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The Cause and The Cause and Effect PaperEffect Paper
ENG 101ENG 101
freshman englishfreshman english
sample cause-sample cause-effect essayeffect essay
why they excell? (p.246*48)why they excell? (p.246*48)
why they excellwhy they excell1. (1)the story of Kim-Chi Trinh from 1. (1)the story of Kim-Chi Trinh from VietnamVietnam2. (3)thesis: Asian-Americans are 2. (3)thesis: Asian-Americans are teaching the rest of us a lessson teaching the rest of us a lessson about the values of hard work, the about the values of hard work, the family, and education. family, and education. 3. (4,5) these paragraphs are a 3. (4,5) these paragraphs are a reflection of the thesis. reflection of the thesis. 4. (6,7,8) hard work comes from 4. (6,7,8) hard work comes from Confucianism, strong family ties from Confucianism, strong family ties from ConfucianismConfucianism5. (12) to point out the causes for the 5. (12) to point out the causes for the success of Asian-American students success of Asian-American students and encourage others to imitate the and encourage others to imitate the behaviors which result in that behaviors which result in that success. success.
Why Cause-Effect Why Cause-Effect EssayEssay
1. To understand the relationship of 1. To understand the relationship of events that brought about an events that brought about an outcome, (Cause)outcome, (Cause)2. To understand the results that 2. To understand the results that come out of an event (Effect)come out of an event (Effect)3. To understand the chain of causes 3. To understand the chain of causes and effects between some events and effects between some events (Causal Chain) (Causal Chain)
Cause and Effect analyzes Cause and Effect analyzes why something happens.why something happens.
Some effects are caused Some effects are caused by multiple causes.by multiple causes.
Some causes, in turn, can Some causes, in turn, can result in multiple effects.result in multiple effects.
Focus on EffectsFocus on Effects
CAUSE
EFFECT #1
EFFECT #2
EFFECT #3
Focus on CausesFocus on Causes
EFFECT
CAUSE #1
CAUSE #2
CAUSE #3
Cause and Effect ChainCause and Effect Chain
EFFECT
EFFECT
CAUSE
CAUSE
List Causes and EffectsList Causes and Effects• First look for immediate causes/effects.First look for immediate causes/effects.• Then look for remote causes/effects – Then look for remote causes/effects –
underlying, more basic reasons/results.underlying, more basic reasons/results.• Make separate lists of causes/effects.Make separate lists of causes/effects.• List evidence next to each cause/effect.List evidence next to each cause/effect.• Generate additional material for weak Generate additional material for weak
points.points.• Rate the items on the list by asking, Rate the items on the list by asking,
“How significant is this cause/effect? “How significant is this cause/effect? Would the situation exist or have arisen Would the situation exist or have arisen without it?without it?
Main cause:Main cause: the most important cause the most important cause Contributory Causes:Contributory Causes: less important less important Immediate Cause:Immediate Cause: closely precedes the closely precedes the
effect.effect. Remote cause:Remote cause: less obvious because it less obvious because it
involves something in the past or far involves something in the past or far away.away.
Causal Chain:Causal Chain: an effect can be the an effect can be the cause to another effect, on so on.cause to another effect, on so on.
Causal Relation:Causal Relation: Necessary CauseNecessary Cause - one that must be present - one that must be present
for the effect to occur.for the effect to occur. Ex. Combustion is necessary to drive a gasoline Ex. Combustion is necessary to drive a gasoline
engine.engine. Sufficient Cause -Sufficient Cause - one that can produce an one that can produce an
effect unaided, though there may be more effect unaided, though there may be more than one sufficient cause of a given effect.than one sufficient cause of a given effect. Ex. A dead battery is enough to keep a car from Ex. A dead battery is enough to keep a car from
starting--but faulty spark plugs or an empty gas starting--but faulty spark plugs or an empty gas tank will have the same effect.tank will have the same effect.
Contributory CauseContributory Cause - one that helps to - one that helps to produce an effect but cannot do so by itself.produce an effect but cannot do so by itself. Ex. Running a red light might help to cause an Ex. Running a red light might help to cause an
accident....though other facts -- pedestrians or accident....though other facts -- pedestrians or other cars in the intersection -- must also be other cars in the intersection -- must also be present.present.
