotesis

Mengenal pasti

masalah

Jika hipotesis diterima,teori sains

dibinaMembuat laporan

Menjalankan eksperimen

untuk menguji hipotesis

Objektif Pembelajaran1.3 Memahami langkah-langkah dalam penyiasatan saintifik

1.3 PERBINCANGANAktiviti Langkah-langkah dalam penyiasatan saintifik

Masteri

5 An experiment is carried out to study the relationship between time and temperature. The results obtained are recorded in the table below. State the types of variables shown by the time and the temperature.

Time Temperature10 3520 45

Time: …………………… (Variable that is manipulated) Temperature : …………………… (Variable that responds)

1.3 Understanding the steps in scientifi c investigationDISCUSSION

Activity1.3 1 What can be formed if a hypothesis is accepted after going through experiments? (Theory) 2 What can be done if the hypothesis formed is rejected? (A new hypothesis has to be formed)

DISCUSSIONActivity1.4 3 State two types of variables that are required to be related during the formation of a hypothesis.

(Manipulated variable and responding variable)GUIDED

Experiment PEKA1.5 4 State three types of variables. (Manipulated variable, responding variable and fi xed/constant/controlled variable)

33


4

CHAPTER1

1.4 LO • State the steps in a scientific investigation

Age of boys/yearLength of the

palms/cm

1 6

6 10

13 16

Determined the variable that is manipulated and that responds in the space provided below. Then,relate the variable that is manipulated and that responds to form a hypothesis.

(a) (b)

The length of the pendulum the time taken for 10 completeoscillations.Hint: manipulated variable affects the responding variable

The the length of pendulum, the the time taken for 10 complete oscillations. Hint: relate the manipulated variable with the responding variable

An investigation is carried out to study the length of palms of three boys of different ages. The results ofthe investigation are shown in the table below.

(a) Based on the results in the table above, draw abar chart to show the length of palms ofdifferent boys.

(b) State the variable that

(i) is manipulated:

(ii) responds: Length of the palms

Age of boy

SECTION B

longer/shorterlonger/shorterHYPOTHESIS

affectsINFERENCE

Variable that is manipulated and that responds can be determined fromthe table or the graph of a scientific investigation.

SECTION A

Variable that responds

Time taken for 10 complete oscillations/s

Length of thependulum/cm

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

01 6 13

Age of boys/year

Length of palms/cm

Variable that ismanipulated

2006 Sec. B, Q8(c)

1.4DISCUSSION

ActivityMaking hypothesis and controlling variables

Mastery

Length of pendulum/cm 10 20 30 40 50

Time taken for 10

complete oscillations/s

Variable that is manipulated

(change)

Variable that responds

(result/observation)

stringpendulum

4

BA

B1

Tentukan pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan dan yang bergerak balas dalam ruang yang disediakan dibawah. Kemudian, hubung kaitkan pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan dengan pemboleh ubah yangbergerak balas untuk membentuk satu hipotesis.

(a) (b)

Panjang bandul masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap.Petunjuk: pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan mempengaruhi pemboleh ubahbergerak balas

Semakin bandul, semakin masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap. Petunujuk: mengaitkan pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan dengan pemboleh ubahyang bergerak balas

Satu penyiasatan dijalankan untuk mengkaji panjang tapak tangan bagi tiga orang budak lelaki padaumur yang berlainan. Keputusan penyiasatan ditunjukkan dalam jadual di bawah.

(a) Berdasarkan keputusan dalam jadual di atas, lukissatu carta bar untuk menunjukkan panjang tapaktangan bagi budak lelaki yang berlainan.

(b) Nyatakan pemboleh ubah yang

(i) dimanipulasikan:

(ii) bergerak balas: Panjang tapak tangan

Umur budak lelaki

BAHAGIAN B

panjang/pendekpanjang/pendekHIPOTESIS

mempengaruhiINFERENS

Pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan dan yang bergerak balas dapatditentukan daripada jadual atau graf bagi suatu penyiasatan saintifik.

BAHAGIAN A

1.4 HP • Menyatakan langkah dalam penyiasatan saintifik

Panjang bandul/cm 10 20 30 40 50

Masa bagi 10

ayunan lengkap/s

Pemboleh ubah yang dimanipulasikan

(berubah)Pemboleh ubah yang bergerak balas

Pemboleh ubah yang bergerak balas

(keputusan/pemerhatian)

Umur budak Panjang tapak

lelaki/tahun tangan/cm

1 6

6 10

13 16

Masa bagi 10 ayunanlengkap/s

Panjang bandul/cm

16

14

12

10

8

6

4

2

0 1 6 13Umur budak lelaki/tahun

Panjang tapak tangan/cm

Pemboleh ubah yangdimanipulasikan

1.4 PERBINCANGANAktiviti Membuat hipotesis dan mengawal pemboleh ubah

Masteri

2006 Bhg. B, S8(c)

benangbandul


5

CHAPTER1

You are given materials, apparatus and information as shown in the diagram below. Design and carryout an experiment to study how the length of a simple pendulum affects its period of oscillation.

1.5 LO • State the steps in a scientific investigation• Carry out a scientific investigation

retort stand

string

pendulum

A B

one complete oscillation(movement from A to Band then back again to A)

To study how the length of a simple pendulum affects its period of oscillation

How does the length of a simple pendulum affect its period of oscillation?

The shorter the length of the pendulum, the shorter the time taken for 10 oscillations.

(a) that is kept constant: Number of oscillation

(b) that is manipulated: Length of the simple pendulum(c) that responds: Time for 10 oscillations/Periods of oscillation

Pendulum, string

Retort stand and clamp, metre rule, stopwatch

1 Prepare a simple pendulum with a 10 cm long thread.2 Pull the pendulum to one side, then release.3 Record the time taken for 10 complete oscillations in a table.4 Repeat the experiment using a simple pendulum of different lengths as shown in the

table.5 Draw a graph showing the time taken versus length of pendulum for 10 complete

oscillations.

1 A simple pendulum with a 10 cm long thread was prepared.

2 The pendulum was pulled to one side, then it was released.

3 The time taken for 10 complete oscillations was recorded in a table.

4 The experiment was repeated using a simple pendulum of different lengths as shown

in the table.

5 A graph showing the time taken for 10 complete oscillations versus the length of

pendulum was drawn.

STEPS

PROCEDURE

APPARATUS

MATERIALS

E1C10

VARIABLE

E1C11

HYPOTHESIS

PROBLEMSTATEMENT

AIM

Refer to Essential Science Form 1, Example 2,p. 12; Essential Science PMR, Experiment 1.1, p. 8

1.5GUIDED

Experiment PEKADesigning and carrying out an experiment

Inquiry-discovery

5

BA

B1

Anda diberikan bahan dan radas serta maklumat seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam rajah di bawah. Andadikehendaki mereka bentuk dan menjalankan satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji bagaimana panjangsuatu bandul ringkas mempengaruhi tempoh ayunannya.

1.5 HP • Menyatakan langkah-langkah dalam penyiasatansaintifik

• Menjalankan penyiasatan saintifik

Mengkaji bagaimana panjang suatu bandul ringkas mempengaruhi tempoh ayunannya

Bagaimanakah panjang suatu bandul ringkas mempengaruhi tempoh ayunannya?

Semakin pendek bandul ringkas, semakin pendek tempoh untuk 10 ayunan bandul ringkas.

(a) yang dimalarkan: Bilangan ayunan

(b) yang dimanipulasikan: Panjang bandul ringkas(c) yang bergerak balas: Tempoh untuk 10 ayunan bandul ringkas/Tempoh ayunan

Bandul, benang

Kaki retort dan pengapit, pembaris meter, jam randik

1 Sediakan satu bandul ringkas dengan benang sepanjang 10 cm.2 Tarik bandul pada suatu kedudukan, kemudian lepaskan.3 Catatkan masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap dalam jadual.4 Ulangi eksperimen dengan menggunakan panjang bandul ringkas yang berbeza-beza

seperti dalam jadual.5 Lukis graf yang menunjukkan masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap melawan masa pada ruang

yang disediakan.

1 Satu bandul ringkas dengan benang sepanjang 10 cm disediakan.

2 Bandul ditarik pada suatu kedudukan kemudian dilepaskan.

3 Masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap dicatat dalam jadual.

4 Eksperimen diulang dengan menggunakan panjang bandul ringkas yang berbeza-

beza seperti dalam jadual.

