Chapter 18Revolutions of

Industrialization c. 1750-1914

“There are few greater revolutions in human experience than the movement from the seasonal or ‘temporary’ hour to the equal hour. Here was man’s declaration of independence from the sun, new proof of his mastery over himself and his surroundings. Only later would it be revealed that he had accomplished this mastery by putting himself under the dominion of a machine with imperious demands all its own.”

-Historian Daniel Boorstin

Two “Revolutions”c. 1750-1850 c. 1870-1914

TextilesSteam engineIronRailroadsGlassmakingChemicals

ElectricityCombustion Steel (Bessemer)

TelephoneFilmChemicals

Why Europe?1. Competition between states

(fragmentation good?)

2. Innovations rewarded (patents)ruler/merchant alliance

Why Great Britain?

Possessed key factors of production

Transportation and markets

Resources

Stable Government and banks

Labor Force

Capitalisman economic and political system in

which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit,

rather than by the state

The Textile Industry

Wool or Cotton

CardingSpinning

Weaving

***Cottage Industry couldn’t keep up with demand

The First Factories

~1765 the Spinning Jenny and the Water Frame

output and location dependent on power source

1787 - Edmund Cartwright’sPower Loom

Looms in the UK1803 = 2,400 1857 = 250,000

English cotton imports to be spun (pounds)1760=2,500,0001787=22,000,000

1840=366,000,000

Energy Sources: Plants, Animals, and Humans

a new source of power!

Coal

James Watt1769: 1st Efficient

Steam Engine

Effects of the steam engine?

The Iron Industry

------------------------------------

1780s Henry Cort’s

Puddling Furnace

English Iron Production

1740 = 17,000 tons

1788 = 68,000 tons

1844 = 3,000,000 tons

1830 George Stephenson’s LocomotiveEffects of the railroad?

“Workshop of the World”1860 England produced 20% of the world’s industrial goods

British

Queen Victoria

(1819-1901)r. 1837-1901

Victorian Era

Industrialization spread to continental Europe and beyond with

government support (direct and indirect)

Transformation of Society

Total British Population

17809,000,000

1851 20,000,000+

Manchester, England (Cotton Industry)20,000 residents in 1750

400,000 residents in 1850

Changing Working and Living Conditions

Declining influence

of the landed

Aristocracy

Middle Class Bourgeoisie

The Industrial Laboring Classes

Working Conditions Shift Work, More Discipline, Less Freedom, Hot, Dirty,

Dangerous, Long Hours, Low Pay

Luddites Smashed Machines they felt were putting them out of work

Congested, Dirty, Unhealthy citiesNo parks or yards, open sewers, trash, inadequate

disposal of waste (dunghills)

Cities of 100,000 or More

Gustave Doré

Diseases Spread Quickly

More people die prematurely in a

city than the countryside

Constant flow of newcomers kept populations high

In industrial England life expectancy never averaged over 30 years old

Worker Unions (collective bargaining)better pay, conditions, and the vote

British avoided massive revolution though slow reform

Socialism• Free market capitalists is destructive• Cooperation and community• More govt regulation of the

economy•Income redistribution

–rich and poor more equal

Social Reformer and Industrialist Robert Owen

(1771-1858)

1820s New Harmony, IN

1848 Communist Manifesto Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

• Eliminate Classes–Bourgeoisie (middle class oppressors)–Proletariat (exploited working class)

• Abuse of the worker = historic inevitability of Violent Revolution

• Govt control of industry

Marxist Socialism(Communism)

Anti-Capitalist Propaganda

1911

Why did Marxism fail to gain widespread support

Comparing the Spread of Industrialism

USARussiaLatin America

Successes

Why

Failures

Why

Industrialism in the USA

Huge corporations and innovation = Mass industrialization

Class conflict, but no large socialist movement (why not?)

Russian Empire 1800sNo parliamentNo political partiesHarsh serfdom (until 1861)Favored landed nobility

After embarrassing Crimean War Russian govt promoted industry

New industrial-classes became politically frustrated and radical

1905 Russian Revolution (Bloody Sunday)

led to some reforms

Duma (parliament)

formed, but twice dissolved

by Tsar Nicholas II

Future troubles…

Post Independence Latin America

Many Problems

Economic declineSlow to industrialize

Rise of caudillos

(military strongmen)

and political

instabilityAntonio Lopez de Santa Anna of Mexico

Internal and External Wars

1910-1920 Mexican Revolutionuniversal suffrage and land redistribution

Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata

Increased raw

material exports

improved many

nationsMany Europeans immigrated chasing a “better life”

Rapid Urbanization

Racial Inequality

Why race in Brazil is a confusing, loaded topic.wmv

Is Industrialism good for workers? For society?

Is industrialization is the biggest thing since the Neolithic Revolution?