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Birth of an Empire:
RomeStandard 6-2.4: Describe the expansion and transition of the Roman government from monarchy to republic to empire, including the roles of Julius Caesar and Augustus Caesar
(Octavius)
Leading up to the Empire……
• The Roman Republic lasted for almost 500 years
• Continued to grow more powerful through extensive trade and conquest
• Trade led Rome to have conflict with surrounding powers throughout the
Mediterranean regions
• This resulted in several wars as they expanded their control
• Carthage was Rome’s main foe in the Punic Wars- fought for control of the
Mediterranean region
Julius Caesar• Mostly responsible for initiating Rome’s
move away from a republic towards a
permanent dictatorship
• A Roman dictator was:
• A legal official
• Duly nominated by the Senate
• To handle a major problem
• With a fixed, limited term
• The Roman providences were
divided up between the three:
• Crassus, the financier, took
Syria
• Pompey, the general, took
Spain
• Caesar took Cisalpine,
Transalpine Gaul, and
Illyricum.
The Rise of Julius
• Julius Caesar eventually turns his army towards Rome and becomes
the single Ruler
Rome Under Caesar• Julius Caesar granted citizenship to many colonials, thus widening his base of
support.
• Caesar granted pay to Proconsuls (governors) to remove corruption and gain
allegiance from them.
• Caesar established a network of spies.
• Caesar instituted a policy of land reform designed to take power away from the
wealthy.
• Caesar reduced the powers of the Senate so as to make it an advisory council only.
• Caesar was appointed dictator for life and took the
title of imperator
• The Roman people began to be fearful that he would
try to become a king
The Murder of Julius Caesar
• In an effort to save the Republic, 60 Senators plotted to murder Julius Caesar
• In March of 44BC, the Senators stabbed him 60 times next to the statue of his former co-leader Pompey
Second Triumvirate
• Consisted of Octavius (Augustus), Marcuc
Aemilius Lepidus, and Mark Antony
• Created in 43 BC
• Consul power was assigned to the three men,
instead of the traditional 2 consuls
Rise of the Emperor of Rome
• There were years of struggle after the death of Julius Caesar
• Octavius emerged as the sole leader of Rome
• He was the adopted son of Julius Caesar
• He was given the title “Augustus Caesar”- ending the
Roman Republic & establishing the rule of emperors
• Roman Empire continued to expand deeper into the European continent (both north and east)
• Rome continued to grant citizenship during this time
• Rome reached its greatest extent under Emperor Trajan during the Pax Romana (or Roman Peace)
• It is called the Pax Romana not
because all of Rome was
peaceful, but because it finally
had stability in a leader- Augustus
• Many of Rome’s most notable
architecture was built during this
time
• This is considered the height of
the Roman Empire