5 Graf masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap lawan panjang bandul dilukis.

CARA KERJA

PROSEDUR

RADAS

BAHAN

E1C10

PEMBOLEHUBAH

E1C11

HIPOTESIS

PERNYATAANMASALAH

TUJUAN

kakiretort

benang

bandul

A B

satu ayunan lengkap(pergerakan dari A ke Bdan kemudian kembalisemula ke A)

Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, Contoh 2,hlm. 12; Essential Science PMR, Experiment 1.1,hlm. 8

1.5 TERBIMBINGEksperimen PEKA Mereka bentuk dan menjalankan eksperimen

Inkuiri-penemuan


6

CHAPTER1

RESULTS

1 State the difference in the time taken for a long pendulum and a short pendulum tomake 10 complete oscillations.

A pendulum takes a time tomake 10 complete oscillations.

2 What inference can be made for this experiment?

E1C4

The length of the pendulum affects the time taken for 10 complete oscillations.

E2C15E1C8

longer/shorterlonger/shorter

ANALYSIS

E1C6 E2C14E1C3

E1C6 E2C15

E1C

3456781011S

E2C

141516S

(Student’s answers)

5

10

10 20 30 40 50

15

20

Length of the pendulum/cm

Tim

e ta

ken

for

10 c

ompl

ete

osci

llatio

ns/s

3 Based on the results in the table,plot a graph of the time taken tomake 10 complete oscillationsagainst the length of the pendulum.

4 State the relationship between thelength of the pendulum and the timetaken for 10 complete oscillations.

The thelength of the pendulum, the

the timetaken for 10 complete oscillations.

5 Predict the time taken for a 60 cmlong pendulum to make 10 completeoscillations.

E1C5

22 s (more than 20 s)

E1C7

longer/shorter

longer/shorter

1 The hypothesis is .

2 The time taken for the simple pendulum to make one complete oscillation

with the length of the pendulum. E2C16increases

E2C16acceptedCONCLUSION

TSTS• Making inference

SPS• Predicting

Experiment Length of simple pendulum/cm Time taken for 10 complete oscillations/s

1 10 8.8

2 20 13.2

3 30 16.5

4 40 18.4

5 50 20.0

6

BA

B1

KEPUTUSANEksperimen Panjang bandul ringkas/cm Masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap/s

1 10 8.8

2 20 13.2

3 30 16.5

4 40 18.4

5 50 20.0

1 Nyatakan perbezaan dalam masa bagi bandul panjang dan bandul pendek untukmelakukan 10 ayunan lengkap.

Bandul yang lebih mengambil masa yang lebih

untuk melakukan 10 ayunan lengkap.

2 Apakah inferens yang dapat dibuat bagi eksperimen ini?Panjang bandul mempengaruhi masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap.

E2C15E1C8panjang/pendek

panjang/pendek

ANALISIS

E1C6 E2C14E1C3

E1C6 E2C15

E1C

3456781011S

E2C

141516S

(Jawapan pelajar)

5

10

10 20 30 40 50

15

20

Panjang bandul/cm

Mas

a ba

gi 1

0 ay

unan

leng

kap/

s

3 Berdasarkan keputusan dalamjadual, plotkan graf masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap melawan panjangbandul.

4 Nyatakan hubungan antara panjangbandul dengan masa bagi 10 ayunanlengkap.

Semakin

bandul semakin masa bagi 10 ayunan lengkap.

5 Ramalkan masa yang diambil bagisatu 60 cm panjang bandul untukmelakukan 10 ayunan lengkap.

E1C5

22 s (lebih daripada 20 s)

E1C7

panjang/pendek

panjang/pendek

1 Hipotesis adalah .

2 Masa yang diambil untuk bandul ringkas membuat satu ayunan lengkapdengan panjang bandul. E2C16

meningkat

E2C16diterimaKESIMPULAN

KBSB• Membuat inferens

KPS• Meramalkan

E1C4


Chapter 1


Cha

pter

1In

trod

ucti

on t

o S

cien

ceM

IND

Ro

bic

s MIN

DR

ob

ics

7

CHAPTER1

1.6 LO • State physical quantities: length, mass, time,temperature and electric current

• State the SI units and the corresponding symbols forthese physical quantities

1.7 LO • State the symbols and values of prefixes for units oflength and mass: milli-, centi-, and kilo-

• Identify and use appropriate prefixes in themeasurement of length and mass

1 Write the prefix value of prefixes in Table (a). Then, change the value of the physical quantity given tothe standard form in Table (b).

1 mm = 1 000 μm1 cm = 10 mm1 m = 100 cm1 km = 1 000 m1 Mm = 1 000 000 m1 kg = 1 000 g

2 Change the values of the physical quantities below to the prefix forms.

(a) 200 g = kg (d) 0.02 m = cm

(b) 0.005 A = mA (e) 760 m = km

(c) 4 000 000 g = Mg (f) 0.008 m = mm84

0.765

20.2

Value of physical quantity Standard form

6 500 m 6.5 × 103 m

0.09 m 9 × 10–2 m

800 000 m 8 × 105 m

0.000005 m 5 × 10–6 m

0.007 m 7 × 10–3 m

Based on the given information, complete the table below with suitable SI units and its symbol.

Table (a) Table (b)

Physical quantity SI unit Symbol

Length Metre m

Mass Kilogram kg

Temperature Kelvin K

Electric current Ampere A

Time Second s

Second Metre Kilogram Kelvin Ampere

A K m kg s

1.6DISCUSSION

Activity

Learning Objective1.4 Knowing physical quantities and their units

Physical quantities and the SI unitsMastery

Prefix Prefix value

mega 1 000 000

kilo 1 000

deci 0.1

centi 0.01

milli 0.001

micro 0.000001

1.7THINKING

ActivityPhysical quantities in the prefix and standard forms

Mastery

7

BA

B1

1.6 HP • Menyatakan kuantiti fizik: panjang, jisim, masa, suhudan arus elektrik

• Menyatakan unit SI dan simbol yang berkaitandengan kuantiti fizik ini

1.7 HP • Menyatakan simbol dan nilai imbuhan bagi unitpanjang dan jisim: mili-, senti-, dan kilo-

• Mengenal pasti dan menggunakan imbuhan yangsesuai dalam pengukuran panjang dan jisim

1 Tulis nilai imbuhan bagi imbuhan dalam Jadual (a). Kemudian, tukar nilai kuantiti fizik yang diberikepada bentuk piawai dalam Jadual (b).

1 mm = 1 000 μm1 cm = 10 mm1 m = 100 cm1 km = 1 000 m1 Mm = 1 000 000 m1 kg = 1 000 g

2 Tukar nilai kuantiti fizik di bawah kepada nilai imbuhan.

(a) 200 g = kg (d) 0.02 m = cm

(b) 0.005 A = mA (e) 760 m = km

(c) 4 000 000 g = Mg (f) 0.008 m = mm84

0.765

20.2

Nilai kuantiti fizik Bentuk piawai

6 500 m 6.5 × 103 m

0.09 m 9 × 10–2 m

800 000 m 8 × 105 m

0.000005 m 5 × 10–6 m

0.007 m 7 × 10–3 m

Imbuhan Nilai imbuhan

mega 1 000 000

kilo 1 000

desi 0.1

senti 0.01

mili 0.001

mikro 0.000001

Jadual (a) Jadual (b)

Berdasarkan maklumat yang diberi, lengkapkan jadual di bawah dengan unit SI dan simbol unit.

