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CHAPTER 16
Section 1: The Unification of Italy
Section 2: The Unification of Germany
Section 3: Opposition to Bismarck
Section 4: Reform and Revolution in Russia
Section 5: Unrest in Austria-Hungary
Nationalism in Europe
SECTION 2
The Unification of Germany
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State within country that led unification process___________________
Means by which unification was achieved
Acquisition of land in unification process
Major factors leading to unification
Ch 16.2 Bell Ringer:What are some important facts about the unification of Germany?
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“We want Germany to be considered one land and one peopleone land and one people …We want a constitution for the people that fits in with the spiritfits in with the spiritof the timesof the times and with the people’s own level of enlightenment,rather than what each prince givesgives his people.”
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… a patchwork of independent states ~ each with its own laws, currency, and rulers.
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Prussia had becomestrong in the 1700s…
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The Prussians found ways aroundNapoleon’s restrictions …
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1866
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Within the Austrian Empire boundaries lived Austrian Germans, the Magyars of Hungary, Slovenes, Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Ruthenians (Slavs), Romanians, Serbs, and Croats. Its people practiced the Roman Catholic, Protestant, Eastern Orthodox, and Muslim religions. Little other than geography held these groups together.
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…the first step toward unification involved the ECONOMY.
Junkers ~ aristocratic landowners
1834 – treaties were signed that created …
theZollvereinWhich German statewas NOT INCLUDED?
Political Cartoon
The Unification of Germany
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Politically, however, each state in the German Confederation continued to act independently.
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William I ~ King of Prussia Otto von Bismarck ~ Chancellor
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Bismarck as Minister-President of Prussia
…opposed democracy and the ideaof a parliament…believed the state – not the people-should hold authority…believed that it was Prussia’s destinyto lead German unification.
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The obstacle to Prussia dominating German unification was …
AUSTRIA!How would Bismarck take Austria out of the picture?
WAR
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Bismarck would use THREE WARS to unify the German states.
• The Danish War
• The Seven Weeks’ War
• The Franco-Prussian War
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The Danish War-1864
SchleswigHolstein
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The Seven Weeks’ War 1866
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The Ems Dispatch
Original telegramwith Bismarck’s“editing”
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The Franco-Prussian War 1870-71
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•The treaty provided that the French province of Alsace-Lorraine was to be ceded to the German Empire, •and that France was to pay a war indemnity of 5 billion gold francs ($1 billion), •submitting to occupation by German troops until the amount was rendered in full.
•This heavy obligation was discharged in September 1873, and during the same month, after an occupation of almost three years, France was at last freed of German soldiers.
The Treaty of Frankfurt, signed on May 10, 1871, ended the war between France and Germany.
Political Cartoon
The Unification of Germany
Visual Source
The Unification of Germany
Visual Source
The Unification of Germany
Political Cartoon
The Unification of Germany
1871 Engraved cartoon by Thomas Nast, the most famous political cartoonist of the nineteenth century. Title is "Thrown Completely Into the Shade." The cartoon shows the German Kaiser standing triumphantly in front of a map of France, with a portrait of Napoleon behind him. The Kaiser’s shadow is covering Napoleon, who looks
completely defeated.
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Formation of the German Empire• capital of the Empire would be Berlin• King Wilhelm I was proclaimed kaiser• Bismarck was named chancellor• His nickname became the “Iron Chancellor”• Constitution united the 25 German states• Federal gov’t controlled national defense,
foreign affairs, and commerce
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The New German Empire
• Legislative Branch of the new gov’t– Bundesrat (upper house – appointed members)– Reichstag (lower house – elected legislature)
• How did this constitution favor Prussia?
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The caption reads: “Bismarck (leading Alsace and Lorraine): Dear Reichstag, we have the two lads back again, but now tell me where and how we should accommodate them!”
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Prussia
Bismark built strong Prussian military machine, defeated Austria and held her hold over Bavaria by fighting 3 successful wars
Schleswig, Holstein, the North German Confederation, independent states of southern Germany, Alsace, and Lorraine
German nationalismZollvereinBismark’s Prussian army
State within country that led unification process
Means by which unification was achieved
Acquisition of land in unification process
Major factors leading to unification
