Upload
rick-fair
View
707
Download
3
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
CONTACT OF CIVILIZATIONS
Chapter One
Contact of Civilizations
Origins of Texas date back 30,000 years Ice Age Migration
Land Bridge across the Bering SeaAsiatic nomads; hunted for plants and
animals Agriculture Develops
Roughly 7000 B.C.E.Regional distinctions in cultural and
linguistics develop as a result
Early Indian Migration
Pre-Columbian Cultures 12 million people migrate to North America
Iroquois (Northeast Woodlands)○ Recognized warriors○ Created the “League of the Iroquois” – alliance that
ended conflicts among member tribes“Five Civilized Tribes” – adopted European cultural
ways (Atlantic Coast to Mississippi Valley)○ Choctaws, Seminoles, Chickasaws, Creeks, and
CherokeesPueblos (West Texas to Arizona)
○ Lived similarly to European peasants○ Built adobe villages on rock walls for defense purposes
Pueblo Settlement (Arizona)
Pre-Columbian Cultures Central American Indians
Mayans○ Most intellectually advanced
Cipher coding, architecture, astronomy, and calendars
○ Speculation on the reasons for their declineDisease, food shortages, and/or social revolution
Aztecs○ Capital in present-day Mexico City known as
“Tenochtitlan”○ War-like culture, but had an efficient political and
legal system○ Excelled in the arts and architecture
Inca Civilization
Pre-Columbian Cultures
Central American IndiansIncas
○ Capital in Cuzco (present-day Peru)○ Efficient system of civil administration and road
system superior to any in Europe at the time○ Best architectural skills of any Native American
civilizationDesigned structures that could withstand earthquakes
○ Advanced scientific skillsPossibly had success in performing brain surgeries
Inca Architecture at Cuzco
Indigenous Peoples of Texas Coastal Tribes
Karankawa (Matagorda to Corpus Christi)○ Migrated on and off the coast for a constant food supply○ Practiced ritual cannibalism○ Acknowledged three gender roles
Male, Female, and berdache (men who took on female roles)
Coahuiltecan (Gulf Coast Plain/South TX)○ Hunted and gathered in South Texas during the summer months
Commonality Both groups had common roots in Northern Mexico Lacked political organization Religion was primitive and animistic Both groups moved frequently
○ Used dome-shaped wigwams covered by animal skins for shelter
Karankawas
Indigenous Peoples of Texas Caddos (Northeast Texas)
Originated from the Mississippi River ValleyDome-shaped housing made of grass and
canePrimarily an agricultural group; planted twice a
yearCaddo chiefs were known as xinesi
○ Served as political and religious leadersA stable group that traded extensively
○ Bartered baskets, tools, ceramics, art, and weapons
Caddo Housing
Indigenous Peoples of Texas Jumanos (Trans-Pecos area)
People of a shared cultural background, primarily with a common language or specific livelihood
Indigenous to modern-day Arizona and New Mexico
Fairly nomadic tribe that hunted primarily along the West Texas plains
Some permanent agricultural settlementsKnown as accomplished merchants
Indigenous Peoples of Texas Plains Indians
Apaches, Comanches, Kiowas, and TonkawasHad a secondary role in Texas history during the 18th and
19th centuriesApaches related to tribes from Alaska and CanadaThese tribes utilized the horse after its introduction by
Spaniards in the 17th centuryWarfare led to the tribes migration to TexasDependant on buffalo fro almost all living essentialsThe family was the primary social structure
○ Families loosely cooperated under a chief○ No political structure
Religion allowed for individual relationships with deities
The First Europeans
The Spanish ReconquistaEarly Spain was controlled by Muslims from
Northern AfricaSpain was in a constant state of warfare to
oust Muslims that were viewed as intrudersReconquista – general term used to recognize
the centuries of struggle to regain Spain from Muslim control○ Kings were typically responsible for this
However, Spain benefitted economically from Muslim control
Castile and the Reconquista
The First Europeans
Castile and the ReconquistaCastile’s Reconquista was essentially a
religious crusade○ 900 A.D. – Spainards believed they found the
burial site of apostle Santiago (St. James)○ Inspired religious fervor in Spain and
essentially made the Catholic Church a crucial ally to the Spanish Crown
Catholic religious orders such as the Franciscans and Dominicans began proselytizing in the 13th century