Kuantiti fizik Unit SI Simbol unit

Panjang Meter m

Jisim Kilogram kg

Suhu Kelvin K

Arus elektrik Ampere A

Masa Saat s

Saat Meter Kilogram Kelvin Ampere

A K m kg s

Objektif Pembelajaran1.4 Mengetahui kuantiti fizik dan unitnya

1.6 PERBINCANGANAktiviti Kuantiti fizik dan unit SI

Masteri

1.7 BERFIKIRAktiviti Kuantiti fizik dalam bentuk imbuhan dan bentuk piawai

Masteri

3 State the prefi x value of (a) kilo (1 000)(b) mega (1 000 000)(c) deci (0.1)(d) milli (0.001)

4 Give the standard form of 1 000 km (1 x 103 km) 5 Give in the prefi x form of 5 000 g (5 kg)

1.4 Knowing physical quantities and their unitsDISCUSSION

Activity1.6 1 State the SI unit and the symbol of(a) mass (Kilogram, kg) (d) temperature (Kelvin, K)(b) length (Metre, m) (e) electric current (Ampere, A)(c) time (Second, s)

THINKINGActivity1.7 2 Give the symbol of the prefi x of

(a) mega (M)(b) kilo (k)(c) centi (c)

77


Chapter 1


Cha

pter

1In

trod

ucti

on t

o S

cien

ceM

IND

Ro

bic

s MIN

DR

ob

ics

8CHAPTER

11.8 LO • Determine the weight of an object

• Explain the concept of weight• Explain the concept of mass• Determine the mass of an object• Explain the difference between mass and weight

To measure the mass and weight of various objects

Wooden block, book, plastic bottle, pencil box, pendulum bob

Lever balance, spring balanceAPPARATUS

MATERIALS

AIM

1 Examine a lever balance and a spring balance as in Diagram (a) and Diagram (b)respectively.

2 Find out the mass of the objects listed in the table using a lever balance. Record themass in the table given.

3 Repeat the process to find out the weight for all the objects using a spring balance.Record the weight in the table given.

4 Compare the values of the mass and weight of the objects you have measured.

RESULTS

PROCEDURE

Diagram (a) Lever balance Diagram (b) Spring balance

Object Mass of object/g Weight of object/N

Wooden block

Book

Plastic bottle

Pencil box

Pendulum bob

Refer to Essential Science Form 1, 1.5 Concept ofmass, p. 15; Essential Science PMR, 1.5 Concept ofmass, p.10

1.8INQUIRY

Experiment

Learning Objective1.5 Understanding the concept of mass

Mass and weightInquiry-discovery


8

BA

B1

1.8 INKUIRIEksperimen

Objektif Pembelajaran1.5 Memahami konsep jisim

Jisim dan beratInkuiri-penemuan

1.8 HP • Menentukan berat objek• Menerangkan konsep berat• Menerangkan konsep jisim• Menentukan jisim objek• Menerangkan perbezaan antara jisim dan berat

Menyukat jisim dan berat bagi pelbagai objek

Bongkah kayu, buku, botol plastik, kotak pensel, ladung

Neraca tuas, neraca springRADAS

BAHAN

TUJUAN

1 Periksa sebuah neraca tuas dan neraca spring seperti dalam Rajah (a) dan Rajah (b).2 Tentukan jisim objek yang disenaraikan dalam jadual dengan menggunakan neraca

tuas. Catat jisim tersebut dalam jadual yang diberi.3 Ulangi proses di atas untuk mencari berat setiap objek dengan menggunakan neraca

spring. Catat berat tersebut dalam jadual yang diberi.4 Bandingkan nilai jisim dan berat setiap objek yang anda ukur.

KEPUTUSAN

PROSEDUR

Rajah (a) Neraca tuas Rajah (b) Neraca spring

Objek Jisim objek/g Berat objek/N

Bongkah kayu

Buku

Botol plastik

Kotak pensel

Ladung

Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, 1.5 Konsepjisim, hlm. 15; Essential Science PMR, 1.5 Conceptof mass, hlm. 10

(Jawapan pelajar)

DISCUSSIONActivity1.9 & 6 Which is affected by the gravitational force, the mass or the weight? (The weight)

DISCUSSIONActivity1.10 7 State the SI unit for weight. (Newton, N)

8 An object has a mass of 5 kg on the Moon. Predict the mass of the object on Jupiter. Give reason for your answer. (5 kg. The mass of the object is not affected by the gravitational force/The mass of the object is constant)

9 Explain why the weight of an object differs from place to place? (The weight of an object depends on the gravitational attraction force at a given place)

1.5 Understanding the concept of massINQUIRY

Experiment1.8 1 State two devices that can be used to measure the mass of an object. (Lever balance and electronic balance/triple beam balance)

2 State two devices that can be used to measure the weight of an object. (Spring balance and compression balance)

3 State a type of balance of mass that gives the most accurate reading. (Electronic balance) 4 What is the measuring unit for mass? (Kilogram) 5 What is the measuring unit for weight? (Newton)

88


Chapter 1


Cha

pter

1In

trod

ucti

on t

o S

cien

ceM

IND

Ro

bic

s MIN

DR

ob

ics

9

CHAPTER1

1 State the meanings, measuring units and symbol for the mass and weight of an object.

2 Which balance measurement is not influenced by the gravitational force?Mass

3 Is the mass of an object remains the same if the object is weighedin places like the Earth’s poles? Explain your answer.

. The mass of an object is .

4 Name two other balances used to weigh the mass of an object in the laboratory.

5 Name a type of balance which gives very accurate reading of themass of an object. Electronic balance

6 Name one other type of balance which can be used to measure weight of objects.

The lever balance measures while the spring balance measures

.weight

massCONCLUSION

Compression balance

Electronic balanceTriple beam balance

constantYes

ANALYSIS

TSTS• Making inferences

TSTS• Generating ideas

Meaning Measuring unit and symbol

(a) Mass of The an object in the object

(b) Weight of The an object that acts on

the object

pull

Newton, Nforce of the gravitational

Kilogram, kgquantity of matter

The Earth attracts allbodies with a force. Thisforce is called the weightof a body.

9

BA

B1

1 Nyatakan maksud, unit sukatan dan simbol bagi jisim dan berat suatu objek.

2 Sukatan neraca yang manakah tidak dipengaruhi oleh daya tarikan graviti?Jisim

3 Adakah jisim suatu objek tetap sama jika ditimbang di tempat lainseperti di kutub Bumi? Terangkan jawapan anda.

. Jisim objek adalah sentiasa .

4 Namakan dua penimbang lain yang digunakan untuk menimbang jisim objek di makmal.

5 Namakan sejenis neraca yang dapat memberi nilai bacaan jisimobjek dengan sangat tepat.Neraca elektronik

6 Namakan satu penimbang lain yang boleh digunakan untuk mengukur berat objek.

Neraca tuas menyukat manakala neraca spring menyukat

.berat

jisimKESIMPULAN

Neraca mampatan

Neraca elektronikNeraca tiga alur

tetapYa

ANALISIS

KBSB• Menjanakan idea

KBSB• Membuat inferens

Bumi menarik semuajasad dengan suatudaya. Daya ini disebutberat jasad.

Maksud Unit sukatan dan simbol

(a) Jisim objek yangterkandung di dalam suatu objek

(b) Berat objek yangbertindak ke atas suatu objek

Newton, NDaya tarikan graviti

Kilogram, kgKuantiti jirim

10 What is the quantity of matter that is present in an object called? (Mass) 11 State the SI unit for mass and its symbol. (Kilogram, kg) 12 What is the force of the gravitational pull that acts on an object, the mass or the weight? (The weight) 13 What is the symbol of newton? (N)

14 What is the use of the spring balance? (To measure the weight of an object) 15 What is the use of the lever balance? (To measure the mass of an object)

99


10

CHAPTER1

1.9 LO • Explain concept of weight• Explain concept of mass

1.10 LO • Explain the differences between mass and weight

Fill in the blanks with suitable words about mass and weight.

The of an object is the amount of contained in the object.

The SI unit for mass is and the symbol for this unit is . The units of

mass that are smaller are or . The mass of an object is

constant or , regardless where that object is.

The weight of an object is influenced by the , which

according to place. Therefore, the weight of an object may in a different place. The

measuring unit of weight is and its symbol is .Nnewton

change

changesgravitational force

fixed

milligramgram

kgkilogram

mattermass

fixed kg gram milligram

N change kilogram mass

newton gravitational force matter changes

Compare and contrast the concepts of mass and weight in the spaces provided. TSTS• Compare & contrast

WeightCharacteristicsMass

bygravitational force

Not influenced

Constant

kilogram

Lever balance/Beam balance

Influence of gravitational force

Measurement taken indifferent places

Measuring unit

Weighing instruments used inlaboratory

bygravitational force

Influenced

according to place

Changes

newton

Spring balance/Compression

balance

1.9DISCUSSION

ActivityMass and weight of an object

Constructivism

1.10DISCUSSION

ActivityComparison between the concepts of mass and weight

Mastery

10

BA

B1

1.9 HP • Menerangkan konsep berat• Menerangkan konsep jisim

1.10 HP • Menerangkan perbezaan di antara jisim dengan berat

Isi tempat kosong dengan perkataan yang sesuai tentang jisim dan berat objek.

sesuatu objek ialah jumlah yang terkandung di dalam objek

tersebut. Unit SI bagi jisim ialah dan simbol bagi unitnya ialah . Unit

jisim yang lebih kecil ialah atau . Jisim suatu objek adalah malar atau

, walaupun di mana objek itu berada.

