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CHAPTER 2FORM FOUR BIOLOGY SPM
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CELL STRUCTURE
AND
CELL ORGANISATION
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2.1 UNDERSTANDING CELL
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Learning Objective
• Understanding cell structure and function
• Understanding cell organisation
• Appreciating the uniqueness of the cell
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2.1 UNDERSTANDING CELL
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Learning Outcomes
• Identify the cellular components of an
animal cell and state their function.
• Identify the cellular components of a plant
cell and state their function.
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2.1 UNDERSTANDING CELL
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
Learning Outcomes
• Compare and contrast an animal cell with
a plant cell
• Relate the density of the certain organelles
with the functions of specific cells
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The Basic Unit of a Building
BUILDING BRICKS
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HUMAN CELLS
The Basic Unit of Human
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LIGHT MICROSCOPE
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ELECTRONE MICROSCOPEMUSLIMAH MAHMOOD
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ANIMAL CELL
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2
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4
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7
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10
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PLANT CELL
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2
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4
56
7
8
9
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PLASMA MEMBRANE
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PLASMA MEMBRANE
Structure
• All cells have cell membrane which is a thin
boundary enclosing the cytoplasm.
• Made up of proteins and phospholipids.
• Forms a boundary which separates the content of
a cell from the outer environment
• Semi-permeable and acts as a selective barrier
Functions
• Prevent the contents of cell from escaping.
• Regulates the movement of
substances/molecules into and out of the cell//
Allows certain substances/molecules diffuse into
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CELL WALL
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CELL WALL
Structure:
• A rigid outer layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of plant cell
• Composed of cellulose (rough and fibrous carbohydrate)
• Permeable to all fluid because it has tiny pores that allow substance to move freely into and out of the cell
Function:
- Mechanical supports and gives a regular shape to the plant cell.
- Protects the plant cell from rupturing due to the excessive intake of water
- Allows water and dissolved substances to pass through the cell. MUSLIMAH MAHMOOD
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CYTOPLASM
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CYTOPLASM
Structure
• Consist of a jelly-like matrix in which the organelles of the cell are suspended
• Contain 90% water, organic substance (sugar, enzyme & fats) and inorganic substance(salt, respiratory gases)
Functions:
• Medium for biochemical reactions
• Stores food and waste products
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NUCLEUS
nucleolus
Nuclear
membrane
Nucleoplasm with
chromosomes
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NUCLEUS
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Structure:
-large, dense and spherical organelle.
-found at the middle of animal cell and at the edge in plant
cell.
-Bounded by a double membrane called nuclear
membrane. Nucleoplasm contain chromosomes and
nucleolus which produce ribosome.
Functions:
- Control center for the activities of a cell.
- Chromosomes carry genetic information which determine
the characteristics and functions of a cell
NUCLEUS
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VACUOLE
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VACUOLE
-A fluid-filled sac which surrounded by tonoplast, a semi-
permeable membrane
-In mature plant cell, there is usually one large central vacuole
contain cell sap.
- sap cell is a watery solution in vacuole contain minerals salts,
sugars, amino acids and waste substances, pigments and
metabolic by-products.
Functions:
-control turgidity and support their cells and tissues.
-As a food store / store food and waste.
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VACUOLE
-In animals, vacuoles are
smaller but may be occur in
large number and produced
to do a particular job such as
transport vesicles and
secretory vesicles
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MITOCHONDRIA
cristae
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MITOCHONDRIA
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MITOCHONDRIA
Found within the cytoplasm of all cells.
Has double membrane
Shape : small spherical or cylindrical
Function
Site for respiration process to generate
energy in the form of ATP
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RIBOSOME
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RIBOSOME
STRUCTURE
•Compact spherical organelles founds attached
to the surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum
or suspended freely in the cytoplasm
•Each ribosome consists of two subunits, one small
and one large that contain RNA and protein
FUNCTION
•Synthesis of protein
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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
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ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
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Structure
•Consist of a network of folded membrane forming
interconnected tubules or sacs .
•ER membrane is continuous with the nuclear membrane
•Rough ER membrane are lined with ribosome but Smooth ER:
membrane lack of ribosome
Function:
Rough ER: Pathway for protein transport within the cell. The
protein was produced by the ribosomes.
Smooth ER :Producing and transporting lipids and steroid,
detoxification of drugs and poisons
ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER)
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GOLGI APPARATUS
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GOLGI APPARATUS
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GOLGI APPARATUS
Structure:
•Consist of a stack of flattened membranous
sacs
•Form from vesicles of Rough Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Function:
Modified, sorted, packaged and transported
centre of carbohydrates, proteins, phospholipids
and glycoprotein's.
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LYSOSOMES
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LYSOSOMESStructure
• Membrane-bound sacs that contain hydrolytic
enzymes which digest organic molecules such as
proteins, lipids, polysaccharides and nucleic acid
Function
• Fuse with food vacuoles and dispense enzymes into
these vacuoles to digest the content of the vacuoles
• Digest damaged organelles
• Digest bacteria by breaking down the bacteria cell wall
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CENTRIOLES
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CENTRIOLES
Structure:
• A pair of small cylindrical structure located just out side the nucleus
• Composed of a complex arrangement of microtubules
• Not present in plant cell
Function:
• Form spindle fibers during cell division in animal cell
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CHLOROPLAST
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CHLOROPLAST
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Grana
Stroma
Starch granule
Lipid
droplet
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CHLOROPLAST
Structure:
•Found only in cells of green plants.
•Biconvex in shape.
•Bounded by double membrane
•Contain chlorophyll pigments.
Function:
Site for photosynthesis process
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Comparison between the structure of animal and
plant cells
Activity 2.2: Comparing the structure of
animal and plant cells
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The density of organelles in specific cells
Activity 2.3: Relating the density of certain
organelles with the functions of specific cells
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Density of Organelle
• Density of organelle is referring to
the abundance of
certain organelles found in a cell.
• The density of an organelle in a cell is
related to the specific function of the cell.
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• Example of cell with high density of
chloroplast.
• Cells :Palisade mesophyll cell
• Reason: To trap sunlight to synthesis
carbohydrate during photosynthesis.
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