The First Europeans Agrarian Castile
Reconquista encouraged the raising of sheep in rural areas of Castile○ Higher and quicker profits than crops
Cattle raising flourished in southern CastileVaqueros – mounted cattle herders that drove
cattle cross-country from northern grazing lands to southern pastures seasonally○ Began cattle ranching traditions, the rodeo, cattle
branding○ This later was transplanted to North America under
areas of Spanish control
Vaquero
The First Europeans “Los Reyes Catolicos” The Catholic Kings
Iberian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon united in 1479 under Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon
Wanted to consolidate their power over the entire Iberian peninsula They first had to pacify the kingdoms, especially the nobles, Catholic
Church, and military○ These groups had gained power during the final days of the Spanish
Reconquista Isabella used the institution of the hermandad (brotherhoods
responsible for maintaining the peace) to pacify the nobles○ Also used influence at the local level for a grass-roots approach to regain
control After regaining peace and control of the Iberian peninsula, the Catholic
monarchs focused their attention on foreign policy Spain had to compete with Portugal who was technologically
advanced and already sending Prince Henry the Navigator to the African coast
New World Contacts Christopher Columbus
Italian navigator that convinced Queen Isabella to fund his journey to the “West Indies”
Columbus was motivated by economic and political gain
Landed in Hispaniola on 12 October 1492 (modern-day Bahamas)
Named the first island San Salvador (Holy Savior)
He did not find the West Indies, but reported that he had discovered a new continent
Christopher Columbus
New World Contacts The Conquistadors
After Columbus’s discovery, Spain quickly sent explorers to make the country rich
Vasco Nunez de Balboa – crossed the Central American Isthmus and claimed the Pacific Ocean for Spain in 1513
Juan Ponce de Leon – reached Florida and claimed the peninsula for Spain, but the Spanish did not successfully settle until the 1560s
Hernan Cortes – conquered the Aztec empire and paved the way for Spanish domination of present-day Mexico
Francisco Pizarro – conquered the Inca empire in present-day Peru
New World Contacts Fortune in Texas
Cabeza de Vaca was involved in an expedition to Florida in search of gold○ Pillaged a native tribe and became stranded on Florida’s west
coast○ Sailed to the Gulf of Mexico, captured by the Karankawa Indians,
and finally escaped after years of captivity○ Sailed around the Rio Grande and finally made it to Mexico
Friar Marcos de Niza was sent by the Spanish Crown to investigate de Vaca’s claims in 1539○ Later traveled to western New Mexico and discovered a “glittering
city of silver and gold”○ Actually a Pueblo village with quartz imbedded in the walls of the
adobe structures○ de Niza somehow convinced the Crown that he had evidence of
the Seven Cities of Gold
Coronado’s Expedition
New World Contacts Vasquez de Coronado’s Expeditions
Assigned to explore Texas and the Southwest after de Niza’s report to the Crown
Discovered that de Niza’s “city of gold” was just an adobe complex Refused to be discouraged and traveled for two years throughout the
Southwest and Texas Panhandle, but did not find anything of value to the Crown
Discouraged explorations to the north for another 50 years Hernando de Soto’s Expedition
Traveled from Florida to Alabama, and later to the Mississippi Valley looking for the cities of gold
Did not find anything and later died from fever His party traveled onward to eastern Texas, near present-day Houston
County and as far west as the Trinity River de Soto and his party’s reports later reinforced the Spanish Crown’s
decisions to stop exploration in Texas
New World Contacts Northern Competition
French○ Founded Quebec in Canada○ Began occupying Nova Scotia○ Traveled as far south as present-day Wisconsin
Dutch○ Claimed the Hudson Valley and New Netherlands, which
later became New YorkEnglish
○ Explored along the Atlantic Coast○ By the 1640s, the English had possession of the Atlantic
seaboard between Spanish controlled Florida and New England
Colonization Process in Spanish Texas Three structures crucial to colonization
The Presidio
The Mission
Settlements
Colonization Process in Spanish Texas
The Spanish Crown attempted to bring Indian lands into Spanish influence by an orderly process of expansion and settlement
