Linguistic roots

English is part of the Indo-European language group (443 lgs &3 billion speakers).

Major language families of Europe & Western Asia.

Included families are –B,E,F,G,H,PPart of the West Germanic : Flemish,

Dutch, Danish.

Old English

• Celtic language Germanic tribes• Latin language The Romans• Scandinavian /Viking language Norseman

Impact of Those Language Celtic Language

During the 5th century AD the Saxons the Jutes the Angles the inhabitants of Britain spoke a

Celtic language.

For example: be , to , water ,love Tuesday ,house , Friday

Latin LanguageThe roman came in43.A.D and went back 410 A.D this time they put impact on English language of ;

EducatıonGoverment

Written language

Celtic languages the native language so this way pre-English.After going back Roman the

various dialects spoken by the Germanic tribes are known as old English. These dialects are;

MercianKentish

West SaxonNorthumbrian

Runic Inscriptions The earliest written records of English are inscriptions on hard material made in a special alphabet known as the runes.This system of written is called Runic inscription.By Runic we got Anglo-Saxon alphabets and these different from O. E. alphabet or present Alphabets.

CHANGES IN OLD ENGLISH

æIt was used as “ai” That means changed to “e”

Example: before = næver now= never

we got indefinite articles, a and an were introduced.

Old English Alphabet

About verb: o At first verb is placed at the end of sentence. ex: that be no justice did.o Then verb is placed after pronoun. ex: still they ploughfed their lands.

About Consonants:

In Old English period all consonants were pronounced.

Old English Modern English

a: u stan stone ham home wrat wrote

About I-mutation: Changing sound of vowel in the care of showing singular, plural as well as noun, pronoun is called I-mutation. for example; Blood=Bleed full=Fill Goose=GeeseIn I-mutation back vowel is raised and front vowels sound became change.

There are no a lot of impacts of Scandinavian language in English because,

I. Old Norse and old English are Germanic language.

II. Lack of writingIII. Viking were not literateIV. The Norman conquest.

IMPACT OF SCANDINAVIAN LANGUAGE IN ENGLISH

But in old English there are many

Viking words like; lift, take , give, sky ,

leg

4 dads

Here some pairs of modern English word the first of each pair is drive from OE and the second of Anglo Norman origin.

pig/pork chicken/poultry freedom/liberty

• “William” the duke of Normandy conquered England in 1066 from this year the language was changing. Because-

• Government officials began speaking French

• English became language of the poor.

I. PeasantsII. Butchers III. Servants

• People adapted French language because of declining of English

• Church speaks Latin and French

Bilingual:English children became bilingual.in bilingual people used two languages. These are

English

Latin

French

Trilin

gual

Examples: kingly(old Eng.) royal (French) regal (Latin)

One meaning but three different words, Beef (French) Cow (Latin) Cattle (English)Likewise, Norman and later French influences let to some

interesting word pair in English. Example: wander (Norman) Guardian (French)

Great Vowel shift Grammar is simplified Case and number endings are

reduced Fixed word order is developed

• The Great Vowel Shift was a change in pronunciation that began ground 1400 and separated middle English . For example:

Middle Eng. MI

Fet Fit

Mai Early modern Eng.

Late modern Eng. My

feet

/a/ became rounded after /w/warm, water, wall/a/ > /e/ did not round wager

silent e1. mad

2. made

3. maddening• Sudden and major change how vowels are pronounced

• The vowel shift as a process which led to a long vowel sounds being raised and diphthongized. example: Chaucer's Lye (pronounced/life/),and it become “life "in modern.

modern English (1500- PRESENT) TWO TYPES

Early Modern EnglishFrom 1500 to 1800s

Late modern English

1800s until today

Early Modern English• The Renaissance brought the revival

of classical scholarship and brought many classical Latin and Greek words into the Language.

Many English words are not pronounced as they used to be• Listening and writing of a word was difficult.

example: House and mouse used to rhyme with moose.Sonnets and novels were written from this period.

Greated new by new words, like; leapfrog,critical,dividle,pedant.

CHANGES AND DIFFICULTIES

Got indium from this time. For example;I. All that glitters is not gold.II. Bag and baggage .III. Beggar all description.

The printing press was introduction in modern period. So,

-text books were sold at cheap prices -English grammar, spelling and vocabulary were standardized.

• 1604 first English dictionary was published.

Result of Printing Press1. Freezing of English spelling2.Books in English are more available3.Strengthening of the London dialect.4. A table of alphabeticall.

Late Modern English

• There are a lot of vocabulary in late modern English.• Pronunciation grammar and spelling are largely the same.• English language adopted more foreign words from many

countries. example: pajamas from Hindi from, tycoon from Japanese, and sauna from Finnish

O Many words from Latin or Greek roots -biology, -oxygenO Military slang words were created in late

modern English -blockbuster -nosedive -spearheadO There are 600.000 words are from late

modern English today.