BUILDING STRUCTURE (ARC2324)PROJECT 1: FETTUCCINI STRUCTURE BRIDGE

LYDIA AMALINA BINTI FARIDAN 0308714NAREAN PUNITHARAJAH 0315746MUHAMMAD MUZHAMMIL BIN AZHAM 0311446MEERA NAZREAN BINTI MASRULHISAM 0309630WONG PEAKKY 1101A13474

CONTENT

1. INTRODUCTION 12. METHODOLOGY 23. PRECEDENT STUDIES 34. MATERIALS & EQUIPMENT 45. MODEL MAKING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT 56. STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 67. CONCLUSION 78. APPENDIX 89. REFERENCES 9

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Truss is a structure built up of three or more members which are normally considered being pinned and hinged at the joints. The following figure shows different types of trusses. Load applied to the truss is transmitted to joint so that each individual members are in either pure tension or compression.

1.1 GENERAL BRIEF OF TRUSS

Truss is a structure built up of three or more members which are normally considered being pinned and hinged at the joints. The following figure shows different types of trusses. Load applied to the truss is transmitted to joint so that each individual members are in either pure tension or compression.

1.2 AIM OF STUDY

1. To develop student’s understanding of tension and compressive strength of construction materials

2. To develop student’s understanding of force distribution in a truss3. To design a perfect truss bridge which fulfils the following criterias:

High level of aesthetic value Minimal construction material

1.3 LEARNING OUTCOMES

1. Able to evaluate, explore and improve attributes of construction materials2. Explore and apply understanding of load distribution in a truss3. Able to evaluate and identify tension and compression members in a truss structure4. Explore different arrangement of members in a truss structure

2.0 METHODOLOGY

2.1 Precedent Studies

We have to research and study a truss bridge in able to understand the connections, orientation of each members and arrangement of members. Based on the studies, we have to apply in the model of a bridge which are made out of fettuccine.

2.2 MATERIALS TESTING &EQUIPMENT PREPARATION

We explored the usage of different materials in terms of its strength by different types of testing. All equipment are prepared before the testing of the truss bridge.

2.3 MODEL MAKING & DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Requirements to construct a fettuccine bridge

a. 750 mm span of a bridgeb. Maximum weight of 200g c. Only Fettuccine and glue d. Testing and analyse until breakage

2.4 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

Structural analysis of the truss were tested on the determination of the efficiency of a bridge. In order to achieve the efficiency of a bridge, we identify the critical members and the strength of each members of the fettuccine.

2.5 BRIDGE EFFICIENCY CALCULATION

Efficiency of the bridge are calculated based on the formula,

Efficiency ,E=(Maximum Load )2

Weight of bridge

3.0 PRECEDENT STUDIES

3.1 Methodology

The Jennings Randolph Bridge, built in 1977, is the largest Pratt truss bridge in North America, spanning 754 feet over the Ohio River between Chester, West Virginia and East Liverpool, Ohio. The bridge, which is located on U.S. Route 30, is named after West Virginian Democratic Senator Jennings Randolph. It replaced the former Chester Bridge, which was built in 1897. The bridge has recently undergone painting work where North Star Painting Co. Inc. utilised a three-part system of organic zinc, intermediate coat of aluminium carbothane, and epoxy top coat that was selected by the West Virginia Department of Highways.

Type of Truss: A Pratt truss includes vertical members and diagonals that slope down towards the centre, the opposite of the Howe truss. The interior diagonals are under tension under balanced loading and vertical elements under compression. If pure tension elements are used in the diagonals (such as eye bars) then crossing elements may be needed near the centre to accept concentrated live loads as they traverse the span. It can be subdivided, creating Y- and K-shaped patterns.

4.0 MATERIALS & EQUIPMENT

1. Fettuccine

Fettuccine is the main material to build the bridge. Strengthening the fettuccine by lamination is prohibited. Three types of fettuccine are used for testing on the strength.

2. S hook

The S hook is used to connect the fettuccine bridge and weights together and focus all the force on one point on the bridge.

