BOOKS TO eBOOKSBOOKS TO eBOOKS

STUTI SHARMASTUTI SHARMA

BOOK

• A book is a set or collection of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of paper, parchment, or other various material, usually fastened together to hinge at one side.

• A book produced in electronic format is known as an electronic book (e-book).

• The word book comes from Old English "bōc" which comes from Germanic root "bōk-", cognate to beech

Origins and antiquity

• CLAY TABLETS- used in Mesopotamia in the third millennium BC. The calamus, an instrument in the form of a triangle, was used to make characters in moist clay.

• PAPYRUS- used in ancient Egypt as early as firsty dynasty but but first evidence is from the account books of King Neferirkare Kakai of the Fifth Dynasty (about 2400 BC)

EGYPTIAN PAPYRUS

SUMERIAN LANGUAGE CLAYTABLET, 2400–2200 BC

• WAX TABLETS- are tablets made of wood and covered with wax. Writing was done with stylus. Romans used wax-coated wooden tablets

• PARCHMENT- replaced papyrus. Attributes its invention to Eumenes II, the king of Pergamon, from which comes the name "pergamineum," which became parchment. Production began in 3rd century BC. Made using skins of animals (sheep , cattle, donkey, antelope). Expensive but esier to conserve.

Reproduction of a Roman-style wax tablet with three styluses or styli

Central European (Northern) type of finished parchment made of goatskin stretched on a wooden frame

PAPER• Papermaking traced to China

about AD 105, when Cai Lun, an official attached to the Imperial court during the Han Dynasty (202 BC-AD 220), created a sheet of paper using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste.

• The Song Dynasty (AD 960–1279) was the first government to issue paper currency

HEMP PAPER IN CHINAAT AROUND 100 BC

TYPES OF BOOKS• SCROLL• A scroll is a roll of papyrus,

parchment, or paper which has been written, drawn or painted upon for the purpose of transmitting information using as a decoration.

• The scroll is usually unrolled so that one page is exposed at a time, for writing or reading, with the remaining pages rolled up to the left and right of the visible page.

• Scrolls were the first form of editable record keeping texts, used in Eastern Mediterranean ancient Egyptian civilizations.

Scroll of the Book of Esther, Seville Spain

Entire set of scrolls

• CODEX• A codex is a book in the

format used for modern books, with separate pages normally bound together and given a cover.

• Most important advance in the history of the book prior to the invention of printing

• compactness, sturdiness, ease of reference and especially economy; unlike the scroll, both recto and verso could be used for writing

Part of the Huexotzinco Codex

Codex Gigas

• MANUSCRIPT• A manuscript or handwrit is

a recording of information that has been manually created by someone or some people, such as a hand-written letter, as opposed to being printed or reproduced some other way.

• Prominenet in middle ages• Calligraphers, copyists,

Collectors, illuminators were epmloyed Armenian Manuscipt

• PAPER BOOKS- Arabs learnt paper making from chinese in 8th century and were the first to produce paper books

• Particular skills were developed for script writing (Arabic calligraphy), miniatures and bookbinding

GUTENBERG BIBLE

TRANSITION TO DIGITAL FORMAT

• ebook “electronic version of a printed book”.

• earliest general e-books were those in the Gutenberg Project, started by Michael S. Hart in 1971

• Advantages- availability, portability and storage, language accessibility, costs, security and environmental concerns of paper.

eREADER• Also known as an e-book reader -

or simply an e-reader - a digital book reader is a small, portable, electronic device that allows you to download and read entire books, magazines and newspapers in a digital format.

• Unlike a computer or laptop screen, a digital reader is specifically made to mimic the pen and ink pages of an actual book. Uses e-ink technology to display content to readers.

• Can comfortably and conveniently read your books without suffering from glares, backlight and eye strain.

E-reader market crowding with iPad, Kobo;

many rivals expected to come out soon

APPLE iPAD

AMAZON’S KINDLE

eREADER SONY

Anyone who says they have only one life to live must not know how to read a book.

For books are more than books, They are the lifeThe very heart and core of ages past,The reason why men lived and worked and died,The essence and quintessence of their lives.

Thank you