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MOVEMENT IN PLANTS AND ANIMALS

Lesson 1: Plant MovementsLesson 2: Movement in Higher AnimalsLesson 3: Human Skeleton

Lesson 4: Bones and Joints

Module 3 Unit 91

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PLANT MOVEMENTSModule 3 Unit 9 Lesson 1

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Introduction

All living things have the ability to move without outside help. This makes them different from non-living things that only move if they are pushed or pulled by something else e.g. a stone that is thrown, a stream that flows, paper blowing about.

No outside force has to ‘push-start’ growth of a green shoot towards sunlight or a dog to scratch, or YOU to move…. as you are doing right now!

All these things are living, so they move by themselves!

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Objectives

You should be able to:state the difference between movement and

locomotion.explain the importance of movement to plants. describe the different types of movements in

plants.distinguish between growth movements in

plants and movements in animals.

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What is Movement?

Movement is rhythmical progression, resulting in a change of pace, posture, position or place.

All living organisms show movement of one kind or another. They have the innate ability to move substances from one part of their body to another - called internal movement.

Many living organisms also show external movement as well -- they can move various body parts, or move their entire body from place to place, i.e. locomotion.

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Plants move to…

Find water/soil nutrients, and hold leaves to get

maximum sunlightSeek and capture food

Obtain support

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Plants move to…

Protect themselves from damage from: touch/pressure, or sudden

temperature change

Disperse seeds

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Movement in Plants

Unlike many animals, plant movement is non-locomotory.

Movement is confined to specific plant parts (e.g.stems/roots) and is not always obvious because it is very slow.

Plant movements are often related to growth. Watch the video from this website:

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zmxY6aD7ltM

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Movement in Plants

Tropisms are directional growth responses to an external, unilateral stimulus.Tropic growth movements cannot be reversed!

Tropic growth movements are caused by chemicals called auxins that are produced in stem and root tips and cause selective cell growth and elongation which will result in either overall growth or growth curvatures of plant parts affected by the auxins.

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Types of Tropisms

Positive or negative growth movements occur in response to various stimuli as follows:◦chemotropism – chemicals ◦geo- or gravi -tropism – gravity ◦hydrotropism – water◦phototropism – light◦thigmotropism – touch

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Types of Tropisms Shoots grow upwards, whatever the

orientation of the rest of the plant.

Positive phototropism = positive upward growth movement in response to light.

Negative gravitropism or geotropism = negative growth movement in response to the downward pull of gravity.

What + ve and/or – ve growth movement is this stem showing?

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Types of Tropisms

Roots normally grow downwards, in spite of the orientation of the rest of the plant.

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Positive gravitropism or geotropism = positive downward growth in response to gravity.

Negative phototropism = negative growth response to light.

Click on ‘Cool Corn Phototropism’ then ‘Coleus Shoot Gravitropism’ at the website: http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion/movements/tropism/tropisms.html

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Nastic Plant Movements

Plant movement can also be a non-directional response to a stimulus, called a nastic movement.

Plant parts (e.g. leaves and leaf structures, flowers, fruits) respond to touch, light, temperature changes and humidity e.g. by opening/closing/folding or bursting to disperse seeds etc.

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Nastic Movements

Visit these websites and click open and watch examples of plants showing nastic movements.◦ http://plantsinmotion.bio.indiana.edu/plantmotion/movements/nastic/nastic.html◦ www.jagatjorajaal.com/time_lapse.html

(“Sleep Movements” of the Morning glory flowers)

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Movement in Plants vs Animals

Like plants, invertebrate animals such as sea anemones, adult sponges and corals, move body parts only and are non-locomotory. These movements are somewhat like nastic movements in plants since they are temporary and reversible. For example, below left -sea anemones can open/close tentacles.

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Movement in Plants vs Animals

Like plants, many invertebrates move in response to light, moisture, chemicals, temperature changes and, additionally, to magnetic and electrical fields. Their movement differs from that of plants, because the animal’s entire body moves about from place to place = locomotion.

Such animals move about with the aid of cilia, flagella, false ‘legs/feet’, hydrostatic pressure against their body wall, or they may have an exoskeleton that enables muscle attachment for locomotion.

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MOVEMENT IN HIGHER ANIMALSModule 3 Unit 9 Lesson 2

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Introduction

If we want to now if an organism is a living animal, we usually observe it or prod it to see if it moves. This is because, in response to stimuli, all animals move various body parts and many can also carry on locomotion.