Information taken from: http://www.howard.k12.md.us/mth/english_dept/adv-comp/eng_effect.html
Avoiding Avoiding Post HocPost Hoc Reasoning: Reasoning: Do not assume that just because even A Do not assume that just because even A
precedes event B, event A caused even precedes event B, event A caused even B. This illogical assumption is called B. This illogical assumption is called post post hoc reasoning. hoc reasoning. This error leads you to This error leads you to confuse coincidence with causality.confuse coincidence with causality.
Do not confuse words like Do not confuse words like because, because, thereforetherefore and and consequentlyconsequently (indicating a (indicating a causal relationship), causal relationship), with words like with words like subsequentlysubsequently, , laterlater, and , and afterwardafterward (chronological relationship words)(chronological relationship words)
Planning a Cause and Effect EssayPlanning a Cause and Effect Essay
Planning a Cause and Effect Planning a Cause and Effect EssayEssay Purpose and Thesis:Purpose and Thesis:
Be sure to identify the relationships among the Be sure to identify the relationships among the specific causes and effect you will discuss.specific causes and effect you will discuss.
Thesis statement should tell the readerThesis statement should tell the reader It doesn't have to be persuasiveIt doesn't have to be persuasive The points you plan to considerThe points you plan to consider The position you will takeThe position you will take Whether you will emphasize causes, effects, or Whether you will emphasize causes, effects, or
both.both. The cause and/or effect you consider most The cause and/or effect you consider most
important.important. The order in which you will treat your points.The order in which you will treat your points.
Planning a Cause and Effect EssayPlanning a Cause and Effect Essay
Order and sequence; several possibilities Order and sequence; several possibilities include:include: ChronologicalChronological Main cause first, and then contributory causesMain cause first, and then contributory causes Contributory causes first, and then main Contributory causes first, and then main
cause.cause. Negative effects first, then positiveNegative effects first, then positive First dismiss events that are not causes, and First dismiss events that are not causes, and
then discuss actual causes for an effect.then discuss actual causes for an effect. Most obvious causes first, and then less Most obvious causes first, and then less
obvious causes.obvious causes.
Organizing the EssayOrganizing the EssayIntroductionIntroduction
• Start with a quote, a list, a Start with a quote, a list, a description, or statistics to catch description, or statistics to catch the reader’s attention.the reader’s attention.
• Introduce the subject and explain Introduce the subject and explain the situation.the situation.
• Give any background material Give any background material necessary.necessary.
• Thesis: state your 3 points in the Thesis: state your 3 points in the cause/effect relationship. cause/effect relationship.
BodyBody
Patterns of OrganizationPatterns of Organization
Use transitions between Use transitions between eacheach cause cause and/or effect and each paragraph.and/or effect and each paragraph.
A. B. C. D.A. B. C. D. E. E.
CauseCause
s
CauseCause
Cause
Effect
Effect
Effect
Effects
Effect
Effect
Cause
C/E
C/E
C/E
ConclusionConclusion
• Revisit the Revisit the introduction.introduction.
• Ask “So what?” What Ask “So what?” What conclusion or point conclusion or point can be drawn or made can be drawn or made from the points from the points presented?presented?
• DO NOT summarize DO NOT summarize the points from the the points from the body of the essay.body of the essay.
Planning a Cause and Effect EssayPlanning a Cause and Effect Essay
The LanguageThe Language
Transitions are essential to this type of Transitions are essential to this type of essay to distinguish causes from effects.essay to distinguish causes from effects.
because, because of, for, since, asbecause, because of, for, since, as as a result of, thus, therefor, consequently, as a result of, thus, therefor, consequently, cause, result from, result in, lead to, bring cause, result from, result in, lead to, bring
about, produceabout, produce effect, cause, reason, rationale, result, effect, cause, reason, rationale, result,
affect, relation, correlationaffect, relation, correlation effective, causal,etc. effective, causal,etc.
Structuring a Cause and Structuring a Cause and Effect EssayEffect Essay
Finding CausesFinding Causes Less important cause > effect> most important Less important cause > effect> most important
causecause
Describing or Predicting EffectsDescribing or Predicting Effects Cause > first effect> second effect > third (most Cause > first effect> second effect > third (most
important) effect> conclusion (with possible important) effect> conclusion (with possible prediction of additional effects).prediction of additional effects).