Berat suatu objek dipengaruhi oleh , yang

mengikut tempat. Oleh itu, berat objek mungkin di suatu tempat

lain. Unit sukatan bagi berat ialah dengan simbol .Nnewton

berubahberubah-ubah

daya tarikan graviti

tetap

miligramgram

kgkilogram

jirimJisim

tetap kg gram miligram

N berubah kilogram jisim

newton daya tarikan graviti jirim berubah-ubah

Banding dan bezakan konsep jisim dengan berat dalam ruang yang disediakan.

BeratCiri-ciriJisim

oleh daya tarikan graviti

Tidak dipengaruhi

Tetap

kilogram

Neraca tuas/Neraca palang

Pengaruh daya tarikan graviti

Nilai sukatan di tempat-tempat yang berlainan

Unit sukatan

Alat sukatan digunakan di dalam makmal

olehdaya tarikan graviti

Dipengaruhi

mengikut tempat

Berubah-ubah

newton

Neraca spring/Neraca

mampatan

1.9 PERBINCANGANAktiviti Jisim dan berat objek

Konstruktivisme

1.10 PERBINCANGANAktiviti Perbandingan antara konsep jisim dengan berat

Masteri

KBSB• Membandingkan dan

membezakan


Chapter 1


Cha

pter

1In

trod

ucti

on t

o S

cien

ceM

IND

Ro

bic

s MIN

DR

ob

ics

11

CHAPTER1

To measure(a) straight lines using metre rule and measuring tape(b) curved lines using thread and ruler

Thread, pencil, pen, ball

Metre rule, measuring tapeAPPARATUS

MATERIALS

AIM

Diagram (a) Diagram (b) Diagram (c)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

ball

measuringtape

34

2

37 38 38 30

78

9

10

2425

26 27

30

3132

33

1.11 LO • Choose the right tool and measure length

Object

Measurement/cm

1 2 3 Average

Pencil 8.4 8.3 8.5 8.4

Pen 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.1

Ball 45.1 45.2 45.0 45.1

Curved line 7.5 7.3 7.4 7.4

1 What is length?

The between two points.

2 Why should the average value of a few readings be required?

To get a result that is more .accurate

distance

ANALYSIS

1 Measure the length of a pencil and a pen as shown in Diagram (a) with the use of ametre rule. Measure each object thrice and determine the average value of the lengthof the object in the table provided.

2 Measure the circumference of a ball as shown in Diagram (b) with a measuring tapethree times.

3 Measure along the curved line in Diagram (c) with the help of a strand of thread and aruler.

4 Repeat the measuring task thrice to determine the average value of its length. Recordthe results in the same table.

RESULTS

PROCEDURE

TSTS• Defining operationally


Refer to Essential Science Form 1, Measurement oflength, p. 16; Essential Science PMR, Measurement oflength, p.11

1.11INQUIRY

Experiment

Learning Objective1.6 Understanding the use of measuring tools

Length of straight and curved linesInquiry-discovery

11

BA

B1

Mengukur panjang(a) garis lurus dengan menggunakan pembaris meter dan pita pengukur(b) garis lengkung dengan menggunakan benang dan pembaris

Benang, pensel, pen, bola

Pembaris meter, pita pengukurRADAS

BAHAN

TUJUAN

Rajah (a) Rajah (b) Rajah (c)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6

bola

pita pengukur

34

2

37 38 38 30

78

9

10

2425

26 27

30

3132

33

Objek

Pengukuran/cm

1 2 3 Purata

Pensel 8.4 8.3 8.5 8.4

Pen 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.1

Bola 45.1 45.2 45.0 45.1

Garis lengkung 7.5 7.3 7.4 7.4

1 Apakah itu panjang?

di antara dua titik.

2 Mengapakah nilai purata daripada beberapa bacaan perlu diambil?

Untuk mendapat keputusan yang lebih .jitu

Jarak

ANALISIS

1 Ukur panjang pensel dan pen seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah (a) denganpembaris meter. Ukur sebanyak tiga kali dan tentukan nilai purata panjangnya dalamjadual yang disediakan.

2 Ukur panjang ukur lilit sebiji bola seperti pada Rajah (b) dengan menggunakan pitapengukur sebanyak tiga kali.

3 Ukur sepanjang garis lengkung dalam Rajah (c) dengan bantuan seutas benang danpembaris.

4 Ulangi pengukuran sebanyak tiga kali untuk menentukan nilai purata panjangnya.Catatkan keputusan dalam jadual yang sama.

KEPUTUSAN

PROSEDUR

KBSB• Mendefinisi secara

operasi

(Jawapan pelajar)

1.11 INKUIRIEksperimen

Objektif Pembelajaran1.6 Memahami penggunaan alat-alat pengukur

Panjang garis lurus dan garis lengkungInkuiri-penemuan

1.11 HP • Memilih alat yang betul dan mengukur panjang Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, Pengukuranpanjang, hlm. 16; Essential Science PMR,Measurement of length, hlm. 11

6 Name the devices that can be used to measure the internal diameter of a beaker. (Internal calipers and ruler) 7 Name the devices that can be used to measure the external diameter of a measuring cylinder. (External

calipers and ruler)INQUIRY

Experiment1.13 8 What is the total surface covered by an object? (Area) 9 What can be used to estimate the area of an irregular-shaped object? (Graph paper) 10 What is the estimated area of the leaf on the right?

1 cm

1 cm

(3 cm2)

1.6 Understanding the use of measuring toolsINQUIRY

Experiment1.11 1 What is the distance between two points? (Length) 2 What can be used to measure the width of a book? (Ruler) 3 What can be used to measure the length of a classroom? (Measuring tape) 4 What can be used to measure the length of a curved line? (Thread and ruler)

INQUIRYExperiment1.12 5 Name the device. (a) (Internal calipers) (b) (External calipers)

1111


Chapter 1


Cha

pter

1In

trod

ucti

on t

o S

cien

ceM

IND

Ro

bic

s MIN

DR

ob

ics

12CHAPTER

11.12 LO • Choose the right tool and measure length

To measure the external and internal diameters of objects using calipers

Internal calipers, external calipers, metre rule, 100 cm3 beaker

1 Measure the external diameter of a 100 cm3 beaker using a pair of external calipersand a metre rule as shown in Diagram (a).

Diagram (a)

2 Repeat the measurements thrice at different parts of the beaker. Record your readingsin a table. Calculate the average.

external calipers

PROCEDURE

APPARATUS

AIM

3 Mark (✓) in the box for the item that is suitable to be measured using a threadand a ruler.

The length of picture The thickness of The length ofthe book river on the map

4 Metre rule is not suitable to measure:

(a) the length of a classroom which is .

(b) the thickness of a strand of hair which is .

5 Suggest how you would measure the length of a river on a map.

By using and .

6 Mark (✓) the correct eye position to take the reading of the length of the chalk in thediagram below. Then, determine the length of the chalk.

Length of chalk = .

1 The length of an object can be measured by using a or

.

2 The length of a curved line can be measured with the use of and

.ruler

thread

measuring tape

metre ruleCONCLUSION

2.5 cm

1cm 0 2 3

✓

rulerthread

less than 1 mm

more than 1 m

Refer to Essential Science Form 1, Measurement ofthe diameter of an object, p. 17; Essential SciencePMR, Measuring the diameter of an object, p.13

Metre rule is not suitableto measure the length ofa classroom which ismore than 1 m and thethickness of a piece ofpaper which is less than1 m.

1.12INQUIRY

ExperimentDiameter of objects

Inquiry-discovery

✓

12

BA

B1

1.12 HP • Memilih alat yang betul dan mengukur panjang

Menyukat diameter luar dan diameter dalam objek menggunakan angkup

Angkup dalam, angkup luar, pembaris meter, bikar 100 cm3

1 Ukur diameter luar sebuah bikar 100 cm3 dengan menggunakan angkup luar danpembaris meter seperti pada Rajah (a).

Rajah (a)

2 Ulangi penyukatan sebanyak tiga kali pada bahagian bikar yang berlainan. Catatkeputusan dalam jadual yang disediakan. Hitung nilai puratanya.

angkup luar

PROSEDUR

RADAS

TUJUAN

3 Tandakan (✓) dalam petak bagi bahan yang sesuai diukur dengan menggunakanbenang dan pembaris.

Panjang gambar Ketebalan buku Panjang sungaidi atas peta

4 Pembaris meter tidak sesuai digunakan untuk mengukur:

(a) panjang bilik darjah yang .