In animals, movement and locomotion usually involves the action of muscles (contractile tissue).

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Objectives

You should be able to:discuss the importance of locomotion in

animals.describe movement in animals.differentiate between growth movements

in plants and locomotion in animals.

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Importance of Locomotion

Locomotion is a common response to all kinds of stimuli. Animals to:

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move about

Escape danger

Protect themselves from damage from pressure,

pain, or sudden temperature changes

Find a mate andto reproduce

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Animals move about to …

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Why else would the ability to move about be important to animals?

Seek and capture food

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• To seek shelter, a suitable habitat/climate; • To avoid competition for food/water, living space etc.

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Muscles move you!

Muscles help animals such as dogs, whales, spiders, snakes, worms, flies and humans to move from place to place.

Muscles also move body parts and things inside the animal’s body.

In fact, no animal could move anything inside or outside of its body if there were no muscles. Without muscles, you wouldn't be alive for very long!

Muscles move you from place to place! Adapted from: http://www.primaryresources.co.uk/science/powerpoint/Moving_Around.ppt#259,2,What do muscles do?

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Types of Muscles

Humans and other mammals have different types of muscles in their body: Involuntary muscle:

◦ smooth muscle – found in inner organs e.g. arteries, intestines, bladder

◦ cardiac muscle – found only in the heart Voluntary muscle:

◦ skeletal muscle – attached to the skeleton

Read about muscles at this website: http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/skeletalsmoothandcardiac/heart_beat.shtml

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Movement in ‘Higher’ Animals

Vertebrate animals have a skeleton. They carry out both movement and locomotion, often using specialized organs e.g. fins, wings, arms/legs, tails and their body muscles, to get from place to place.

The type of body parts used are modified to suit the medium through or in which the animal normally moves. Many vertebrates have several methods of locomotion, all relying on the skeleton.

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http://media.photobucket.com/image/moving%20animals/myknsj/Nature/thgwshark_r.gif?o=177

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THE HUMAN SKELETONModule 3 Unit 9 Lesson 3

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ObjectivesYou should be able to:1. list the functions of the human skeleton.2. identify and name the parts of the human

skeleton.3. distinguish between cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.4. identify bones of a fore/hind limb.

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The Skeleton

Vertebrates have a jointed skeleton inside their bodies. It carries out these functions: provides surfaces for muscle attachment, and has joints

and so enables movement and locomotion. acts as a framework, gives shape and supports the softer

parts of the body. protects delicate internal organs. acts as a store for minerals and fats. in humans, produces blood cells.

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Visit this website to learn about various bones of the skeleton >>http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/skeleton_anatomy.shtml (Interactive skeleton – Click the labels)

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Types of Bones in the Human Skeleton

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Long bone - femur

Flat bone - scapula

Short bones -

Irregular bone - vertebrae

The adult human skeleton consists of 206 bones.

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The Human Skeleton

The adult human skeleton is divided into:- axial skeleton (180 bones)- appendicular skeleton (26 bones),

comprising the limbs and limb girdles.

Name the parts of the axial skeleton, shown on the next slide.

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CHECK

skull, backbone, rib cage and breastbone

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Human Axial Skeleton

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Along body axis

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A look at the Spine

1. Look at the image of the vertebral column on the right.

2. Watch the video from

http://www.sciencekids.co.nz/videos/humanbody/spine.html

3. State the number of bones in each of the regions and how the bones are connected to each other.

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Parts of a Vertebra

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Much of the variety in movement shown by humans is due to the structure of the vertebral column.

Look at the parts of a ‘typical’ vertebra. Learn to draw and annotate a ‘typical’ vertebra.

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Comparing Vertebrae

1. View the videos at the websites below.2. Discuss and use the variations in structure to distinguish

cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. 3. Look at and draw actual vertebrae!

◦ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APkRecJcQEA&feature=related (Cervical, Thoracic vertebra and ribs – 5:04 mins. long)

◦ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9nMjxGegQws&NR=1 (Lumbar vertebra and Sacrum/Coccyx – 3:38 mins. long)

4. Now, test yourself. Turn off the sound and name the parts shown by the arrows.

◦ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fY6Mm3DPEqw&feature=related

To check your answers, replay with sound turned on!

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Appendicular Skeleton

Can you name the bones of this part of the skeleton?

Go to this website to learn the bones of the appendicular skeleton http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jWyUwv8mfMo&feature=related

How does the appendicular skeleton relate to the axial skeleton?

