Ch 14 notes ppt

Chapter 14Chapter 14THE SECTIONAL CRISISTHE SECTIONAL CRISIS

America Past and PresentAmerica Past and PresentEighth EditionEighth Edition

Divine Divine Breen Breen Fredrickson Fredrickson Williams Williams Gross Gross Brand Brand

Copyright 2007, Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Longman

The Compromise of 1850The Compromise of 1850

North and South conflict violently over North and South conflict violently over slavery’s extension into the territoriesslavery’s extension into the territories

Professional politicians mediate conflictProfessional politicians mediate conflict

The Problem of Slavery in the The Problem of Slavery in the Mexican CessionMexican Cession

Slavery traditionally kept out of politicsSlavery traditionally kept out of politics Congressional power over slavery Congressional power over slavery

includesincludes Setting conditions to make territories statesSetting conditions to make territories states Forbidding slavery in new statesForbidding slavery in new states

Mexican Cession of 1848 puts status of Mexican Cession of 1848 puts status of slavery in new territory into questionslavery in new territory into question

The Wilmot Proviso Launches The Wilmot Proviso Launches the Free-Soil Movementthe Free-Soil Movement

Mexican War mobilizes antislavery groupsMexican War mobilizes antislavery groups Wilmot ProvisoWilmot Proviso

Amendment to Mexican War Appropriations Amendment to Mexican War Appropriations Bill by David Wilmot (D-PA)Bill by David Wilmot (D-PA)

Ban all blacks from new territories to preserve Ban all blacks from new territories to preserve for white farmers for white farmers

Links racism and anti-slaveryLinks racism and anti-slavery Proviso passes in House, fails in SenateProviso passes in House, fails in Senate Battle over the Proviso foreshadows Battle over the Proviso foreshadows

sectional conflict of 1850ssectional conflict of 1850s

Squatter Sovereignty and the Squatter Sovereignty and the Election of 1848Election of 1848

Democratic presidential candidate Lewis Democratic presidential candidate Lewis Cass proposes popular sovereigntyCass proposes popular sovereignty Congress allows territorial settlers to decideCongress allows territorial settlers to decide Supported by many antislavery forcesSupported by many antislavery forces

Free-Soil candidate Martin Van Buren Free-Soil candidate Martin Van Buren demands definite limits on slaverydemands definite limits on slavery

Whig Zachary Taylor takes no position Whig Zachary Taylor takes no position Taylor wins election with less than 50% Taylor wins election with less than 50%

The Election of 1848The Election of 1848

Taylor Takes ChargeTaylor Takes Charge

Taylor proposes admitting California and Taylor proposes admitting California and New Mexico as states immediatelyNew Mexico as states immediately

South reacts angrilySouth reacts angrily Not enough time for planters to settleNot enough time for planters to settle Immediate admission would result in no Immediate admission would result in no

slaveryslavery

Proposed Nashville convention prompts Proposed Nashville convention prompts fears of Southern secessionfears of Southern secession

Forging a CompromiseForging a Compromise

Henry Clay’s 1850 compromise packageHenry Clay’s 1850 compromise package California admitted as a free state California admitted as a free state Slave trade prohibited in District of ColumbiaSlave trade prohibited in District of Columbia Strong fugitive slave law Strong fugitive slave law Enlarged New Mexico territory to be admitted Enlarged New Mexico territory to be admitted

on basis of popular sovereigntyon basis of popular sovereignty President Taylor opposes, VP Fillmore President Taylor opposes, VP Fillmore

supports Clay’s compromisesupports Clay’s compromise July 1850 Taylor diesJuly 1850 Taylor dies Compromise passed as separate measuresCompromise passed as separate measures

The Compromise of 1850The Compromise of 1850

Forging a Compromise:Forging a Compromise:The Fugitive Slave LawThe Fugitive Slave Law