(b) ketebalan rambut yang .

5 Cadangkan bagaimana anda dapat mengukur panjang suatu sungai pada peta.

Dengan menggunakan dan .

6 Tandakan (✓) bagi kedudukan mata yang betul untuk mengambil bacaan panjangkapur dalam rajah di bawah. Kemudian, tentukan panjang kapur.

Panjang kapur = .

1 Panjang objek dapat diukur dengan menggunakan

atau .

2 Panjang garis lengkung dapat diukur dengan menggunakan

dan .pembaris

benang

pita pengukur

pembaris meterKESIMPULAN

2.5 cm

1cm 0 2 3

✓

pembarisbenang

kurang daripada 1 mm

lebih daripada 1 m

Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, Pengukurandiameter suatu objek, hlm. 17; Essential Science PMR,Measuring the diameter of an object, hlm. 13

1.12 INKUIRIEksperimen Diameter objek

Inkuiri-penemuan

Pembaris meter tidaksesuai digunakan untukmengukur panjang bilikdarjah yang lebihdaripada 1 m dan tebalsehelai kertas yangkurang daripada 1 m.

✓

15 Which is the correct eye level in taking the volume of the following liquids? (a) (b)

PQR

(✓)

X

YZ(✓)

Water Mercury

INQUIRYExperiment1.14 11 What is the total space occupied by an object? (Volume)

12 State three apparatus that can be used to measure volume of liquids. (Measuring cylinder, pipette and burette)

13 State two apparatus that can be used to measure accurately the volume of liquids. (Pipette and burette) 14 State one precautionary step when using measuring cylinder to take the reading of the volume of a liquid.

(Take the reading at eye level)

1212


Chapter 1


Cha

pter

1In

trod

ucti

on t

o S

cien

ceM

IND

Ro

bic

s MIN

DR

ob

ics

13

CHAPTER1

1 Why are the three readings for the internal diameter and the external diameter different?

The thickness of the beaker is .

2 Name the type of calipers used and determine the internal diameter and externaldiameter of objects.

(a) (b)

3 State how you would use a pair of external calipers to measure the thickness of asheet of paper.

Measure the thickness of a hundred sheets of the paper with the

and divide the value you obtained by .

The external diameter and the internal diameter of a beaker can be measured by using

and .a rulercalipers

CONCLUSION

100external calipers

not uniform

ANALYSIS

Measurement

Length/cm

1 2 3 Average

External diameter 5.0 4.9 5.1 5.0

Internal diameter 4.9 4.7 4.8 4.8

RESULTS

3 Repeat steps 1 and 2 to find the internal diameter of the beaker using a pair ofinternal calipers and a metre rule as shown in Diagram (b).

Diagram (b)

internal calipers


Internal diameter = cm3.0 External diameter = 2.8

0cm

1 2 3 4 0cm

1 2 3 4

Internal

calipers

External

calipers

13

BA

B1

1 Mengapakah ketiga-tiga bacaan bagi diameter dalam dan diameter luar adalah tidaksama?

Ketebalan dinding bikar adalah .

2 Namakan jenis angkup yang digunakan dan tentukan diameter dalam dan diameterluar bagi suatu objek.

(a) (b)

3 Nyatakan bagaimana anda dapat menggunakan angkup luar untuk mengukur ketebalansehelai kertas.

Ukur ketebalan seratus helai kertas dengan dan bahagikan

nilai yang diperoleh dengan nilai .

Diameter luar dan diameter dalam bikar dapat diukur dengan menggunakan

dan .pembarisangkup

KESIMPULAN

100

angkup luar

tidak sekata

ANALISIS

Ukuran

Panjang/cm

1 2 3 Purata

Diameter luar 5.0 4.9 5.1 5.0

Diameter dalam 4.9 4.7 4.8 4.8

KEPUTUSAN

3 Ulangi langkah 1 dan 2 untuk mendapatkan diameter dalam bikar menggunakanangkup dalam dan pembaris meter seperti pada Rajah (b).

Rajah (b)

angkupdalam

(Jawapan pelajar)

Diameter dalam = cm3.0 Diameter luar = cm2.8

0cm

1 2 3 4 0cm

1 2 3 4

Angkup

dalam

Angkup

luar

INQUIRYExperiment1.15 &

16 What method can be used to measure the volume of regular and irregular-shaped solids? (Water displacement method)DISCUSSION

Activity1.16 17 Determine the volume of the solids.

cork

65 cm3

stone

60 cm3

water

measuringcylinder

thread

40 cm3

Volume of stone = 60 – 40 = 20 cm3

Volume of cork = 65 – 60 = 5 cm3

DISCUSSIONActivity1.17 18 Suggest two devices that can be used to measure the length of a river on the map. (A thread and a ruler)

19 What is the volume of the water? (23 ml) 20 What is the volume of the mercury? (25 ml)

20 ml

20 ml

1313


14

CHAPTER1

1 What is meant by area?

The covered by an object.

2 State the measuring unit for area estimated in this activity.

3 Is the area of the object determined in this activity accurate?

The area of an object that is regular and irregular can be estimated by using a

.graph paper

CONCLUSION

No

Square centimetre/cm2

total surface

ANALYSIS

1 Area of pencil eraser

= cm2

2 Area of leaf

= cm2

3 Area of triangle-shaped object

= cm24

23

81 cm

1 cm

1 3

2

To find the area of a regular and irregular-shaped objects

Pencil eraser, leaf, triangle-shaped object, graph paper

Metre rule

1 Determine the number of squares covered by the outline of the pencil eraser. Countall squares and all squares that are more than as full squares. Mark (✓) for every

square counted. (Each square counted = 1 cm2) 2 Repeat step 1 using a leaf and a triangle-shaped object.

12

12

PROCEDURE

APPARATUS

MATERIALS

AIM

1.13 LO • Estimate area of regular and irregular shapes usinggraph paper

RESULTS

Refer to Essential Science Form 1, Measurement ofarea, p. 20; Essential Science PMR, Measurement ofarea, p.14

1.13INQUIRY

ExperimentArea of regular and irregular shapes

Inquiry-discovery

14

BA

B1

1 Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan luas?

yang diliputi oleh suatu objek.

2 Nyatakan unit sukatan bagi luas yang dianggarkan dalam aktiviti ini.

3 Adakah luas objek yang ditentukan dalam aktiviti ini jitu?

Luas objek yang sekata dan tidak sekata dapat dianggarkan dengan menggunakan

. kertas graf

KESIMPULAN

Tidak

Sentimeter persegi/cm2

Jumlah permukaan

ANALISIS

1 Luas pemadam

= cm2

2 Luas daun

= cm2

3 Luas objekberbentuk segi tiga

= cm24

23

81 cm

1 cm

1 3

2

Menganggarkan luas objek berbentuk sekata dan tidak sekata

Pemadam pensel, daun, objek berbentuk segi tiga, kertas graf

Pembaris meter

1 Tentukan bilangan petak segi empat sama yang diliputi oleh pemadam pensel.Bilangan segi empat sama yang separuh atau lebih daripada separuh dihitung sebagaisatu segi empat sama. Tandakan (✓) pada setiap segi empat sama yang dikira. (Setiapsegi empat sama berukuran 1 cm2)

2 Ulangi langkah 1 dengan menggunakan sehelai daun dan objek berbentuk segi tiga.

PROSEDUR

RADAS

BAHAN

TUJUAN

1.13 HP • Menganggarkan luas bentuk sekata dan tidak sekatadengan menggunakan kertas graf

KEPUTUSAN

Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, Pengukuranluas, hlm. 20; Essential Science PMR, Measurementof area, hlm. 14

1.13 INKUIRIEksperimen Luas bentuk sekata dan tidak sekata

Inkuiri-penemuan


15

CHAPTER1

1.14 LO • Choose the right tool and measure the volume of a liquid

To measure the volume of liquids using a measuring cylinder

Water, white piece of paper

100 cm3 measuring cylinder, boiling tube, test tube, 25 ml pipette, suction pump, burette,retort stand and clamp

1 Fill a boiling tube completely with water.2 Pour the water into a measuring cylinder and record the volume of water.3 Repeat steps 1 and 2 with a test tube.4 Fill a beaker with water.5 With the help of a suction pump, use a pipette to draw up the water until it reaches

the 25 ml graduated mark.6 Release the water into an empty measuring cylinder and record the volume of water in it.7 Fill a burette with water.8 Release 25 ml of water into an empty measuring cylinder and record the volume of

water in it.

