Cell StructureChapter 8, Section 3

Two groups of cells

EUKARYOTIC Membrane bound

structures

PROKARYOTIC No membrane

bound structures

However, all cells…..

Take in nutrientsStore, produce, and breakdown

substancesTake in and use energy

Cell Organization

Tough, rigid outer covering

Protects cells; gives them shape

Found in plants, fungi, most bacteria

Made up mostly of cellulose (threadlike fibers that allow materials to pass through)

May also contain pectin and lignin

Cell Wall

What is pectin and lignin?Pectin

Aids in cell growth

Development Defense Strength Thick texture

in jams and jellies

Lignin Compound Makes cell

walls rigid Help with

support

Cell Organization

Outermost covering of a cell (if no cell wall)

Regulates interactions between cell and environment

Allows nutrients to move into cell, while waste products leave

Cell membrane

Cell Organization

Gelatin- like substance Constantly flows inside

cell Most of cells life

processes occur here Hereditary material here

in prokaryotic cells Framework called

cytoskeleton

Cytoplasm

What is an exoskeleton?

Thin, hollow tubes of protein combined with solid protein fibers

Helps maintain shape Helps some cells move

Protein

Organic molecules made up of amino acids

Part of cell membranes Needed for chemical reactions in the

cytoplasm Cells make protein on ribosomes---

float freely in the cytoplasm Ribosomes receive directions from

the hereditary material on the manufacturing of proteins

Cell Organization

Usually the largest organelle in the cell.

Directs all cell activities Contains DNA (chemical that

contains the code for the cell’s structure and activities.

Nucleolus inside—where most ribosomes are made

Materials go in and out through membrane

Nucleus

Cell Organization

Organelle that process energy Plant cell only Contain green pigment called

chlorophyll Chlorophyll captures light

energy used to make glucose. The light energy is changed and

stored in glucose as chemical energy.

Contain ribosomes and hereditary material

Chloroplasts

Cell Organization

Organelle that processes energy

Energy is released when food is broken down into carbon dioxide and water.

Some cells have more mitochondria than others

In animal cell Contain ribosomes and

hereditary material

Mitochondria

Cell Organization

ER Series of folded membranes in

which materials can be processed and moved around inside of cell

Process organelle May be smooth or rough Extend from nucleus to cell

membrane= takes up a lot of space.

Ribosomes attach to rough ER Smooth ER processes lipids and

other substances

Endoplasmic reticulum

Cell Organization

Stacked, flattened membranes

After proteins are made, they are transferred here

Sort proteins and other substances and package them into vesicles.

Golgi bodies

Cell Organization

Deliver cellular substances to areas inside the cell

Carry substances to the cell membrane where they are released to the outside of the cell.

Vesicle

Cell Organization

Membrane bound space Temporary storage of

materials Stores water, waste

products, food, and other materials.

In plant cells it makes up most of the cell’s volume

Vacuole

Cell Organization

Organelle that recycles Contain digestive chemicals that

help break down food molecules, cell wastes, worn-out cell parts, and viruses and bacteria that enter

Membrane prevents chemicals inside from leaking into the cytoplasm and destroying the cell

Cell dies-membrane disintegrates releasing digestive chemicals …why?

Lysosomes

Many-celled organisms

Cells in these organisms do not work alone

Each cell carries on life functions, while depending on other cells

Tissue—group of similar cells that work together to do one job

Tissues make up organs—like the heart\

Organs make up an organ system—cardiovascular system