CELL ORGANELLES9/25/16: Medical School professors find target for cancer, EbolaProtein involved in the growth, spread of cancer cells and virus identified: “‘…The basic idea is that cancerous cells are enormously stressed because of their fast rate of growth and division. One strategy they use to survive is recycling used or damaged components in their lysosomes.’”

LEVELS OF COMPLEXITY: MOST TO LEAST

Organism Organ System Organ Tissue Cell

PROKARYOTIC VS. EUKARYOTIC

Prokaryotic No nucleus “Free” DNA No membrane-bound organelles Bacteria

Eukaryotic Nucleus DNA is found in nucleus Membrane-bound organelles Plants and animals

“Pro” rhymes with “No”!

THE EUKARYOTIC CELL

That’s a lot of labels

CELL CITY

Ribosome (1) Endoplasmic reticulum (2) Mitochondria (4) Chloroplast (3) Lysosome (5) Nucleus (6) Vacuole (7) Plasma membrane (8) Golgi apparatus (9)

9

NUCLEUS

Houses the DNA Starts the process of creating proteins by creating RNA Creates ribosomes in the nucleolus Surrounded by the nuclear envelope or nuclear

membrane

Back to Cell City

RIBOSOME

“Construction site” of proteins Translate RNA from the nucleus into proteins Two types of ribosome:

Free Bound to the endoplasmic reticulum

Protein Construction

Site

Back to Cell City

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM

Creation, packaging and transport of proteins Connects to the nucleus and receives proteins from

ribosomes Two types:

Rough: creation and packaging of proteins Smooth: stores lipids and steroids

Back to Cell City

GOLGI APPARATUS

Processes, sorts, and delivers proteins Gathers molecules and packages them into

vesicles Vesicles are either stored or sent out of the cell

Builds lysosomes

Back to Cell City

PLASMA MEMBRANE

Sometimes called the cell membrane “Gatekeeper” of the cell: determines what can and

cannot come into the cell Bilayer: outside is hydrophilic and inside is hydrophobic

Protects the cell and helps to give it shape

Back to Cell City

SO WHAT ABOUT THE CELL WALL?

Cell walls are only found in plants (and some prokaryotes)

Cell walls are rigid and give structure Made up of a strong sugar called cellulose

In prokaryotes, it’s made of different materials

MITOCHONDRIA

Provides energy to cells Take in nutrients (sugars) and

break them down to create energy-rich molecules: cellular respiration

Has own ribosomes and DNA

Back to Cell City

CHLOROPLAST (PLANT CELLS)

Produce “food” in plant cells Photosynthesis: convert light energy into sugars

Occurs in the chlorophyll molecules of the chloroplast

Back to Cell City

VACUOLE

Store food, water, nutrients, or even waste products

Help with support in plants

Back to Cell City

LYSOSOME (ANIMAL CELLS)

Specialized vesicle that holds many digestive enzymes

Breaks down food, organelles, or even dead cells

Clean up in a cell (like a Lysol cleaner!)

Back to Cell City

…BUT THERE WERE MORE ORGANELLES LABELLED!

Centriole/centrosome: used in cell division for animal cells

Intermediate filament, Microfilament, Microtubule: protein tubes that make up the cytoskeleton and give a cell its structure Microtubules make up centrioles

Back to the Eukaryotic Cell

…BUT THERE WERE MORE ORGANELLES LABELLED!

Cytosol: The fluid in a cell that suspends the organelles

Cytoplasm: The combination of cytosol and all organelles but the nucleus

Peroxisome: Break down materials, but require oxygen Break down hydrogen peroxide

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE BUILD A CELL

VIDEO SUMMARY OF ORGANELLES

THE CELL AS A _________________

Protein Nucleus Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Plasma membrane Mitochondria

Nucleolus Vacuole Lysosome (Animal) Chloroplast (Plant) Cell Wall (Plant)