Diagram (a) Diagram (b) Diagram (c)

1 What is volume?

The occupied by an object.

2 What is the measuring unit for a measuring cylinder, a pipette and a burette?

3 State two precautionary steps taken when using a measuring cylinder.

(a) Place the measuring cylinder on a .

(b) The eye must be on the as the meniscus of the liquid.same level

flat surface

ml/cm3

total space

ANALYSIS

RESULTS

retort stand

retort clamp

burette

suctionpump

pipette

25 ml

ml100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

PROCEDURE

APPARATUS

MATERIALS

AIM

Type of container Volume of water/ml (cm3)

Boiling tube 57

Test tube 18

Pipette 25

Burette 25

TSTS• Using scientific

apparatus correctly

Refer to Essential Science Form 1, Measurement ofvolume of liquids, p. 20; Essential Science PMR,Measuring the volume of liquids, p. 15

1.14INQUIRY

ExperimentVolume of liquids

Inquiry-discovery

15

BA

B1

1.14 HP • Memilih pengukur yang betul dan ukur isi padu cecair dalam konteks eksperimen

Mengukur isi padu cecair dengan menggunakan silinder penyukat

Air, kertas putih

Silinder penyukat 100 cm3, tabung didih, tabung uji, 25 ml pipet, pam sedutan, buret, kakiretort dan pengapit

1 Isi satu tabung didih penuh dengan air.2 Tuangkan air ke dalam silinder penyukat dan rekodkan isi padu air.3 Ulangi langkah 1 dan 2 dengan menggunakan satu tabung uji.4 Isi sebuah bikar dengan air.5 Dengan bantuan satu pam sedutan, guna satu pipet untuk menyedut air sehingga ke

tanda senggatan 25 ml.6 Lepaskan air ke dalam sebuah silinder penyukat kosong dan rekodkan isi padu air.7 Isi sebuah buret dengan air.8 Lepaskan 25 ml air ke dalam sebuah silinder penyukat kosong dan rekodkan isi padu

air.

Rajah (a) Rajah (b) Rajah (c)

1 Apakah itu isi padu?

yang diisi oleh suatu objek.

2 Apakah unit sukatan bagi silinder penyukat, pipet, dan buret?

3 Nyatakan dua langkah berjaga-jaga semasa menggunakan silinder penyukat.

(a) Letakkan silinder penyukat di atas .

(b) Mata mesti berada pada dengan meniskus cecair.paras yang sama

permukaan rata

ml/cm3

Jumlah ruang

ANALISIS

KEPUTUSAN

kaki retort

penyepit retort

buret

pam penyedut

pipet

25 ml

ml100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

PROSEDUR

RADAS

BAHAN

TUJUAN

KBSB• Menggunakan peralatan

sains dengan betul

Jenis bekas Isi padu air/ml (cm3)

Tabung didih 57

Tabung uji 18

Pipet 25

Buret 25

Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, Pengukuranisi padu cecair, hlm. 20; Essential Science PMR,Measuring the volume of liquids, hlm. 15

1.14 INKUIRIEksperimen Isi padu cecair

Inkuiri-penemuan


16

CHAPTER1

1.15 LO • Estimate the volume of solids using the waterdisplacement method

To measure the volume of regular and irregular-shaped solids

Marbles, stone, water, thread

100 ml measuring cylinder

1 Half fill a measuring cylinder with water.2 Record the initial reading of the water level.3 Slowly drop five marbles of equal size (regular

object) into the measuring cylinder as shown inDiagram (a).

4 Record the final reading (volume) of the waterlevel in the measuring cylinder.

5 Repeat the above steps using a stone (irregularobject) as in Diagram (b). Tie the stone with astring and slowly let it down into the water.

1 What method is used in this activity?Water displacement method

2 Calculate the volume of one marble.15

5 = 3 cm3

ANALYSIS

RESULTS

PROCEDURE

APPARATUS

MATERIALS

AIM

Diagram (a)

Diagram (b)

water

marble

water

stone

thread

Solid Initial reading/ml Final reading/ml Volume of solid/ml

Five marbles 50 65 15

Stone 50 63 13

4 Mark (✓) the correct eye level in the diagrams below to show the correct way to takethe volume readings of a sugar solution and mercury.

5 Circle the measuring instruments for liquid below which are more accurate.

The volume of liquids can be measured by using ,

and .burettepipette

measuring cylinderCONCLUSION

mercury

✓

sugarsolution

✓

Refer to Essential Science Form 1, Measurement ofthe volume of solids, p. 23; Essential Science PMR,Measuring the volume of solids, p. 17


Measuring cylinder Pipette Burette

1.15INQUIRY

ExperimentVolume of regular and irregular-shaped solids

Inquiry-discovery

16

BA

B1

1.15 HP • Menentukan isi padu pepejal dengan menggunakankaedah sesaran air

Mengukur isi padu pepejal sekata dan tidak sekata

Guli, batu, air, benang

Silinder penyukat 100 ml

1 Isikan air sehingga separuh penuh dalam sebuahsilinder penyukat.

2 Catat bacaan awal paras air.3 Masukkan lima biji guli yang sama saiz (objek

sekata) perlahan-lahan ke dalam silinder penyukatitu seperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Rajah (a).

4 Catat bacaan akhir (isi padu) paras air padasilinder penyukat.

5 Ulangi aktiviti di atas dengan menggunakansebiji batu (objek tidak sekata) seperti dalamRajah (b). Ikat batu dengan benang danmasukkan batu ke dalam silinder penyukatdengan perlahan-lahan.

1 Apakah kaedah yang digunakan dalam aktiviti ini?Kaedah sesaran air

2 Hitung isi padu bagi satu biji guli.15

5 = 3 cm3

ANALISIS

KEPUTUSAN

PROSEDUR

RADAS

BAHAN

TUJUAN

Rajah (a)

Rajah (b)

air

guli

air

batu

benang

Pepejal Bacaan awal/ml Bacaan akhir/ml Isi padu pepejal/ml

Lima biji guli 50 65 15

Batu 50 63 13

4 Tandakan (✓) pada aras mata yang betul pada rajah di bawah untuk menunjukkancara pengambilan bacaan isi padu yang betul bagi larutan gula dan merkuri.

5 Bulatkan alat penyukatan cecair di bawah yang lebih tepat.

Isi padu cecair boleh disukat dengan menggunakan ,

dan .buretpipet

silinder penyukatKESIMPULAN

merkuri

✓

larutan gula

✓

Rujuk kepada Essential Science Form 1, Pengukuranisi padu pepejal, hlm. 23; Essential Science PMR,Measuring the volume of solids, hlm. 17

(Jawapan pelajar)

1.15 INKUIRIEksperimen Isi padu pepejal berbentuk sekata dan tidak sekata

Inkuiri-penemuan

Silinder penyukat Buret Pipet


17

CHAPTER1

3 Can this method be used to measure the volume of a lump of sugar crystal? Give areason for your answer.

, the sugar crystal will in water.

4 The diagram below shows another method that can be used to dertermine the volumeof a regular or an irregular-shaped solid. Label the apparatus and give the volume ofthe stone.

The volume of a regular or irregular-shaped object can be determined by using the

.water displacement method

CONCLUSION

dissolveNo

20 ml

10 ml

Volume of stone = 13.0 ml

Measuring

cylinder

Eureka can/

Displacement can

1.16 LO • Estimate the volume of solids using the waterdisplacement method

An experiment is carried out to measure the volume of a lead block as shown in the diagram above.

(a) Name apparatus X.

(b) What is the method used to measure the volume of the lead block?Water displacement method

(c) What are the initial and final readings of the volume of water in apparatus X?

(i) Initial reading: (ii) Final reading:

(d) Calculate the volume of the lead block. 56 – 49 = 7 cm3

(e) State two precautionary steps need to be taken in this experiment.

(i) The lead block should be into the water.

