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Principles of Biology I 1
Biology 204
Principles of Biology I
Assignment 1C
For students with first names starting with the
letters O to Z.
This assignment is graded out of 110 points, and is
worth 10% of your final mark. Please submit this
assignment after you have completed Chapter 7 and
before you write the midterm exam.
A. Definition/Comparison Questions
Instructions: In your own words, define the pairs of
terms given below. Write in complete sentences,
stating the differences and relationships between the
two terms, and give specific examples where
appropriate.
A complete answer usually requires four to eight
sentences.
Each question is worth four marks, for a total of 40
marks.
1. evolution / selection
2. exergonic / exothermic
3. allosteric inhibition / feedback inhibition
4. peripheral membrane proteins / integral membrane
proteins
5. prokaryotic / eukaryotic
6. enzymes / ribozymes
7. active membrane transport / passive membrane
transport
8. ATP / ADP
9. alcohol fermentation / lactate fermentation
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10. light dependent reactions / light independent
reactions
Principles of Biology I 3
B. Short Answer/Short Essay Questions
Instructions: Answer each of the questions given
below in your own words. Write in complete sentences
where appropriate. A complete answer usually requires
one to two sentences per mark, so a three-mark
question would be answered in three to six sentences.
This section is worth a total of 40 marks.
(6 marks) 1. Explain the theory of endosymbiosis. What is the
evidence in favour
of this theory?
(4 marks) 2. What is the panspermia hypothesis? What evidence
supports it?
(6 marks) 3. Compare and contrast the types of molecules
transported by simple
diffusion, by osmosis, and by facilitated
diffusion. How are these
types of movement different from active transport?
(4 marks) 4. Currently the earth’s atmosphere has more than 20%
oxygen.
What is the origin of that oxygen, and how has the
content of
the atmosphere changed over time?
(3 marks) 5. Describe the structure, organization, and
functions of microtubules.
(3 marks) 6. What is a sodium-potassium pump?
(6 marks) 7. What is glycolysis? Describe input and output and
the two major phases.
(3 marks) 8. What is uncoupling? How is it used physiologically
by some organisms?
(3 marks) 9. List the main points of the cell theory.
(2 marks) 10. Which property of rubisco leads to the problem
of photorespiration?
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C. Multiple Choice Questions
Instructions: Select the single best answer to each
of the questions given below. Each question is worth
one mark, for a total of 30 marks.
1. Which of the following statements about the
damaging effects of light and UV radiation is NOT
correct?
a. Proteins of the photosynthesis apparatus may
become damaged by radiation.
b. Ozone prevents UV-A and UV-B radiation from
reaching the surface of the Earth.
c. Ultraviolet radiation may ionize important
molecules like DNA.
d. Melanin prevents radiation damage by absorbing
UV radiation.
e. Carotenoids have a protective function for
photosystems.
2. Ommatidia are
a. single cells that act as photoreceptors.
b. eyespots in some protists.
c. crucial pigments of photosynthesis.
d. organs that produce bioluminescence.
e. units of compound eyes of insects.
3. Which of the following statements about
bioluminescence is correct?
a. It is only found in marine organisms.
b. ATP is produced in the process of
bioluminescence.
c. Energy input is required.
d. A large amount of heat is produced.
e. Bioluminescence is triggered by UV radiation.
4. Which of the following properties does NOT apply
to viruses?
a. They have their own metabolism.
b. They have nucleic acids (DNA or RNA).
c. They can evolve.
Principles of Biology I 5
d. They can reproduce.
e. They can infect living cells.
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5. Which of the following structures are absent in
bacteria?
a. ribosomes
b. cell walls
c. nucleoids
d. mitochondria
e. plasma membranes
6. Which of the following is NOT true for bacteria?
a. They have a higher surface-volume ratio than
eukaryotes.
b. They are more versatile than eukaryotes with
regard to metabolism.
c. They use ATP for energy storage.
d. They have an extensive endomembrane system.
e. They have electron transport chains.
7. Which of the following answers is NOT true for
photoautotrophs?
a. They use organic substances as a carbon source.
b. They use light as an energy source.
c. They include plants.
d. They include some photosynthetic bacteria.
e. They require CO2.
8. Which of the following argument(s) support(s) the
idea of evolution?
a. All organisms have the same genetic code.
b. All organisms use ATP as their energy currency.
c. All cells have membranes with lipid bilayers.
d. Islands have a unique assemblage of species
originating from adaptive radiation.
e. all of the above
9. At the equator, the sun shines directly overhead
a. in March.
b. in June.
c. in December.
d. in summer.
Principles of Biology I 7
e. throughout the year.
