Ch_16-section4

CHAPTER 16

Section 1: The Unification of Italy

Section 2: The Unification of Germany

Section 3: Opposition to Bismark

Section 4: Reform and Revolution in Russia

Section 5: Unrest in Austria-Hungary

Nationalism in Europe

SECTION 4Reform and Revolution in Russia

Advantage:

Disadvantage:

Option 1

expand military force

Advantage:

Disadvantage:

Option 2

develop resources

Problems: lagging industry, underdeveloped natural resources, lack of ports, external and internal conflict

Ch 16.4 Bell Ringer:What were some of the problems faced by Russia?


Russia was not much changed from the medieval period.



11th c. 1300-1796



By the mid-1800s Russia had the largest territory and population of any European nation.


1533-1894


=== Has the world’s largest oil reserves === === second largest coal reserves ===

=== 1/5 largest lead reserves === === largest reserves of water in lakes ===

=== largest diamond deposits === === second largest potassium reserves ===

=== enormous fish reserves ===


…virtually landlocked. No warm water ports.


EthnicGroupsin Russia


Russian Domestic & Foreign PoliciesLiberalism made little progress in Russia.

Autocrat ~ one who holds absolute power

Alexander I 1814

Nationalist ideals appealed to the manyethnic minorities within the Russian Empire ~AND the educated aristocracy.


… harsh measures would be taken.

Nicholas I1840

Strictly censored speech and pressRejected all demands for a constitution

Russification: change in language or self-identity of non-Russian peoples to being Russian


Russian Foreign Policy• Had two primary features

– To increase Russian influence among the Slavic peoples of the Balkans

• Pan-Slavism

– Expansion to the south into Ottoman Empire and east into Asia

Visual SourceReform and Revolution in Russia

What countrydoes the octopusrepresent?

What are itstentaclestrying toencircle?Why?


Alexander II and Reforms

Alexander II came topower in 1855.

Serfs in Russia

Political CartoonReform and Revolution in Russia



Pre-emancipation cartoon depicting the value of the serfs.


A 19th century cartoon of Alexander II, as he plunges into an abyss on a sled labeled "despotism“.



The Emancipation Edict

"It is better to abolish serfdom from above than to wait for

the time when it will begin to abolish itself from below.”


Other Reforms …• Zemstovs ~ elected councils at

the provincial & county levels

• Civil & criminal courts reformed reducing delays and corruption

• Limited the power of secret police

• Gave press greater freedom

• Expanded education

• Reduced military service from 25 to 6 years


Alexander’s reforms did not please everyone …


Radicals and Government Reaction

Nihilists ~ favored the destruction of human institutions and laws, based on the idea that such institutions and laws were artificial and corrupt



Terrorist Acts• the Populists

(1870s)

• People’s Will

• terrorism

Czar Alexander repressed the radical groups but continued reforms.



Czar Alexander had signed a documentgranting the first ever constitution forhis people … the same day he wasassassinated.


Alexander III

Nicholas II

Used every availablemeans to stamp outliberalism …


Censorship

Control of church and education

Spies and informers

Imprisonment and exile

Revived and intensified Russification.

Pogroms targeting Jews.


These attempts to preserve the old order met with muchopposition.

Liberals and radicals found support from the exploited workers.


Social Democratic Labor Party 1898


The Revolution of 190522 January 1905 ~ “Bloody Sunday”


The Revolution of 1905

• Workers struck and held demonstrations

• Mutinies in army and navy

• October Manifesto issued– Election of a parliament ~ the Duma

• Autocracy continued


Failed to overthrow the czar for three main reasons …

• Army remained loyal to the czar

• The French loaned money to Russian gov’t

• The revolutionary groups were divided in their goals.

The autocracy continued and would use repressive measure topreserve their power.


Any questions?Close your books!

Time for your quiz!




Advantage:

Disadvantage:

adds resources and ports, unifies populace

risks loss of ports and re-sources, popular opposition

Option 1

expand military force

Advantage:

Disadvantage:

avoids external conflict, supports economy

requires unavailable technology, labor, and capital

Option 2

develop resources

Problem: lagging industry, underdeveloped natural resources, lack of ports, external and internal conflict

Chapter Wrap-Up

CHAPTER 16

1. How did differences in the goals of different political groups affect the unification and nationalization of countries such as Germany and Russia?

2. To what extent did threats from other countries influence unification movements?

3. In what countries did common cultural backgrounds play a role in unification efforts?

1. How did differences in the goals of different political groups affect the unification and nationalization of countries such as Germany and Russia?

2. To what extent did threats from other countries influence unification movements?

3. In what countries did common cultural backgrounds play a role in unification efforts?

Education

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