The Presidio○ Usually the first structure established○ Served numerous functions
PrisonGarrison to train soldiers for warfareProtected the missionWalled courtyard to conduct peace talks with Indians
Colonization Process in Spanish Texas
The Mission○ Priests staffed the mission and attempted to
perform functions relevant to exploration, conquest, and Christianization
○ Attempted to convert the Indians to CatholicismTried to maintain friendly relations with hostile tribes
○ Assisted in maintaining conquered territories
Mission San Jose, San Antonio
Colonization Process in Spanish Texas Settlements
Civilian Settlements○ Another way to hold conquered territory; used during
the reconquista○ Used to populate the frontier and integrate their
resources into the Spanish colonization system○ Settlers were known as Pobladores
Ranchos (ranches)○ Provided settlements with resources such as beef,
pork, wool, and byproducts such as hide and tallow on the frontier
○ Played a supporting role in Christianizing Indians○ Furnished soldiers with live animals
Spanish Texas Western Texas
Jumano Indians invited the Spanish to visit after a miraculous visit by the “Lady in Blue”○ Spanish nun Madre Maria de Agreda takes credit for her spiritual
visit Spanish explorers were primarily interested in freshwater pearls
and buffalo; also saw it as a base of trade with the Caddo Indians Pueblo Revolt of 1680
○ Pueblo tribes attacked and destroyed Spanish settlements of the upper Rio Grande
○ Many displaced settlers came to El Paso Spanish Return
○ Jumano Chief requested priests (and explorers followed)○ Jumanos were secretly seeking protection from the Apaches○ Spanish fended off the Apaches, hunted countless buffalo, and
promised to return again
Spanish Texas
Eastern Texas: The French ThreatFrench explorer La Salle wanted to stake a
claim in the Mississippi Valley; travelled down the river to present-day Matagorda Bay○ Was marooned and established Fort St. Louis
near present-day Vanderbilt, Texas○ Explored Texas, but attempted to meet up with
other Frenchmen coming down the Mississippi○ His settlers later killed him○ Indians killed the remaining survivors at Fort
St. Louis and destroyed the fort
Spanish Texas Eastern Texas: The Caddos
Spain responded to the French threat by sending Alonso de Leon on several expeditions○ Explored Fort St. Louis and then made contact with the Caddos○ Seen as the “great kingdom of Tejas” to the Spanish; Tejas –
friend○ Caddos accepted the Europeans as potential allies and trading
partners○ de Leon and missionaries set up two missions
However, the Caddos were not willing converts○ Christianity clashed with their religion○ Spanish disrupted their traditional way of life○ They did not like the “unruly” Spanish soldiers○ Became resentful and attacked Spanish livestock○ Spanish later retreat and leave East Texas in 1693
Spanish Texas Eastern Texas: The French and Spanish Alliance
French Canadian Louis Jucherau de St. Denis came to the Spanish on the Rio Grande looking for trade○ Arrested and later convinced the Spanish that the
Caddo wanted missionaries○ The Spanish viceroy ordered Spanish Captain Domingo
Ramon to convert East Texas into a buffer zone Rebuild Spanish missionaries Assigned St. Denis as his second in command
Somewhat uneasy alliance, but the Spanish benefitted from St. Denis’s knowledge of Texas terrain, command of Indian languages, and his ability to befriend the Indians
San Antonio de Bexar
Spanish Texas Settlements
San Antonio de Bexar (present-day San Antonio)○ Served to Christianize the Coahuiltecan Indians○ Also, the midway point between Rio Grande and
East Texas; served as a supply station○ By the 1730s, a presidio, municipality, and five
missions constituted the San Antonio complexPresidio de La Bahia
○ Initially established as a Gulf Coast deterrent to the French
○ Moved inland toward the San Antonio River to present-day Goliad
Presidio de La Bahia (Goliad)
Spanish Texas Failed Settlements
San Gabriel River settlement (near Rockdale)○ Established to convert the Tonkawas○ Given little attention, abandoned in 1755
San Saba River settlement (near Menard)○ Established to convert the Apaches○ Failed due to Indian attacks; abandoned in 1769
IncorporationThe Spanish colonization system would be crucial to
the success of Spain in the Texas frontierTwo choices for dealing with Indians
○ Assimilate or annihilate