(ii) The reading has to be taken at .eye level

dropped slowly

56 cm3/ml49 cm3/ml

Measuring cylinder

1 Answer the following questions based on the diagram given.

X

lead block

water50 ml

60 ml 60 ml

50 ml

Final readingInitial reading

1.16DISCUSSION

ActivityMeasurement of volume

Mastery

17

BA

B1

3 Bolehkah kaedah ini digunakan untuk mengukur isi padu seketul hablur gula?Berikan alasan kepada jawapan anda.

, hablur gula akan dalam air.

4 Rajah di bawah menunjukkan kaedah lain yang boleh digunakan untuk menentukanisi padu pepejal berbentuk sekata dan tidak sekata. Labelkan radas dan nyatakan isipadu batu dalam rajah tersebut.

Isi padu objek yang sekata dan tidak sekata dapat ditentukan dengan menggunakan

.kaedah sesaran air

KESIMPULAN

larutTidak

1.16 HP • Menentukan isi padu pepejal dengan menggunakankaedah sesaran air

Satu eksperimen dijalankan untuk mengukur isi padu satu blok plumbum seperti yang ditunjukkandalam rajah di atas.

(a) Namakan radas X.

(b) Apakah kaedah yang digunakan untuk menyukat isi padu blok plumbum?Kaedah sesaran air

(c) Apakah bacaan awal dan bacaan akhir bagi air dalam radas X?

(i) Bacaan awal: (ii) Bacaan akhir:

(d) Hitungkan isi padu blok plumbum. 56 – 49 = 7 cm3

(e) Nyatakan dua langkah berjaga-jaga yang perlu diambil dalam eksperimen ini.

(i) Blok plumbum harus ke dalam air.

(ii) Bacaan perlu diambil pada .aras mata

dijatuhkan perlahan-lahan

56 cm3/ml49 cm3/ml

Silinder penyukat

1 Jawab soalan yang berikut berdasarkan rajah yang diberi.

X

blok plumbum

air50 ml

60 ml 60 ml

50 ml

Bacaan akhirBacaan awal

Isi padu batu = 13.0 ml

Silinder

penyukat

Tin eureka

ur

20 ml

10 ml

1.16 PERBINCANGANAktiviti Pengukuran isi padu

Masteri


18

CHAPTER1

2 Determine the volume of the solid object shown below. Then, answer the questions.

(a) (i) Volume of copper lump = cm3

(ii) Volume of cork = cm3

(b) Why is the cork made to sink with the help of solids that can sink?Cork does not sink in water/Cork is less dense than water.

56 – 50 = 6

50 – 45 = 5

cork

56 cm3

copper lump

50 cm3

water

measuringcylinder

thread

45 cm3

Choose the measuring instrument given and fill in the blanks which relate to their measurement.

External calipers Thread Internal calipers Measuring tapeRuler Lever balance Spring balance

1.17 LO • Choose the right tool to measure length, mass, andweight

Measurement

Length of acurved

line

and

ruler

Thread

Thread

and

ruler

calipers

Internal

and

ruler

calipers

External

or

ruler

tape

Measuring

balance

Lever

balance

Spring

Internaldiameter of aboiling tube

Externaldiameter of

a beaker

Length of astraight line Mass Weight

1.17DISCUSSION

ActivityMeasuring instruments

Mastery

18

BA

B1

1.17 HP • Memilih alat yang betul untuk mengukur panjang,jisim dan berat

Pilih alat pengukur yang diberi dan isi ruang kosong yang bersesuaian dengan pengukurannya.

Angkup luar Benang Angkup dalam Pita pengukurPembaris Neraca tuas Neraca spring

Pengukuran

Panjang garis lengkung

Diameter dalamtabung didih

Diameter luarbikar

Panjang garislurus

Jisim Berat

2 Tentukan isi padu objek pepejal yang ditunjukkan di bawah. Kemudian, jawab soalan yang diberi.

(a) (i) Isi padu ketulan kuprum = cm3

(ii) Isi padu gabus = cm3

(b) Mengapakah gabus ditenggelamkan dengan bantuan pepejal yang boleh tenggelam?Gabus tidak tenggelam dalam air/Gabus kurang tumpat daripada air.

56 – 50 = 6

50 – 45 = 5

gabus

56 cm3

ketulan kuprum

50 cm3

air

silinder penyukat

benang

45 cm3

dan

pembaris

B

Benang

dan

pembaris

dalam

Angkup

dan

pembaris

luar

Angkup

atau

pembaris

pengukur

Pita

tuas

Neraca

spring

Neraca

1.17 PERBINCANGANAktiviti Alat pengukuran

Masteri


19

Questions in this section contain concepts and facts that

are frequently tested in the PMR exam. Make sure you can

answer all the questions correctly.PMR Key To SuccessTo

1 Name the balances. Then, state whether it is used to measure the ‘mass’ or ‘weight’ of an object.(a) (b) (c)

• • •

• • •

2 Fill in the blanks.

(a) is the distance between two points. (b) is the total surface covered by an object.

(c) is the total space occupied by an object.

3 Mark (✓) at the correct eye positions.(a) (b) (c)

4 State the apparatus or material that can be used to measure the following length.

(a) Straight line – (c) Internal diameter of a beaker –

(b) Curved line – (d) External diameter of a boiling tube –

5 Estimate the area of the leaf.

Estimated area of the leaf = cm2

6 Name the apparatus below. Tick (✓) in the boxes the apparatus that can be used to measure accurately the volume of a liquid.

(a) (b) (c)

7 Calculate the volume of objects by using water displacement method.(a) (b)

BurettePipetteMeasuring cylinder

8

External calipers and rulerThread and ruler

Internal calipers and rulerMetre rule

mercury

✓

water✓

✓

Volume

Area Length

WeightMassWeight

Compression balanceLever balanceSpring balance

10

2

3

45

6

7

8

9

10gm

2

4

6

8

10

1 cm

1 cm

graph paper✓

✓ ✓

✓ ✓

✓✓✓

water40 cm3

marble

48 cm3

water

30 cm3

stone

40 cm3

stone

cork

45 cm3Volume of stone

= cm3

Volume of cork

= cm345 – 40 = 5

40 – 30 = 10

Volume of a marble = = cm3248 – 40

4

✓ ✓

19

Soalan-soalan berikut melibatkan konsep atau fakta yang

kerap ditanya dalam peperiksaan PMR. Pastikan anda

boleh menjawap semua soalan berikut.PMR Kunci Kejayaan

1 Namakan neraca. Kemudian, nyatakan sama ada ia digunakan untuk menyukat ‘jisim’ atau ‘berat’ objek.(a) (b) (c)

• • •

• • •

2 Isi tempat kosong.

(a) ialah jarak antara dua titik.

(b) ialah jumlah kawasan yang diliputi oleh suatu objek.

(c) ialah jumlah ruang yang diisi oleh suatu objek.

3 Tandakan (✓) pada kedudukan mata yang betul.(a) (b) (c)

4 Namakan alat atau bahan yang dapat digunakan untuk mengukur panjang yang berikut.

(a) Garis lurus – (c) Diameter dalam bikar –

(b) Garis lengkung – (d) Diameter luar tabung didih –

5 Anggarkan luas daun.

Anggaran luas daun = cm2

6 Namakan radas-radas di bawah. Tandakan (✓) dalam kotak bagi radas yang dapat digunakan untuk menyukatdengan tepat isi padu suatu cecair.(a) (b) (c)

7 Hitung isi padu objek dengan menggunakan kaedah sesaran air.(a) (b)

BuretPipetSilinder penyukat

8

Angkup luar dan pembarisBenang dan pembaris

Angkup dalam dan pembarisPembaris meter

merkuri

✓

air✓

✓

Isi padu

Luas

Panjang

BeratJisimBerat

Neraca mampatanNeraca tuasNeraca spring

10

2

3

45

6

7

8

9

10gm

2

4

6

8

10

1 cm

1 cm

kertas graf✓

✓ ✓

✓ ✓

✓✓✓

air40 cm3

guli

48 cm3

air

30 cm3

batu

40 cm3

batu

gabus

45 cm3

Isi padu batu

= cm3

Isi padu gabus

= cm345 – 40 = 5

40 – 30 = 10

Isi padu satu guli = = cm3248 – 40

4

✓ ✓


20

1 Which of the following is a naturalphenomenon?A ForestryB Flowers blossomingC Invention of space shuttleD Production of table salt from

sea water

2 Which of the following is the prefixvalue of centi?A 0.001B 0.01C 0.1D 10

3 Which of the following is correct?

Quantity SI unit Instrument

A Mass of kg Lever table salt balance

B Temperature A Thermo-of water meter

C Length of m Internalpaper calipers

D Time taken K Measuringfor water cylinderto boil

4 Diagram 1 shows a measuringcylinder containing a liquid.

Diagram 1

What is the volume of water inDiagram 1?A 24.0 mlB 24.5 mlC 25.0 mlD 25.5 ml

5 A student wants to measure accu-rately 25 cm3 of sodium hydroxidesolution. What instruments can beused for this purpose?

