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CABLES, CONNECTIONS
AND PORTS
CABLES
1. Patch Cables
A patch cable or patch cord or patch lead is
an electrical or optical cable used to
connect ("patch-in") one electronic or
optical device to another for signal routing.
Patch cables are typically CAT5 / CAT5e Ethernet cables
linking a computer to a nearby network hub, switch or router.
Normally manufactured using stranded rather than solid
sheathing in order to give them pliability that reduces risk of
breakage when unplugging or carrying them.
…Continued (Patch Cables)
Size Can be as short as 3 inches (ca. 8 cm), to connect
stacked components or route signals through a patch
bay, or as long as twenty feet (ca. 6 m) or more in
length for snake cables.
As length increases, the cables are usually thicker
and/or made with more shielding, to prevent signal loss
(attenuation) and the introduction of unwanted radio
frequencies and hum (electromagnetic interference).
…Continued (Patch Cables)
Data Transmission Speed
Cat 5 cables are the most basic type and provide
speeds of either 10 Mbps or 100 Mbps.
Cat 5e, which means Cat 5 Enhanced, allows for faster
data transmission than its predecessor. It caps at 1,000
Mbps.
Cat 6 is the latest and offers the best performance of
the three. It’s capable of supporting 10 Gbps speeds.
2. Ethernet Crossover Cables
An Ethernet crossover cable is a type of
Ethernet cable used to connect
computing devices together directly.
Commonly used when temporarily networking two devices
in situations where a network router, switch or hub is not
present.
Ethernet crossover cables should only be used for direct
network connections. In particular, attempting to connect a
computer to a hub with a crossover cable will prevent that
network link from functioning.
3. USB Cables
A universal serial bus (USB) cable connects
between a computer and a peripheral device
such as a printer, monitor, scanner, mouse or keyboard.
USB was designed to standardize the connection of
computer peripherals to personal computers, both to
communicate and to supply electric power.
Three basic kinds or sizes of USB connectors:
The older "standard" size, in its USB 1.1/2.0 and USB 3.0
variants (for example, on USB flash drives).
The "mini" size (primarily for the B connector end, such as
on many cameras).
the "micro" size, in its USB 1.1/2.0 and USB 3.0 variants (for
example, on most modern cellphones).
…Continued (USB Cables)
Each end of a USB cable uses a different kind of
connector; an A-type or a B-type.
This kind of design was chosen to prevent electrical
overloads and damaged equipment, as only the A-
type socket provides power.
In common practice, the A-type connector is usually
the full size, and the B-type side can vary as needed.
The data cables for USB 1.x and USB 2.x use a twisted
pair to reduce noise and crosstalk. USB 3.0 cables
contain twice as many wires as USB 2.x to support
SuperSpeed data transmission, and are thus larger in
diameter.
… Continued (USB Cables)
The USB 1.1 standard specifies that a standard cable
can have a maximum length of 5 meters with devices
operating at Full Speed (12 Mbit/s), and a maximum
length of 3 meters with devices operating at Low
Speed (1.5 Mbit/s).
The USB 3.0 standard does not directly specify a
maximum cable length, requiring only that all cables
meet an electrical specification: for copper cabling
with AWG 26 wires the maximum practical length is 3
meters (9.8 ft).
… Continued (USB Cables)
Data Transfer Speed USB 1.0/1.1 can transmit data at speeds up to 12
Mbps.
USB 2.0 can transmit data at speeds up to 480 Mbps
and is compatible with older versions of USB.
USB 3.0 can transmit data at speeds up to 4.8 Gbps.
It is compatible with previous versions of USB.
4. Twisted Pair Cables
Twisted pair cabling is a type of wiring in which two
conductors of a single circuit are twisted together for
the purposes of canceling out electromagnetic
interference (EMI) from external sources.
The tighter the twisting, the higher the supported
transmission rate and the greater
the cost per foot.
Two types of Twisted Pair Cables:
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP Cable)
Shielded Twisted Pair(STP Cable)
Advantages :-
It is a thin, flexible cable that is easy to
string between walls.
More lines can be run through the same
wiring ducts.
Electrical noise going into or coming
from the cable can be prevented.
Cross-talk is minimized.
Disadvantages :-
Usually have stringent requirements for
maximum pulling tension as well as minimum
bend radius.
In video applications that send information
across multiple parallel signal wires, twisted
pair cabling can introduce signaling delays
known as skew which cause subtle color
defects and ghosting due to the image
components not aligning correctly when
recombined in the display device.
A) UTP Cables
UTP cables are found in many Ethernet networks
and telephone systems.
The cables are typically made with copper wires
measured at 22 or 24 American Wire Gauge (AWG),
with the colored insulation typically made from an
insulator such as polyethylene or FEP and the total
package covered in a polyethylene jacket.
Most common cable used in computer networking.
Modern Ethernet, the most common data networking
standard, can use UTP cables.
UTP is also finding increasing use in video applications,
primarily in security cameras.
B) STP Cables
Shielded to prevent electromagnetic
interference.
There is a foil or braid shield
inside the jacket covering all
wires (as a group).
There is a shield around each individual pair, as well as
around the entire
group of wires (referred to as double shield twisted pair).
… Continued (STP Cables)
ISO/IEC 11801:2002 (Annex E) attempts to
internationally standardise the various
designations for shielded cables by using combinations
of three letters - U for unshielded, S for braided shielding,
and F for foiled shielding - to explicitly indicate the type
of screen for overall cable protection and for individual
pairs or quads, using a two-part abbreviation in the form
of xx/xTP.