Talk about it with your teacher

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START ANIMATION

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Activity: Looking at long bones1. Look at the diagram to see how

the Humerus and other long bones of the fore arm relate to the shoulder girdle.

2. Examine actual bones and find the same parts.

3. Check the parts of these long bones at this website http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xXAvjsGhW9A&feature=related (Watch Humerus from 0:00 – 2: 28 mins; Ulna from 2:29 – 3:23; articulation of ulna with Humerus- up tp 4:25; and Radius from 4:25 – 5:02 mins.)

4. Learn to draw, label and annotate each bone.

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Did You Know?

1. Hold your right forearm with your left hand. 2. Then rotate your right wrist -- palm up and3. then palm down. What do you feel?

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CHECK

You will feel the radius and ulna bones in your right arm twisting and rotating.

1. The radius is on the lateral (thumb) side.2. The radius is bigger and longer than the ulna

which is on the inside or medial side, closest to the body. Your elbow is actually the tip of the ulna, called the olecranon process.

Click here to try an activity.

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Long bones of the human hind limb (leg)

1. Visit these websites to get information about the long bones that make up the human hind limbs.

◦ http://www.righthealth.com/topic/Femur/overview/youtube?vid=1&channel=sem (The Femur – identifying parts – 1:27 mins. long)

◦ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3SOLiU0ds9s&feature=related ◦ (The Tibia and Fibula – 1:15 mins. long)

2. Pick various bones from ‘The Bone Box’ at this website and label the numbered parts on each. http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/meded/grossanatomy/learnem/bones/main_bone.htm

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JointsModule 3 Unit 9 Lesson 4

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Bones and

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The bones of the human skeleton are rigid structures which cannot bend to allow movement. So, voluntary or skeletal muscles are attached to the rigid bones. To enable the functions of movement and locomotion, two or more bones of the skeleton have points of articulation called joints.

Introduction

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Objectives

You should be able to:1. list the types of joints present in the human

body.2. describe the action at moveable joints.3. use diagrams to describe the behaviours of

antagonistic muscles.

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JointsJoints occur where two or more bones articulate

with each other. Some joints allow free movement; some allow

partial movement, some are fused or fixed and immoveable (sutures).

Voluntary muscles act together to cause movement at some joints.

Discuss the types of moveable joints shown on the next slide. Arrows show direction of movement at each joint.

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Types of Joints

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Movement at Joints

Visit the following websites to see the kinds of movement at various joints:◦ http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/j

oints/hinge_joint.shtml◦ http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/j

oints/slightly_movable_joint.shtml◦ http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/j

oints/ball_and_socket_joint.shtmlClick open each type of joint, listed at left

webpage, then click the control arrows to see how that joint moves.

Discuss the structure of moveable joints using the diagram on the next slide.

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Structure of Moveable Joints

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A Moveable Joint

A moveable joint contains synovial fluid, which is a thick, stringy fluid found in the joint cavity. The fluid reduces friction between the articular cartilage and other tissues in the joint, by lubricating and cushioning them during movement when it is squeezed out mechanically to maintain a layer of fluid on the cartilage surface.

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Voluntary Muscles

Some muscles are known as "voluntary" -- that is, they only work when you specifically ‘tell’ them to.

All the muscles that are attached to the skeleton are voluntary (or skeletal) muscles.

Can you think of some movements that involve voluntary muscles?

Read about skeletal muscles at this website:http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/factfiles/workinpairs/biceps_animation.shtml

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CHECK

e.g. clapping, lifting your leg/arm, nodding, dancing, writing and so on.

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How do Voluntary Muscles Work?

To cause movement, muscles contract and then relax.

It is really the individual cells that make up voluntary muscles that contract and shorten and then relax back to their original size.

There are two sets of voluntary or skeletal muscles attached to most of your bones. They work in antagonistic pairs – when one contracts, the other is relaxed and vice versa.

Tendons attach muscles to the bones; muscles contract, pull on the bones and so they move.

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Activity

Watch the three short videos on joints at this website:

http://www.kidport.com/Reflib/Science/HumanBody/SkeletalSystem/video/JointStructureVideo.htm

The video shows how muscles work with bones across a joint.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jxk5tFiGVSE&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B4EBMZoX1b4&NR=1

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On Your Own

Get comprehensive information about joints from PowerPoint presentations at this website: http://www.stacs.org/opencms/opencms/faculties/physical_education/resources/y12/JOINTS.ppt

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