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10. Which of the following statements about entropy
is FALSE?
a. Entropy refers to the second law of
thermodynamics.
b. To increase entropy, energy must be used.
c. Organisms eat food to maintain low entropy.
d. Entropy is a measure of disorder.
e. The entropy of the universe is constantly
increasing.
11. Which of the following factors influence(s) the
performance of an enzyme?
a. pH
b. temperature
c. activators
d. inhibitors
e. all of the above
12. How is ATP used in most cell processes?
a. It binds to a substrate and provides energy
when the phosphate group is released.
b. indirectly, by providing electrons to an
acceptor
c. Hydrolysis of ATP is coupled to an endergonic
reaction.
d. It increases the efficiency of some key
enzymes.
e. none of the above
13. Enzymes function by
a. lowering the activation energy required.
b. changing the shape of a substrate.
c. bringing reactants together.
d. exposing a substrate to positive or negative
charges.
e. all of the above.
14. Which of the following is TRUE about enzymes?
a. They lower the ΔG of a substrate.
b. They usually have a carbohydrate component.
Principles of Biology I 9
c. They supply free energy to a reaction.
d. They can be affected by temperature.
e. all of the above
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15. Which of the following statements about ATP is
NOT true?
a. The concentration of ATP in cells is much
higher than that of ADP.
b. The hydrolysis of ATP is an exergonic reaction.
c. The synthesis of ATP is endergonic.
d. The cell continuously regenerates ATP from ADP.
e. When coupled to an endergonic reaction, most of
the free energy of ATP is released as heat.
16. Which of the following statements about osmosis
is NOT correct?
a. It occurs across a membrane.
b. It is a special form of diffusion.
c. Only water flows across a membrane.
d. In hypertonic surroundings, water will flow
into cells.
e. Osmosis is based on a concentration difference.
17. Which of the following is NOT true about channel
proteins?
a. Substances move along a concentration gradient.
b. They are integral membrane proteins.
c. Movement of substances is based on diffusion.
d. Energy is required to move substances through
the channel protein.
e. Ions can move through channel proteins.
18. Which term would you associate most with
facilitated diffusion?
a. proton pumps
b. Ca2+ pumps
c. Na+/K+ pumps
d. carrier proteins
e. electrochemical gradient
19. Which process CANNOT move particles, water, or
solutes into a cell?
a. osmosis
b. phagocytosis
Principles of Biology I 11
c. pinocytosis
d. exocytosis
e. receptor-mediated endocytosis
20. Which term would you associate with exchange
diffusion?
a. osmosis
b. active transport
c. facilitated diffusion
d. passive transport
e. peripheral membrane protein
21. Which of the following is NOT true for
fermentation?
a. It produces less energy than aerobic
respiration.
b. It uses excess NAD+ to regenerate NADH.
c. It includes glycolysis.
d. It does not include an electron transport
chain.
e. Oxygen is not the terminal electron acceptor.
22. The citric acid cycle take place
a. in the chloroplasts.
b. in the cytosol.
c. in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
d. between the two mitochondrial membranes.
e. in the mitochondrial matrix.
23. Which of the following terms does NOT apply to
chemiosmosis?
a. glycolysis
b. proton-motive force
c. oxidative phosphorylation
d. ATP synthase
e. inner mitochondrial membrane
24. The high concentration of protons in the
intermembrane space of mitochondria originates
from
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a. glycolysis.
b. pyruvate oxidation.
c. reactions in the electron transport chain.
d. synthesis of ATP.
e. all of the above.
Principles of Biology I 13
25. Which of the following substances is/are involved
in the regulation of aerobic respiration?
a. ATP
b. citrate
c. NADH
d. AMP
e. all of the above
26. In the absence of the light reactions of
photosynthesis, which components would be required
to make the Calvin cycle proceed?
a. water and light
b. chlorophyll a
c. ATP and NADPH
d. only NADPH
e. carotenoids and chlorophyll
27. Which of the following is NOT correct for
rubisco?
a. It is the most abundant enzyme.
b. It catalyzes two different reactions.
c. It is involved in photorespiration.
d. It is not used by CAM plants.
e. It is not efficient in fixing CO2.
28. Which of the following is NOT true for CAM
plants?
a. They lack bundle sheath cells.
b. They do not use the Calvin cycle.
c. They are common in hot, dry environments.
d. PEP carboxylase is a key enzyme.
e. CAM plants prevent photorespiration.
29. Which of the following components is not crucial
for cyclic electron transport in photosynthesis?
a. photosystem I
b. photosystem II
c. light
d. ferredoxin
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e. plastocyanin
30. To produce two molecules of O2, how many photons
must be absorbed through photosynthesis?
a. 4
b. 8
c. 16
d. 32
e. none of the above
— End of Assignment 1C —