I PipetteII Burette

III Test tubeA I and II onlyB I and III onlyC II and III onlyD I, II and III

6 Table 1 shows the volumes ofdifferent quantities of marbles, deter-mined by using the water displace-ment method.

Table 1

Predict the volume of 8 marbles.A 14 cm3

B 15 cm3

C 16 cm3

D 18 cm3

7 Diagram 2 shows a pendulum whichswings from P to R and then backto P.

Diagram 2

The period for a pendulum swing isaffected byA the mass of the pendulumB the number of swingsC the condition of the

surrounding airD the length of the thread

8 Diagram 3 shows a leaf.

Diagram 3

Estimate the area of this leaf.A 4 cm2 C 7 cm2

B 5 cm2 D 9 cm2

9 Diagram 4 shows four eye positionslabelled A, B, C and D.

Diagram 4

Which position is correct whentaking a reading of the mercury inthe measuring cylinder?

10 Diagram 5 shows several steps tomeasure the volume of a cork.

Diagram 5

The correct sequence to measurethe volume of the cork isA K, L, MB K, M, LC M, K, LD M, L, K

C

waterwater

cork

measuring cylinder

K L M

D

B

A

C

D

mercury

measuring cylinder

B

1 cm

1 cm

D

P RQ

thread

C

A

B

30

20

water

measuringcylinder

A

B

B

CLONE2001

CLONE2004

CLONE2009

CLONE2002

CLONE2007

CLONE2006

Quantity ofVolume/cm3

marbles

3 66 12

CLONE2007

CLONE2003

CLONE2008

PMR Enhancement Corner

Each question is followed by four options, A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer.

PAPER 1

1

20

PMR Sudut Pengukuhan

Tiap-tiap soalan yang berikut diikuti oleh empat pilihan jawapan, A, B, C dan D. Pilih jawapan yang terbaik.

KERTAS 1

1 Antara yang berikut, yang manakahfenomena semula jadi?A PerhutananB Bunga berkembangC Penciptaan kapal angkasa D Penghasilan garam biasa

daripada air laut

2 Antara yang berikut, yang manakahnilai imbuhan bagi senti?A 0.001B 0.01C 0.1D 10

3 Antara yang berikut, yang manakahbetul?

Kuantiti Unit SI Alat

A Jisim garam kg Neraca biasa tuas

B Suhu air A Termo-meter

C Panjang m Angkupkertas dalam

D Masa untuk K Silinderair mendidih penyukat

4 Rajah 1 menunjukkan silinderpenyukat yang mengandungi suatucecair.

Rajah 1

Apakah isi padu air dalam Rajah 1?A 24.0 mlB 24.5 mlC 25.0 mlD 25.5 ml

5 Seorang pelajar ingin mengukurdengan tepat 25 cm3 larutan natriumhidroksida. Apakah alat yang bolehdigunakan untuk tujuan ini?

I PipetII Buret

III Tabung ujiA I dan II sahajaB I dan III sahajaC II dan III sahajaD I, II dan III

6 Jadual 1 menunjukkan isi padu bagiguli yang bilangannya berbeza, yangditentukan dengan menggunakankaedah sesaran air.

Jadual 1

Ramalkan isi padu bagi 8 biji guli.A 14 cm3

B 15 cm3

C 16 cm3

D 18 cm3

7 Rajah 2 menunjukkan sebuahbandul berayun dari kedudukan P

ke R dan balik semula ke P.

Rajah 2

Tempoh ayunan bandul dipengaruhiolehA jisim bandulB bilangan ayunanC keadaan udara sekelilingD panjang benang

8 Rajah 3 menunjukkan sehelai daun.

Rajah 3

Anggarkan luas daun ini.A 4 cm2 C 7 cm2

B 5 cm2 D 9 cm2

9 Rajah 4 menunjukkan 4 kedudukanmata berlabel A, B, C dan D.

Rajah 4

Kedudukan yang manakah betulsemasa mengambil bacaan merkuridalam silinder penyukat?

10 Rajah 5 menunjukkan beberapalangkah menyukat isi padu gabus.

Rajah 5

Susunan langkah yang betul bagimenyukat isi padu gabus ialahA K, L, MB K, M, LC M, K, LD M, L, K C

airair

gabus

silinder penyukat

K L M

D

B

A

C

D

merkuri

silinder penyukat

B

1 cm

1 cm

D

P RQ

benang

C

A

B

30

20

air

silinderpenyukat

A

B

B

KLON2003

KLON2001

KLON2007

KLON2004

KLON2009

KLON2002

KLON2006

KLON2007

Bilangan guli Isi padu/cm3

3 66 12

1

KLON2008


21

1 Diagram 1 shows measuring instruments K, L and M.

Diagram 1

(a) Label the measuring instruments P, Q and R in Diagram 1 using the following words:

(b) Draw lines to show the correct match betwen the measuring instruments and their functions.

(c) Circle the measuring instruments below which can be used to measure the mass of objects.

10

2

3

45

6

7

8

9

10

To measure the weight of objectsM

To measure the mass of objectsL

To measure the volume of liquidsK

Measuring cylinder Lever balance Spring balance

M: Measuring cylinderL: Spring balanceK: Lever balance

ml100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

Section AAnswer all the questions.

PAPER 2

21

1 Rajah 1 menunjukkan alat pengukuran K, L, dan M.

Rajah 1

(a) Label alat pengukuran P, Q, dan R dalam Rajah 1 menggunakan perkataan-perkataan yang berikut:

(b) Lukiskan garisan untuk menunjukkan padanan yang betul antara alat pengukuran dan fungsinya.

(c) Bulatkan alat pengukuran di bawah yang dapat digunakan untuk mengukur jisim objek.

10

2

3

45

6

7

8

9

10

Untuk mengukur berat objekM

Untuk mengukur jisim objekL

Untuk menyukat isi padu cecairK

Silinder penyukat Neraca tuas Neraca spring

M: Silinder penyukatL: Neraca springK: Neraca tuas

ml100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

KERTAS 2

Bahagian AJawab semua soalan.


22

Section BAnswer the below question.

2 Diagram 2 shows four types of measuring instruments which are used in the laboratory.

J K

L M

Diagram 2

(a) Observe the measuring instruments in Diagram 2. Based on your observations, state one usage of each instrument.

J: Use to measure the volume of liquid

K: Use to measure the length of object

L: Use to measure the volume of liquid

M: Use to measure the volume of liquid

(b) Classify instruments J, K, L and M into two groups based on their usage. Write the letters of the instruments belongingto each group.

KJ, L, MLetters of theinstruments

Group 2

To measure the length

of object

Group 1

To measure the volume

of liquid

Usage

J, K, L, M

CLONE2006 Sec. B, Q7

22

Bahagian BJawab soalan di bawah.

2 Rajah 2 menunjukkan empat jenis alat pengukuran yang digunakan di dalam makmal.

J K

L M

Rajah 2

(a) Perhatikan alat pengukuran dalam Rajah 2. Berdasarkan pemerhatian anda, nyatakan satu kegunaan bagisetiap alat.

J: Digunakan untuk menyukat isi padu cecair

K: Digunakan untuk mengukur panjang objek

L: Digunakan untuk menyukat isi padu cecair

M: Digunakan untuk menyukat isi padu cecair

(b) Kelaskan alat J, K, L, dan M kepada dua kumpulan berdasarkan kegunaannya. Tulis huruf-huruf yangmewakili alat itu bagi setiap kumpulan.

KJ, L, MHuruf alat

Kumpulan 2

Digunakan untuk

menyukat panjang objek

Kumpulan 1

Digunakan untuk

menyukat isi padu cecair

Kegunaan

J, K, L, M

Bhg. B, S7KLON2006


Education

Chapter 1 (1-22)