Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
April 12, 2012
Vermelding onderdeel organisatie
1
Quarry OperationsAppendix A2
ct5308 Breakwaters and Closure dams
H.J. Verhagen
Faculty of Civil Engineering and GeosciencesSection Hydraulic Engineering
April 12, 2012 2
Types of quarries
• Production of aggregates• Production of blocks (dimension stone)
April 12, 2012 3
Geological features
• Joints• Faults• Discontinuities
April 12, 2012 4
joints and fractures
joints
fractures
April 12, 2012 5
types of fractures
attitude of thediscontinuity
April 12, 2012 6
distanced between discontinuities
April 12, 2012 7
April 12, 2012 8
block size
April 12, 2012 9
April 12, 2012 10
Giant Causeway, Northern Ireland
April 12, 2012 11
April 12, 2012 12
mining plan
April 12, 2012 13
mining plan
April 12, 2012 14
Terraces in a quarry
Sini Vir quarry, Bulgaria
April 12, 2012 15
effect of rock density and water absorptionon required rock weight
April 12, 2012 16
April 12, 2012 17
Methods to get rock out of the mountain• Drilling and blasting
• using dynamite• using gunpowder
• Sawing
Vegard Olsen, ICS 2005, Iceland
April 12, 2012 18
Blasting large blocks in a quarry
Vegard Olsen, ICS 2005, Iceland
April 12, 2012 19
Drilling equipment
Sini Vir quarry, Bulgaria
April 12, 2012 20
April 12, 2012 21
Blasting at Jebel Berri Jubail, nov 1982
April 12, 2012 22
Sawing of dimension stone
April 12, 2012 23
Scrap stone from a dimension stone quarry
April 12, 2012 24
Loading of rejected dimension stone
Larvik, Tveidalen, Stema loading facility
April 12, 2012 25
ELL: Extreme upper limitNLL: Nominal lower limitNUL: Nominal upper limitEUL: Extreme upper limit
April 12, 2012 26
in 60-300 and 300-1000 kg
April 12, 2012 27
April 12, 2012 28
production screen for 10-60 kg (falling through) and greater than 300 kg (sliding over)
April 12, 2012 29
al Rakeeb sorting facility
April 12, 2012 30
sorting – bar sizer
April 12, 2012 31
April 12, 2012 32
sorting – side kick
April 12, 2012 33
April 12, 2012 34
April 12, 2012 35
April 12, 2012 36
April 12, 2012 37
Splitting oversize blocks with a hydraulic 'pecker'
April 12, 2012 38
April 12, 2012 39
April 12, 2012 40
Weight reduction of armour between blasting and operation in breakwater
April 12, 2012 41
April 12, 2012 42
April 12, 2012 43
April 12, 2012 44
How big is this rock ??
April 12, 2012 45
This is small rock !
Vietnam, Hue area
April 12, 2012 46
Stockpile 300-1000 kg and 1-3 tons
April 12, 2012 47
300 - 100 kg
April 12, 2012 48
Stockpile 1-3 ton basalt
April 12, 2012 49
How big is this rock ??
1 - 3 cm 1-3 tonnes
April 12, 2012 50
What is dn ?
A4
dn = 22 cm
Devnya quarry, Bulgaria, fieldwork 2002
April 12, 2012 51
weighing blocks individually
April 12, 2012 52
analysis Devnya quarry
Mass distribution
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 120.0
Mass [kg]
Perc
enta
ge b
y m
ass
light
er
M50 = 24 kgρ = 2284 kg/m3
dn50 = 22 cm
April 12, 2012 53
dn log-linear scale
Distribution Dn
0%
10%20%
30%40%
50%
60%70%
80%90%
100%
0.10 1.00
Dn logarithmic scale [m]
Perc
enta
ge b
y D
n sm
alle
r
April 12, 2012 54
dn on log-Gaussian scaleGaussian distribution
-2.1
-1.6
-1.1
-0.6
-0.1
0.4
0.9
1.4
1.9
0.10 1.00
Dn Gaussian scale [m]
pr(%
) - G
auss
sca
le
April 12, 2012 55
New standard
• Old standard: NEN 5180 – 5188
• New standard: EN 13383• part 1: Armourstone – Specifications• part 2: Armourstone – Test Methods
April 12, 2012 56
Standard conformity declaration
For armourstone use category 4
Name producerYear of markStandard numberProduct descriptionInformation on product details
April 12, 2012 57
Properties description method
• When selecting an armourstone grading or property the approach is to select the appropriate category
• For example:
20DEMThe property description. In this case Micro-Devalindex
Value selected; or maximum or minimum value allowed. In this case max. value
April 12, 2012 58
Categories
• An option to use No Requirement (NR) category is also possible• For example, for crushed stone, the Rounding
Index is usually not used (required for a minimum proportion of crushed or broke surfaces). So this would be RONR
• If properties are outside specific limits, the producer may declare a value• E.g. if % of armourstone pieces with L/T>3 for a
course grading is 25% (normal max. is 20%) the producer would state LT25.
