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Summary of major political changes in Europe from 1450 to 1750
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Chapter 23: The Rise of Europe
An Age of Revolution, Industry, and Empire
1750-1914
Part I: Revolution and Nation States
• Enlightenment and revolutionary ideas• The American Revolution• The French Revolution• The reign of Napoleon Bonaparte• New ideologies: conservatism, liberalism, and
radicalism• Nations and nationalism• The unification of Italy and Germany
Enlightenment and Revolutionary Ideas
• Before the Enlightenment, rulers:– Were autocrats– Claimed divine right– Were often closely linked to religious institutions
• Enlightenment philosophies (17th and 18th centuries) questioned the arbitrary rule of monarchs– Locke argued governments function is to protect
peoples rights and to remove divine agents from government
• Individual rights examined– Voltaire questioned religious intolerance and
government censorship
• Political and legal equality sought– Rousseau argues the aristocracy do not contribute
more to society and therefore shouldn’t have more rights
– Discussions about ending slavery and treating indigenous people as equals emerge
• Enlightenment ideas have a global impact– Increasing literacy rates and cheap books rapid
spread of ideas– Social reformers and revolutionaries demand
enlightened change on behalf of people
The American Revolution
• By 1760, American colonists chafe under British rule– Economic impact of Seven Years War increasing
taxes in colonies• Colonists argue they should govern their own
affairs– No taxation w/o representation (Locke) Boston Tea
Party 1773– 1774- Constitutional Convention formed to organize
resistance to British policies
• Declaration of Independence showcases Enlightenment ideas– Equality- Rousseau, Voltaire– Life, liberty, property- Locke– Government derives power from the consent of
the governed- Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu• 1787- Constitutional Convention creates
government based on Montesquieu’s three branch system and popular sovereignty
• Bill of Rights- first 10 amendments: protects peoples’ rights against government tyranny
The French Revolution
• French revolutionaries grow to hate “ancien regime” and want to replace with new social and political order based on Enlightenment thought
• Overspending, government debt, and poor weather all contribute to serious economic trouble
• Louis XVI calls the Estates General to fix the economic disaster
The Estates General
• Council made up of three estates that had the power to raise taxes
• Broken up into three groups based on social class called Estates
• The Estates General had not met in over 100 years since the reign of Louis XIV
1st Estate 2nd Estate 3rd Estate0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
% Population% Land OwnedEach
Estate got one vote when the Estates General met
• The Third Estate demands reform to give the majority greater economic and political equality Creation of the National Assembly
• June 17, 1789- National Assembly writes The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
• June 20, 1789- Tennis Court Oath• July 14, 1789- Peasants storm the Bastille,
from the beginning this revolution is more violent and radical than the American
• 1789-1791 The Moderate Phase…• Main ideas: “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”– Abolished serfdom and social rank– Created a constitutional monarchy– Made the Catholic Church subordinate to the
state, and all members of the clergy civil employees, confiscated Church lands
– Most people continue to live in poverty despite changes
• Rumors begin to fly…– The king is corresponding with nobles who fled
France– Austria and Prussia are planning an invasion to
restore Louis XVI to full power• creation of more radical government, the
National Convention– Begins policy of universal military conscription– Declares war on Austria and Prussia– Put members of nobility and aristocracy on trial
executions, even Louis XVI!
• 1793-1794 The Reign of Terror: radical terror controls France– Maximilien Robespierre and radical Jacobins gain
control of the National Convention– Use terror to try to establish a “republic of virtue” – Try to replace Christianity with a “Cult of Reason”
• Terror ends with Robespierre’s execution• New government, the Directory created =
horrible failure!
The Reign of Napoleon Bonaparte
• During the revolution, Napoleon makes a name for himself as a successful general
• 1799- Napoleon joins the Directory• Overthrows the Directory after Austria,
Britain, and Russia form an alliance against France
• 1802- Imposes a constitution and names himself emperor
• Napoleon brought peace and prosperity to France– Made peace with the Catholic Church but insisted on
religious tolerance– Wrote the Civil Code (Code Napoleon)• Affirmed political and legal equality between all men• Established a merit-based society• Encouraged freedom of occupation• Protected private property
– But…• Kept women subservient to men• Did not create a representative government• Limited free speech and censored the press
• Napoleon uses his “Grand Army” to try to conquer Europe– Conquered Iberia, Italy, and the Netherlands– Forced Austria, Prussia, and Russia to ally with him
and accept a French hegemony– Finally defeated in 1812 and again in 1815 by a
joint British, Austrian, Prussian, and Russian confederation that forced Napoleon to abdicate and go into exile (two times!)
• Napoleon’s armies spread Enlightenment ideas and nationalism as they conquered and inspired revolutions around the Atlantic world
New Political Ideologies
• The American and French Revolutions help crystallize political ideologies
• Conservatism: See society as an organism that will change slowly over the course of many generations– English philosopher Edmund Burke
condemned radical revolutionary change and denounced the violence and chaos of the French Revolution
• Liberalism: Embraced and welcomed change as an agent of progress– Saw conservatism as a tool of the aristocracy to
maintain power– Wanted to manage change to bring about
Enlightenment freedom and equality– Favored representative monarchy, but feared full
democracy– Preferred to work within the political system to
achieve change peacefully over the use of violence
• Radicalism- The idea that rapid extreme change was needed to grant all people full rights– Favored full democracy– Favored full equality for all races and genders– Willing to use violence to make change happen
The Congress of Vienna
• Meeting of European leaders following Napoleon’s defeat
• Represents a conservative response to Napoleon and the French Revolution– Exiled Napoleon to St. Helena– Reestablished pre-revolution monarchies,
including France– Created a balance of power by weakening France
and strengthening its neighbors
Nations and Nationalism
• Revolutionary change emergence of modern nations
• What is a nation (nation-state?)• Nationalists argued that it is gov’ts job to
promote the interests of their group, sometimes using violence as needed
• Nationalist leaders often viewed outsiders and minorities with suspicion anti-Semitism
• Anti-Semitism Zionist movement: goal = create a homeland for the Jews in Palestine
Emergence of National Communities• Resistance to Napoleon’s growing empire helps
define new nations in Europe• Napoleon’s defeat conservative control over
European nations• Conservative control revolutions– 1820- Greeks successfully revolt against Ottoman rule
(also nationalism)– 1830 and 1848- Liberals in France, Austria and Prussia
revolt against conservative monarchies but do not succeed in making major changes
– Conservatives see that some compromise is necessary to prevent revolutions in the future
Italy Unifies
• 1859- Count Camillo di Cavour of Sardinia allies with France to drive out Austria and Prussia
• 1860- Giuseppe Garibaldi brings southern Italy into alliance with Sardinia
• 1870- King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia becomes king of united Italy
• Italy does not gain control of “Italia Irridente” (Italy unredeemed) land in the north east remaining under Austrian control
Germany Unifies
• 1815- Congress of Vienna denies Prussia request to form a Germanic kingdom; Metternich fears upsetting the Balance of Power
• 1830- Liberals revolt against Prussian monarch Wilhelm I, but are stopped by conservative forces
• 1848- Liberal revolt and attempt to create a limited monarchy fail
• 1862- Wilhelm I of Prussia appoints anti-parliamentarian Otto von Bismarck Prime Minister to use “Blood and Iron” to unify the German people under Prussian rule
• 1864-1870- Bismarck provokes war and wins against Austria, France, Denmark increased territory and nationalism
• 1871- Wilhelm I crowns himself Kaiser of the second German reich