Revising a Cause and Revising a Cause and Effect EssayEffect Essay Focus either on causes or effectsFocus either on causes or effects analyze the causes and/or effects analyze the causes and/or effects
sufficientlysufficiently are the link in the chain clear if yours is are the link in the chain clear if yours is
causal chain essaycausal chain essay principles of organization: order of principles of organization: order of
familiarity, order of interest, order of familiarity, order of interest, order of importanceimportance
The thesis statement should contain a The thesis statement should contain a central idea. central idea.
RevisionRevision• Have you clearly stated your point?Have you clearly stated your point?• Have you made it clear which you Have you made it clear which you are are
explaining - causes or effects?explaining - causes or effects?• Have you given sufficient evidence to Have you given sufficient evidence to
convince readers that the cause/effect convince readers that the cause/effect relationships are valid, not just relationships are valid, not just guesses?guesses?
• Have you claimed causes or effects (or Have you claimed causes or effects (or made assertions) that you haven’t made assertions) that you haven’t proven?proven?
• Are you certain that the causes Are you certain that the causes produced the effects or that the effects produced the effects or that the effects resulted from the cause?resulted from the cause?
exercisesexercises
11.6 p.25311.6 p.253 11.10 p.25511.10 p.255 11.12 p. 25811.12 p. 258 reading 256-257reading 256-257 reading 262-263reading 262-263
Multiple Causes-->EffectMultiple Causes-->Effect
In this pattern, the organization is as follows:In this pattern, the organization is as follows:
Thesis statement: Air pollution is caused by a variety Thesis statement: Air pollution is caused by a variety of imperceptible, but controllable industries.of imperceptible, but controllable industries.
I. exhaust gases from carsI. exhaust gases from cars A. government does not take enough controlA. government does not take enough control B. citizens are not as conscientious as they could beB. citizens are not as conscientious as they could beII. uncontrolled factory gasesII. uncontrolled factory gases A. no regular checks on gases released that need to be A. no regular checks on gases released that need to be
regulatedregulated B. factories are inside the borders of residential areas and B. factories are inside the borders of residential areas and
should be movedshould be movedIII. burning of low-quality coal for heatingIII. burning of low-quality coal for heating A. government does not take enough controlA. government does not take enough control B. other forms of energy are too expensive, but B. other forms of energy are too expensive, but Information taken from: http://www.howard.k12.md.us/mth/english_dept/adv-comp/eng_effect.html
Causal chain / DominoCausal chain / DominoIn this pattern, the events lead to one another, as in the In this pattern, the events lead to one another, as in the
following organization:following organization: Thesis statement: Thesis statement: Using deodorants with Using deodorants with
chlorofluorocarbon gas will bring the end of world.chlorofluorocarbon gas will bring the end of world.I.I. Chlorofluorocarbon gases are contained in most Chlorofluorocarbon gases are contained in most
deodorants and released by some factories into the air. deodorants and released by some factories into the air. II.II. This gas causes the ozone layer to become thinner and This gas causes the ozone layer to become thinner and
finally disappear in patches.finally disappear in patches.III.III. The unfiltered ultraviolet rays of the sun cause The unfiltered ultraviolet rays of the sun cause
overheating in the poles of the earth, where the icebergs overheating in the poles of the earth, where the icebergs start to melt.start to melt.
IV.IV. The huge amount of water released from the poles The huge amount of water released from the poles leads to a rise in the sea-level.leads to a rise in the sea-level.
V.V. The sea will cover the land and this will be the end of the The sea will cover the land and this will be the end of the world. world.
Information taken from: http://www.howard.k12.md.us/mth/english_dept/adv-comp/eng_effect.html
Cause-->Multiple EffectsCause-->Multiple Effects
In this pattern, the effects of a certain situation are In this pattern, the effects of a certain situation are explained in separate paragraphs, with the following explained in separate paragraphs, with the following organization:organization:
Thesis statement: Thesis statement: Watching too much TV is one of Watching too much TV is one of the major sociological issues of this century, the major sociological issues of this century, which has many effects on the physiology and which has many effects on the physiology and psychology of people.psychology of people.
I. eating disordersI. eating disorders A. TV meals A. TV meals B. obesityB. obesityII. communication problemsII. communication problems A. more violenceA. more violence B. no interpersonal talkB. no interpersonal talkInformation taken from: http://www.howard.k12.md.us/mth/english_dept/adv-comp/eng_effect.html