Part of Compromise of 1850Part of Compromise of 1850 Those accused of being fugitive slaves Those accused of being fugitive slaves

denied Constitution rightsdenied Constitution rights Very unpopular in Abolitionist areasVery unpopular in Abolitionist areas Anthony Burns case in Boston 1854Anthony Burns case in Boston 1854

Political Upheaval, 1852–1856Political Upheaval, 1852–1856

Whigs and Democrats manage controversy Whigs and Democrats manage controversy in 1850in 1850

Sectionalism destroys both parties in 1850s Sectionalism destroys both parties in 1850s

The Party System in CrisisThe Party System in Crisis

Parties need new issues after 1850Parties need new issues after 1850 Democrats succeedDemocrats succeed

Claim credit for the nation's prosperity Claim credit for the nation's prosperity Promise to defend the Compromise of 1850Promise to defend the Compromise of 1850

Whigs fail, become internally dividedWhigs fail, become internally divided 1852: Whig Winfield Scott loses in a 1852: Whig Winfield Scott loses in a

landslide to Democrat Franklin Piercelandslide to Democrat Franklin Pierce


The Kansas-Nebraska Act The Kansas-Nebraska Act Raises a StormRaises a Storm

Senator Stephen Douglas (D-IL) wants Senator Stephen Douglas (D-IL) wants Kansas and Nebraska open to settlement to Kansas and Nebraska open to settlement to facilitate Transcontinental RR to Chicagofacilitate Transcontinental RR to Chicago

1854: Douglas’s Kansas-Nebraska bill1854: Douglas’s Kansas-Nebraska bill Apply popular sovereignty to Kansas, NebraskaApply popular sovereignty to Kansas, Nebraska Repeal Missouri Compromise line Repeal Missouri Compromise line

Act passes on sectional vote Act passes on sectional vote Northerners outraged, Democratic party splitNortherners outraged, Democratic party split

The Kansas-Nebraska ActThe Kansas-Nebraska Actof 1854of 1854


KS-NE Act seen as North making concessions KS-NE Act seen as North making concessions to South, but not getting anything in returnto South, but not getting anything in return

Whig indecision causes party to disintegrate Whig indecision causes party to disintegrate Mass defection among Northern Democrats Mass defection among Northern Democrats ““Anti-Nebraska” candidates sweep North in 1854 Anti-Nebraska” candidates sweep North in 1854

congressional electionscongressional elections Democrats become sole Southern partyDemocrats become sole Southern party Free Soil Party grows stronger and becomes Free Soil Party grows stronger and becomes

RepublicansRepublicans President Pierce’s effort to acquire Cuba President Pierce’s effort to acquire Cuba

provokes antislavery firestormprovokes antislavery firestorm


KS-NE Act seen as North making concessions KS-NE Act seen as North making concessions to South, but not getting anything in returnto South, but not getting anything in return

Whig indecision causes party to disintegrate Whig indecision causes party to disintegrate Mass defection among Northern Democrats Mass defection among Northern Democrats ““Anti-Nebraska” candidates sweep North in 1854 Anti-Nebraska” candidates sweep North in 1854

congressional electionscongressional elections Democrats become sole Southern partyDemocrats become sole Southern party Free Soil Party grows stronger and becomes Free Soil Party grows stronger and becomes

RepublicansRepublicans President Pierce’s effort to acquire Cuba President Pierce’s effort to acquire Cuba

provokes antislavery firestormprovokes antislavery firestorm

An Appeal to Nativism:An Appeal to Nativism:The Know-Nothing EpisodeThe Know-Nothing Episode

Know-Nothings (American Party) appeals Know-Nothings (American Party) appeals to anti-Catholic sentimentto anti-Catholic sentiment

1854--American party surges 1854--American party surges By 1856 Know-Nothings collapseBy 1856 Know-Nothings collapse Probable cause: No response to slaveryProbable cause: No response to slavery