3. Weight

The weight is used to determine the strength of the fettuccine bridge by applying it as point load on the bridge.

4. Water Pail

The water pail was used to hold weight to while testing the fettuccini bridge. Its weight was omitted from the final recording as it was a constant through the tests.

5. 3-second super glue

The 3 second super glue is used to hold fettuccine together. The reason we have chosen this glue is because it can adhesive in instant and also its high strength.

6. Pen Knife

The pen knife was used to cut the fettuccini strips to appropriate size in the model making process.

7. Sand Paper

Sand paper was used to smoothen out the edges of the fettuccini due to mistakes that occurred during the cutting and gluing process.

8. Weighing Scale

A weighing scale was used to measure the weight of the model to ensure that it did not exceed 200 grams as well as during the testing period to measure the weight of the load tested upon it.

5.0 MODEL MAKING AND DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Before making the model we did analysis of the materials used .The type of glue and brand of fettuccini was analysed.

Type of glue

Number of pieces

Weight(grams) Weight sustained(grams)

Time(seconds) Results

U-hue glue 5 6 100 50 Not able to sustain weight for long

3 second glue

5 6 100 120 Able to sustain more weight for a reasonable amount of time

Hot glue gun

5 7 100 130 Able to sustain most weight for the longest time but is reasonably heavier than the rest

Brand of fettuccini Number of pieces Weight(grams) Time(seconds)San Remo 5 100 120Kimball 5 100 100Barilla 5 100 90

For the glue analysis we notice that the best glue to use was hot glue gun. It manages to last for more than 3 days and does not corrode the pasta. The only drawback is that it makes the model heavier, causing unnecessary weight to be added to the model. Three second glue is the best in terms of weight to strength as it does not cause unnecessary weight to be added and can last reasonably long .The only drawback is that it corrodes the pasta meaning the model can only be made a day at most earlier that the testing period-hue glue is not able to sustain weight for a long period and does not add unnecessary weight to the model. It can last long and won’t corrode the pasta.

As for the brands of pasta, an Remo has the best quality compared to Kimball and Barilla brands. This is due to the quality produced by each company. The Kimball fettuccini is also softer then the San Remo and Barilla brands causing to easily break.

Requirements of Fettuccine Bridge

a. 750mm clear span bridgeb. Fettuccine and glue can be usedc. Bridge will be tested to fail

Fettuccine Bridge Design 1

Total Length = 750mm Clear Span = 700mm

Weight of Bridge = 158g Load Sustained = 500g

Efficiency = 1.58

Design 1 of the bridge has high aesthetic value and efficiency but it has low efficiency and does not reach 750mm clear span as required due to poor workmanship and poor selection of materials.Peices of fettuccini were not straight and the gluing method did not produce a strong base.

Solution:

1. Extend the clear span of the bridge up to 750mm to fulfil the requirement of the bridge

2. Increase the members of each layer of the bridge to increase the strength.3. Use proper pieces of fettuccini4. Improve the gluing process on the base and increase the overall workmanship

Fettuccine Bridge Design 2

Total Length = 750mm Clear Span = 700mm

Weight of Bridge = 76 g Load Sustained = 1627g

Efficiency = 34.83

Design 2 of the bridge does not achieved 750mm clear span but has high efficiency. There was no diagonal beams was used reducing the total efficiency. There was only two layers of fettuccini used instead of three causing it to snap easily.

Solution:

1. Extend the clear span of the bridge up to 750mm to fulfil the requirement of the bridge

2. Increase the members of each layer of the bridge to increase the strength.3. Add diagonal beams to increase the total efficiency.

Fettuccine Bridge Design 3

Total Length = 700mm Clear Span = 650mm

Weight of Bridge = 133g Load Sustained = 2072g

Efficiency = 32.27

Design 3 of the bridge does not achieved 750mm clear span but has high efficiency. Only two layers of fettuccini was used in the supporting load member causing it to prematurely snap before finding out the total load it could sustain. During the retest there was a three day gap causing corrosion due to the glue and the members became weak causing it to snap easily.

