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In recent years, Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs), which combine physical and computer components, have grown in popularity. CPSs are commonly employed in complicated applications like smart power grids, transportation systems, and economic structure since they are difficult problems in and of themselves. Due to the widespread use of CPSs in applications, security is a significant and demanding component that requires more consideration throughout CPS design. CPS are changing the way we interact with the physical environment. For #Enquiry https://www.tutorsindia.com/ [email protected] (WA): +91-8754446690 (UK): +44-1143520021
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An Academic presentation by Dr. Nancy Agnes, Head, Technical Operations, Tutors India Group www.tutorsindia.comEmail: [email protected]
CYBER PHYSICAL SYSTEMSRESEARCH CHALLENGES
Introduction
CPS Research Challenges
Functionality Of Cps Domains
Conclusion
OUTLINE Today's Discussion
In recent years, Cyber-Physical Systems (CPSs),which combine physical and computer components,have grown in popularity.
CPSs are commonly employed in complicatedapplications like smart power grids, transportationsystems, and economic structure since they aredifficult problems in and of themselves.
Due to the widespread use of CPSs in applications,security is a significant and demanding componentthat requires more consideration throughout CPSdesign.
INTRODUCTION
CPS are changing the way we interact with the physical environment. Thisrevolution, of course, is not free.
Because even old embedded systems must meet higher standards than general-purpose computers, we must pay close attention to the physical-aware designedsystem needs of the next generation if we are to fully trust them.
Because of the large number of sensors and actuators, aswell as computers that interchange various forms of data,developing a new framework that allows us to abstract thesalient aspects of systems in real time is crucial.
The network topology of CPS, for example, may varydynamically as a result of physical conditions.
REAL-TIME SYSTEM ABSTRACTION
CPS RESEARCHCHALLENGES
As a result, there is a need for research into novel distributed real-time computingand communication mechanisms that can accurately reflect the important interactionsamong CPS elements and, in turn, provide the requisite level of performance, such assafety, security, resilience, and dependability.
Unlike logical computing in cyber systems, interactions with the physical world areinevitably fraught with uncertainty due to issues like as unpredictability in theenvironment, mistakes in physical devices, and potential security threats.
As a result, overall system robustness, security, and safety are crucial in CPS.
To this aim, the inherent character of CPS can be exploited by utilizing the physicalinformation about the system's location and timing.
The primary distinction between physical and cyberspace is that the former evolves inreal time, whilst the latter changes in response to discrete logic.
ROBUSTNESS, SAFETY, AND SECURITY
HYBRID SYSTEM MODELLING AND CONTROL
As a result, for CPS design, a rigorous hybrid system modelling and control mechanismthat integrates both the physical and cyber aspects is required.
For example, to close the feedback control loop, a new theoretical framework is requiredthat can combine continuous-time systems with event-triggered logical systems.
Both temporal scales (from microseconds to months or years) and dimensional orders(from on-chip to possibly planetary scale) should be carefully considered in thisframework .
Time-driven and event-driven computing, time-varying delays, transmission failures, andsystem reconfiguration are all obstacles in the design and implementation of networkedcontrol in CPS.
CONTROL OVER NETWORKS
The following challenges face CPS researchers when designing network protocols:ensuring mission-critical quality-of-service over wireless networks, balancing control lawdesign and real-time computation constraints, bridging the gap between continuous anddiscrete time systems, and ensuring the reliability and robustness of large-scalesystems.
For more than a decade, wireless sensor networks have been widely researched.
Nonetheless, wireless sensor-actuator networks (WSAN) are a new field that hasn'treceived enough attention, particularly from the perspective of CPS.
In the design of sensor-actuator networks, the interaction between sensors, actuators,physical systems, and computing elements should be carefully considered.
SENSOR-ACTUATOR NETWORKS
Physical details and effects of actuators on the whole system, in particular, have notbeen adequately considered in system design thus far.
To ensure that the overall CPS requirements are met, hardware and softwarecomponents, operating systems, and middleware must go through comprehensivecompositional verification and testing. CPS, in particular, must go above existing cyberinfrastructure in terms of reliability.
For instance, it is well known in the aviation industry that the certification processconsumes more than half of the resources required to build new systems.
Overdesign is the most well-known process for developing safe system certification inthis industry.
VERIFICATION AND VALIDATION
However, with today's large-scale complex systems, merely using the overdesigntechnique is becoming intractable.
As a result, we need new models, methods, and tools that can include compositionalverification and validation of software and other parts throughout the design stage.
Co-designing control and scheduling is a well-studied topic in the real-time andembedded systems community.
However, with the introduction of CPS, co-design issues are being reassessed in anumber of ways.
CONTROL AND SCHEDULING CO-DESIGN.
Because CPS are often networked control systems, the impact of network delay on systemstability has lately been investigated in terms of the trade-off between system stability andreal-time schedulability.
This research yielded a non-periodic control strategy that can ensure overall systemstability while using the least amount of computer resources possible.
Programming abstractions should represent physical qualities such as physics andchemistry laws, safety, real-time and power restrictions, resources, resilience, and securityin a compostable manner.
At the meta-level, CPS architectures must be consistent and capture a wide range ofphysical data.
COMPUTATIONAL ABSTRACTION
ARCHITECTURE
For large-scale CPS, new network protocols will be required.
The concept of being "globally virtual, locally physical" can be used to develop a newparadigm.
FUNCTIONALITYOF CPSDOMAINS
The table below summarises the CPS applications interms of their functionality.
Thus CPS development is no longer a resource optimizationchallenge, but rather a matter of general design andimplementation.
The embedded platform (cyber space) and the controllers(physical space) are built separately and then integrated inthe traditional design paradigm.
Despite efforts to improve resource efficiency for CPS, thereare still a number of issues to be resolved [13]
CONCLUSION