Congressional Election of 1854Congressional Election of 1854

Kansas and the Rise Kansas and the Rise of the Republicansof the Republicans

Republican party unites former Whigs, Republican party unites former Whigs, Know-Nothings, Free-Soilers, Northern Know-Nothings, Free-Soilers, Northern DemocratsDemocrats

Appeals to Northern sectional sympathiesAppeals to Northern sectional sympathies Defends West for white, small farmers Defends West for white, small farmers

from Slave Powerfrom Slave Power ““Bleeding Kansas” helps RepublicansBleeding Kansas” helps Republicans

Struggle among abolitionists, proslavery Struggle among abolitionists, proslavery forces for control of Kansas territoryforces for control of Kansas territory

Republicans use conflict to appeal for votersRepublicans use conflict to appeal for voters

““Bleeding Kansas”Bleeding Kansas”

Sectional Division in the Sectional Division in the Election of 1856Election of 1856

Republican John C. FrRepublican John C. Fréémont seeks votes mont seeks votes only in free statesonly in free states

Know-Nothing Millard Fillmore champions Know-Nothing Millard Fillmore champions sectional compromisesectional compromise

Democrat James Buchanan defends the Democrat James Buchanan defends the Compromise of 1850, carries electionCompromise of 1850, carries election

Election really 2 electionsElection really 2 elections North: Freemont vs. BuchananNorth: Freemont vs. Buchanan South: Fillmore vs. BuchananSouth: Fillmore vs. Buchanan

Republicans make clear gains in NorthRepublicans make clear gains in North


CandidateCandidate PartyParty Popular VotePopular Vote Electoral VoteElectoral Vote

Buchanan Democratic 1,832,955 174

Frémont Republican 1,339,932 114

Fillmore American 871,731 8

(Know-Nothing)

The House Divided, 1857–1860The House Divided, 1857–1860

Sectional quarrel becomes virtually Sectional quarrel becomes virtually irreconcilable under Buchananirreconcilable under Buchanan

Growing sense of deep cultural Growing sense of deep cultural differences, opposing interests between differences, opposing interests between North and SouthNorth and South

Cultural SectionalismCultural Sectionalism

Major Protestant denominations divide into Major Protestant denominations divide into Northern and Southern entities over slaveryNorthern and Southern entities over slavery

Southern literature romanticizes plantation lifeSouthern literature romanticizes plantation life South seeks intellectual, economic South seeks intellectual, economic

independence independence Northern intellectuals condemn slavery Northern intellectuals condemn slavery Uncle Tom's CabinUncle Tom's Cabin an immense success in an immense success in

NorthNorth

The Dred Scott CaseThe Dred Scott Case Dred Scott v. SanfordDred Scott v. Sanford (1857): Supreme (1857): Supreme

Court can decide on slavery in the territoriesCourt can decide on slavery in the territories Court refuses narrow determination of caseCourt refuses narrow determination of case Major argumentsMajor arguments

Scott has no right to sue because neither he nor Scott has no right to sue because neither he nor any other black, slave or free, is a citizenany other black, slave or free, is a citizen

Congress has no authority to prohibit slavery in Congress has no authority to prohibit slavery in territories, Missouri Compromise territories, Missouri Compromise unconstitutionalunconstitutional

Ruling supports Republican claim that an Ruling supports Republican claim that an aggressive slave power dominated all aggressive slave power dominated all branches of federal governmentbranches of federal government

The Lecompton ControversyThe Lecompton Controversy 1857: Rigged Lecompton convention drafts 1857: Rigged Lecompton convention drafts

constitution to make Kansas a slave stateconstitution to make Kansas a slave state House defeats attempt by Buchanan, Southerners House defeats attempt by Buchanan, Southerners

to admit Kansas to admit Kansas Lecompton constitution referred back Lecompton constitution referred back People of Kansas repudiate Lecompton People of Kansas repudiate Lecompton