• A client could buy this as an LTNR core material
April 12, 2012 59
Gradings in New standard
• Course Grading45/125 – 63/180 – 90/250 – 45/180 – 90/180 mm(30/60 – – 40/100 – 50/150 – 80/200 mm)
• Light Grading5/40 – 10/60 – 40/200 – 60/300 – 5/300 kg
• Heavy Grading0.3/1 – 1/3 – 3/6 – 6/10 – 10/15 tons
Category A and B: A has some tighter control on mass distribution, but usually B is sufficient (For cover layers use category A)
April 12, 2012 60
Course gradings• For general use: 45/125 63/180 90/250 mm• For wide grading: 45/180 mm• For gabion stone: 90/180 mm
Light gradings• For general use: 5 to 40 kg, 40 to 200 kg, 60 to 300 kg• For wide grading: 15 to 300 kg
Producer declared• Producer may declare other gradings, for example
HM2000/4000
April 12, 2012 61
Overview of classes inEN 13383
45/125 mm63/180 mm90/250 mm45/200 mm90/180 mm5-40 kg10-60 kg40-200 kg60-300 kg15-300 kg300-1000 kg1-3 ton3-6 ton6-10 ton
CP45/125CP63/180CP90/250CP45/180CP90/180LMA 5-40LMA 10-60LMA 40-200LMA 60-300LMA 15-300HMA 300-1000HMA 1000-3000HMA 3000-6000HMA 6000-10000
rangeClass name
April 12, 2012 62
Grading system
ELLextreme lower limitNLLnormal lower limitNULnormal upper limitEULextreme upper limit
April 12, 2012 63
Grading description
• For course gradings:CPNLL/NUL e.g. CP90/250
• For light and heavy gradings:LMANLL/NUL
HMBNLL/NUL e.g. HMB60/300
category A or Blight of heavy grading
April 12, 2012 64
Weight distribution acc. to EN13383
0
20
40
60
80
100
100 1000 10000 100000
kg
cum
ulat
ive
frac
tion 0.3-1 ton
1-3 ton3-6 ton6-10 ton10-15 ton-
Standard distributions
Mean weightcategory A Dn-distribution (adapted from EN13383)
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.3 0.8 1.3 1.8
Dn (m)
cum
ulat
ive
fract
ion
0.1-3 ton-1-3 ton-3-6 ton-6-10 ton-10-15 ton-
April 12, 2012 65
Other parameters in new standard
• Shape (LT)• Crushed surface (RO)• Particle density• Resistance to breakage (CS)• Petrographic description• Dangerous substances
• proportion crushed• resistance to wear (MDE)• water absorption (WA)• freezing/thawing (FT)• salt crystallization (MS)• impurities
• dicalcium silicate disintegration• iron disintegration• steel slag disintegration (DS)• sonnenbrand (SB)
April 12, 2012 66
Density requirements
• Average density of 10 pieces: > x Mg/m3
• Density of at least 36 pieces of 40 pieces tested:> x-0.10Mg/m3
• The value for x shall be declared by the producer and stated to 2 decimals places and shall not be less than 2.30.
• Note: for design use wet density:• ρwet = (1+0.0050 WA) ρdry (submerged) • ρwet = (1+0.0025 WA) ρdry (not submerged)
April 12, 2012 67
Shape requirements
LTNRNo requirementNo requirement
No requirement
LTA
LTdeclared
≤5
Other value declared by the
producer
≤20
Other value declared by
the producer
≤20
Other value declared by
the producer
heavy gradingslight gradingscourse gradings
Percentage by number
Percentage by mass
categoryLT
Length to thickness ratio greater than 3
April 12, 2012 68
Resistance to wear
• Micro Deval test• use MDENR for everything except cover layers• use MDE20 for most cover layers
• The test is done by placing samples in a drum, add steel balls and water, and rotate the drum for 2 hrs
• Then dry the residue and determine the percentage of abraded material
• For details see EN1097-1
April 12, 2012 69
Mineral breakage
• Determine compressive strength using EN 1926• preferred category: CS80
April 12, 2012 70
Durability
• Water absorption test• If WA0.5 is achieved (i.e. WA is not more than
0.5%) no further testing is needed• If not, then:
• test salt crystallisation• select category MS25
• If likely to freeze above waterline, check freeze thaw resistance
• required category FTA
April 12, 2012 71
Crushed surfaces
• Only relevant when rock is NOT from a quarry, but in case river boulders, etc. are used
• So this parameter is usually not relevant
April 12, 2012 72
Smaller aggregates
• Stones smaller than CP45/125 are not defined in EN13383
• Other standards:• EN12620 for the concrete industry • EN13242 (for civil engineering works and road
construction).
April 12, 2012 73
From EN13242
GC Course gradingsGF Fine gradingsGNG Natural gradedGA Wide gradation
April 12, 2012 74
Grading categories (EN13242)Example for grading 20/40 mm (e.g. for polymer bonded materials)