Solution:

1. Extend the clear span of the bridge up to 750mm to fulfil the requirement of the bridge.

2. Increase the members of the base layer to increase the strength.3. Reinforce the supporting load member.4. The retest should be done earlier.

Fettuccini Bridge Design 4

Total Length = 750mm Clear Span = 720mm

Weight of Bridge = 152g Load Sustained = 3524g

Efficiency = 81.70

Design 4 of the bridge does not achieved 750mm clear span but has high efficiency. All the previous solutions have been applied. The base snapped after 3.5 kilos due to bending and increases in compression at the left side of the base.

Solution:

1. Extend the clear span of the bridge up to 750mm to fulfil the requirement of the bridge.

2. Increase the members of the base layer to increase the strength.

3. Reinforce the supporting load member.

Fettuccini Bridge Design 5(FINALIZED)

Total Length = 750mm Clear Span = 740mm

Weight of Bridge = 180 g Load Sustained = 200g

Efficiency = 0.22

The design of the bridge has a high aesthetic value and efficiency but it has a low efficiency and doesn’t reach 750mm clear. The pieces of fettucine were mostly straight and fit for testing but we also did a few small mistakes that caused the bridge to collapse. During the gluing process occurs, we accidentally glue 5 fettucine on normal stacks instead of ‘English bond fettucine stacks, and it happened to be on one of the base of our model. The breaking point of the Fettucine Bridge is at that particular point causing our bridge to collapse as expected because we only noticed our mistakes a few hours before our official final testing. If we had more time to fix our mistake we could have avoided a silly mistake.

Solution:

1. Improve the workmanship by gluing the pieces properly by spreading the evenly, through the fettucine from the first end to the other.

2. Mark on the fettucine with a marker pen, at the first end the middle and the other end so that the ‘English Bond’ stacks of the fettuccine could be made so that the strongest possible bond could happen.

6.0 STRUCURAL ANALYSIS

6.1 Calculation

6.2 Strengthen of the members

7.0 CONCLUSION

After we completed the project, we have a deeper understanding on the topic of structural Analysis and we are able to identify and understand bow tension and compression works on a bridge. We also learnt how to calculate the force acting on each member on a bridge.

Based on the efficiency equation, a bridge with a high efficiency is a bridge is a bridge that is able withstands a high load with a minimal weight. We did several test to test different designs and recorded and improved the design to sustain a higher load and hence a better efficiency.

Throughout the project, we have learned to identify important design elements and features (height, reinforcements, distance between members etc.) that could affect the structural integrity of the bridge to achieve a high efficiency. After analysing the load distribution in the bridge we did, we strengthened the weaker part of the bridges.

Besides that, we also came to realise that the crucial and determining factor in the efficiency of the bridge is the workmanship of the bridge. Any slight unevenness could transfer the load differently, causing the low efficiency of the bridge. In every model we did, we tried to keep our workmanship uniform by delegating certain task only to certain people to carry out. Proper way of adhesive and consistency of jointing the members are important to ensure the connections are strong.

In conclusion, this project taught us the importance of working together as a team and how to think critically and apply our individual designs when it comes to the construction details.

8.0 APPENDIX

Final Bridge Photos

Group Photo

Exercise: Truss analysis

Following are 6 different truss systems which carry exactly the same loads. Each group member analyses one of the following case. Determine which truss arrangement is the most effective and explain why.

(Note : Please write your name on your calculation sheets. Omit case 6 if your group has only 5 members).

Case 1

Case 2

Case 3

Case 4

Case 5.

Case 6

Case Study Analysis

Case Study 1: Mus

Case study 2: Meera

Case study 3: Narean

Case study 4: Lydia

Case study 5: Peakky

Conclusion

9.0 REFERENCES

1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truss_bridge 2) http://www.garrettsbridges.com/design/pratt-truss/ 3) http://www.slideshare.net/fazirahabdulghafar/calculating-truss-forces?related=1 4) http://www.laurelhollowpark.net/jrb/jenningsrandolphbridge.html 5) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennings_Randolph_Bridge