When shielding is applied to the collection of pairs, this is
usually referred to as screening.
… Continued (STP Cables)
Common shielded cable types used
by Cat. 6a, Cat.7 and Cat.8 cables include:
Shielded twisted pair (U/FTP):Also pair in metal foil. Individual shielding with foil for
each twisted pair or quad. This type of shielding
protects cable from external EMI entering or exiting
the cable and also protects neighboring pairs from
crosstalk.
… Continued (STP Cables)
Screened twisted pair (F/UTP, S/UTP
and SF/UTP):Also foiled twisted pair for F/UTP. Overall foil, braided
shield or braiding with foil across all of the pairs within
the 100 Ohm twisted pair cable. This type of shielding
protects EMI from entering or exiting the cable.
… Continued (STP Cables)
Screened shielded twisted pair (F/FTP and
S/FTP):Also fully shielded twisted pair, shielded screened
twisted pair, screened foiled twisted pair, shielded foiled
twisted pair. Individual shielding using foil between the
twisted pair sets, and also an outer metal and/or foil
shielding within the 100 Ohm twisted pair cable. This
type of shielding protects EMI from entering or exiting
the cable and also protects neighboring pairs from
crosstalk.
5. Coaxial Cables
Coaxial cable, or coax, is a type of cable
that has an inner conductor surrounded
by a tubular insulating layer, surrounded
by a tubular conducting shield.
Difficult to install.
Highly resistant to signal interference.
It can support greater cable lengths between network
devices than twisted pair cable.
A. Outer plastic sheath
B. Woven copper shield
C. Inner dielectric insulator
D. Copper core
… Continued (Coaxial Cables) Uses: Short coaxial cables are commonly
used to connect home video equipment, in
ham radio setups, and in measurement
electronics.
Micro coaxial cables are used in a range of
consumer devices, military equipment, and also in ultra-
sound scanning equipment.
Coax cable is often used to carry data/signals from an
antenna to a receiver—from a satellite dish to a satellite
receiver, from a television antenna to a television receiver,
from a radio mast to a radio receiver, etc.
6. Fibre Optic Cables
Uses glass (or plastic) threads (fibers) to
transmit data.
Transmits light rather than electronic signals eliminating the
problem of electrical interference.
Ideal for environments that contain a large amount of
electrical interference.
Ability to transmit signals over much longer distances
than coaxial and twisted pair.
Capability to carry information at vastly greater
speeds.
Effective for the services like video conferencing and
interactive services where fast speed is required.
… Continued (Fibre Optic Cables) Capacity: In September 2012, NTT Japan demonstrated
a single fiber cable that was able to transfer
1 petabit per second (1015bits/s) over a distance of 50
kilometers.
Modern fiber cables can contain up to a thousand fibers in a
single cable, with potential bandwidth in the terabytes per
second.
Reliability: Optical fibers are very strong, but the
strength is drastically reduced by
unavoidable microscopic surface flaws
inherent in the manufacturing process.
7. VGA (Video Graphics Array)
Created way back in the 1980’s, the VGA
connection cable was the standard cable used to
connect a computer to a monitor.
VGA connections can be identified by 15 pins
arranged in 3 rows with 5 on each row. Each row
corresponds to the 3 different color channels used in
display: red, green, and blue.
More recently, it has faded out of popularity due to
the gradual shift towards digital connections over
analog.
8. DVI (Digital Visual Interface)The DVI connection became the
successor to VGA as technology
moved away from analog towards digital.
DVI connectors come in 3 varieties. DVI-A can transmit analog signals, allowing it to be
backwards compatible with VGA (useful for CRT monitors and
LCDs of lower quality).
DVI-D can transmit the newer digital signals.
DVI-I is capable of both analog and digital.
9. HDMI (High Definition
Multimedia Interface) Unlike VGA and DVI, HDMI sends both video
and audio signals together. The signals are digital only; thus,
HDMI is only compatible with newer.
HDMI connectors come in 4 types:
Type A is the most popular. This connector can be identified
by its 19 pins on the male head. Type A is compatible with
single-link DVI-D connections.
Type B is larger than Type A, coming in at 29 pins on the male
head. Type B is compatible with dual-link DVI-D connections.
Type C is a 19-pin connector that’s most often used with
portable devices, like camcorders and digital cameras.
Type D looks similar to a micro-USB cord. It also has 19 pins.
10. IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics)
IDE cables were used to connect
storage devices to a motherboard.
It’s the wide cable that looks like a ribbon with
more than 2 plugs.
The connectors on an IDE cable have 40 pins; the
smaller 2.5” drive variety uses a form-factor
version of the IDE that has 44 pins.
11. SATA (Serial Advanced
Technology Attachment)
Newer hard drives will likely use SATA ports over IDE
ports.
SATA was designed to succeed IDE, and it has.
Compared to IDE, SATA provides higher data
transfer speeds
A standard SATA cable can be identified by two
connectors, each having 7 pins and an empty
notch. It looks like a subtle L-shape.
12. eSATA (External Serial Advanced
Technology Attachment)
eSATA is not much different
from SATA, but it allows connections to devices
like external hard drives and optical drives.
This is useful because eSATA offers speeds much
faster than most FireWire and USB alternatives.
13. FireWire
The purpose of FireWire is
similar to that of USB: high speed data transfer for
computer peripherals.
FireWire is not as widespread as USB.
FireWire cables come in two forms: 1394a (which
has a transfer speed of 400 Mbps) and 1394b
(which has a transfer speed of 800 Mbps).