Constitution by 6 to 1 margin in 1858Constitution by 6 to 1 margin in 1858 Lecompton incident more evidence to Republicans Lecompton incident more evidence to Republicans

of slave power conspiracyof slave power conspiracy Lecompton and Dred Scott case destroy Stephen Lecompton and Dred Scott case destroy Stephen

Douglas’s hopes of unified Democratic party Douglas’s hopes of unified Democratic party protecting popular sovereigntyprotecting popular sovereignty

Debating the Morality of Slavery Debating the Morality of Slavery LincolnLincoln

Decries “Southern plot” to extend slaveryDecries “Southern plot” to extend slavery Promises to work for slavery’s extinctionPromises to work for slavery’s extinction Casts slavery as a moral problemCasts slavery as a moral problem Defends white supremacy in response to Defends white supremacy in response to

DouglasDouglas

Douglas accuses Lincoln of favoring Douglas accuses Lincoln of favoring equalityequality

Lincoln loses election, gains national Lincoln loses election, gains national reputationreputation

The South's Crisis of FearThe South's Crisis of Fear

October, 1859: John Brown raids Harper’s FerryOctober, 1859: John Brown raids Harper’s Ferry Brown executed, many Northerners see him as Brown executed, many Northerners see him as

martyrmartyr Hinton Helper’s Hinton Helper’s Impending Crisis of the SouthImpending Crisis of the South

asked poor white Southerners to overthrow asked poor white Southerners to overthrow planter dominance and abolish slaveryplanter dominance and abolish slavery Endorsed by House Republican leader John ShermanEndorsed by House Republican leader John Sherman

To Southerners, Republicans seen as radical To Southerners, Republicans seen as radical abolitionistsabolitionists

Southerners convinced they must secede on Southerners convinced they must secede on election of Republican president election of Republican president

The Election of 1860: The Election of 1860: RepublicansRepublicans

Abraham Lincoln nominated Abraham Lincoln nominated Home state of Illinois crucial to electionHome state of Illinois crucial to election Seen as moderateSeen as moderate

Platform to widen party’s appealPlatform to widen party’s appeal High tariffs for industryHigh tariffs for industry Free homesteads for small farmersFree homesteads for small farmers Government aid for internal improvementsGovernment aid for internal improvements

Lincoln wins by carrying NorthLincoln wins by carrying North

The Election of 1860: The Election of 1860: DemocratsDemocrats

Party splitsParty splits Northern DemocratsNorthern Democrats

Stephen DouglasStephen Douglas continued support for popular sovereigntycontinued support for popular sovereignty

Southern DemocratsSouthern Democrats John Breckenridge John Breckenridge Federal protection of slavery in territoriesFederal protection of slavery in territories

The Election of 1860: The Election of 1860: Constitutional Union Party Constitutional Union Party

Candidate John BellCandidate John Bell Promises compromise between Promises compromise between

North and SouthNorth and South

Election of 1860: OutcomeElection of 1860: Outcome

2 contests2 contests North: Lincoln vs. DouglasNorth: Lincoln vs. Douglas South: Bell vs. BreckenridgeSouth: Bell vs. Breckenridge

Republicans get electoral majority with all but 3 Republicans get electoral majority with all but 3 Northern electoral votes, although only 40% of Northern electoral votes, although only 40% of popular vote nationwidepopular vote nationwide

South sees this as beginning of permanent South sees this as beginning of permanent minority status in American politicsminority status in American politics

Deep South political leaders launch secession Deep South political leaders launch secession movementsmovements

Explaining the CrisisExplaining the Crisis

Republicans a strict sectional partyRepublicans a strict sectional party Fundamental conflict of idealsFundamental conflict of ideals Southern idealsSouthern ideals

Paternalism, generosity, prosperityPaternalism, generosity, prosperity Slavery defended on the grounds of raceSlavery defended on the grounds of race

Northern idealsNorthern ideals Inspired by evangelical ProtestantismInspired by evangelical Protestantism Each person free and responsible Each person free and responsible Slavery tyrannical and immoralSlavery tyrannical and immoral