BIOENRGY FOR

VILLAGES

BIO-FUEL SOURCES,

CHARACTERISTICS,

CLASSIFICATION, PROPERTIES,

CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING TREE

SPECIES FOR ENERGY

PLANTATIONS , EXAMPLES

Energy Services,

Pumping, Lighting,

Cooking, Heating,

↑

↑

Impact on

economy

Electricity,

Fuels,

Cogeneration

↑

Equity

Social Structures

Empowerment

↑

Biomass

Conversion

Systems ↑

Environment

[Grow biomass,

develop

conversion

system, make

energy services

available. ]

SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT

BIOMASS

PRODUCTION 2

• On a global basis, biomass contributes about 14% of the world's energy (55EJ or 25 M barrels oil equivalent). This offsets 1.1 Pg C of net CO2 emissions annually.

• Biomass based energy in developing countries: About 90% in countries such as Nepal, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda About 45% in India, 28% in China and Brazil

Current contribution- biofuels

3

•It is 14% in Austria, 20% in Finland and 18% in

Sweden.

•It represents about 4% of the primary energy use

in both the EU and USA.

• In the EU this is equivalent to 2 EJ/year of the

estimated total consumption of 54 EJ. Estimates

show a likely potential in Europe in 2050 of 9.0-

13.5 EJ depending on land areas, yields, and

recoverable residues, representing about 17-30%

of projected total energy

Current contribution - In European

industrial countries / EU /USA:

4

Share of bio-energy in primary

energy consumption in India

In India, the share of bio-energy was

estimated at around 36 % to 46 % of the

total primary energy consumption in 1991

[Ravindranath and Hall, 1995], and has come down

to around 27 % in 1997 [Ravindranath et al., 2000].

5

Rural India & bio-energy

Before the advent of fossil fuels, energy needs for

all activities were met by renewable sources such as

solar, biomass, wind, animal and human muscle

power.

It is interesting to note that in rural India, traditional

renewables such as biomass and human and animal

energy continue to contribute 80 % of the energy

consumption [MNES, 2001].

6

Technology Energy services provided

Biogas Cooking

• Heating

Electricity (local pumping, milling, lighting,

and possible distribution via utility grid

Producer

gas

Electricity (local pumping, milling, lighting,

and possible distribution via utility grid)

• Heating

Ethanol /

Bio-diesel

• Vehicle transportation

• Cooking

Boiler +

Steam

turbine

• Electricity (for industrial processing)

• Heating process heat

Biofuel +

Gas turbine

• Electricity (for industrial processing)

• Heating process heat

7

Biomass is called "the poor woman’s oil,"

since women (and children) in rural areas

spend time collecting daily fuel wood needs

and suffer the brunt of indoor air pollution

caused by direct combustion of biomass for

cooking and heating.

8

Fuel wood Cook stoves & indoor

air pollution:

58 percent of all human exposure to

particulate air pollution is estimated to

occur indoors in rural areas of

developing countries

9

Biomass production through sustained

agriculture benefits to the rural poor:

Bioenergy feedstocks can be produced in

conjunction with — food, fodder, fuel wood,

construction materials, artisan materials,

other agricultural crops, etc. Feedstock

production can help restore the environment

on which the poor depend for their

livelihoods:

10

As a byproduct of agriculture, tree growing for

multiple use, biomass is environment friendly:

• Re-vegetating barren land,

• protecting watersheds and harvesting

rainwater,

• providing habitat for local species, stabilising

slopes or river banks, or

• reclaiming waterlogged and salinated soils.

11

Present problems in use of bio-

fuels

Traditional biomass use is characterized by

low efficiency of devices, scarcity of fuel-

wood, drudgery associated with the devices

used,

environmental degradation (such as forest

degradation) and low quality of life.

12

Bio-energy activities can provide locally

produced energy sources to:

pump water for drinking and irrigation,

light homes, schools, and health clinics,

improve communication and access to

information,

provide energy for local enterprises, and

ease pressure on fuel wood resources.

13

Biomass Utilization in Industrialized

Countries:

Converted into electricity and

process heat in cogeneration systems

(combined heat and power production)

at industrial sites or at municipal district

heating facilities.

Thus both produces a greater variety of

electricity (a few megawatts at an

average-sized facility) and process

steam to meet the processing needs of

a mill. 14

•Modern ‘B E T’ offer opportunities to

conserve biomass through efficiency

improvements, and for conversion to

electricity and liquid and gaseous fuels.

• Bio-energy technologies based on

sustained biomass supply are carbon

neutral and lead to net CO2 emission

reduction if used to substitute fossil fuels.

Develop: Modern Bio Energy

Technologies [BET]

15

•Biomass productivity can be improved

with good management, as in many

places now it is low, being much less

than 5 t / ha / year for woody species.

SCOPE FOR DEVLOPMENT OF

BIOMASS SOURCES:

16

•Increased productivity is the key to

both providing competitive costs and

•better utilization of available land.

•Advances have included the

identification of fast-growing species,

breeding successes and

•multiple species opportunities.

17

•Advances have included from new

physiological knowledge of plant growth

processes, and

• manipulation of plants through

biotechnology applications, which could

raise productivity 5 to 10 times over

natural growth rates in plants or trees.

18

Sources of biomass

Primary and secondary sources,

Characteristics, categories,

properties of biomass based

bio-fuels

Sources of bio-fuels

Primary:

Forestry-Dense, Open; Social Forestry

Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, Agroforestry

Marine

Secondary:

Industrial process byproducts, effluents,

Municipal Waste

20

Classification of biomass

based on physicochemical

properties:

WOODY,

NON-WOODY (Agro-residues, cultivated),

WET [AQUEOUS] ORGANIC WASTE

21

WOODY BIOMASS

FORESTS

PLANTATIONS (MULTI- PURPOSE TREES)

TREES FROM VILLAGE COMMON LANDS

HYDROCARBON PLANTS

TREES BEARING NONEDIBLE OIL SEEDS

22

Agro-residue, Mil.T/annum Agro-residue India, T.Nadu,

Wheat Straw 83.3 9.2

Rice Husk 39.8 3.3

Maize Cobs 2.8 -

Pearl Millet straw 90.6 -

Sugar Cane Bagasse 93.4 -

Coconut shell 3.4 0.4

Coconut pith 3.4 -

Groundnut shells 2.6 0.6

Cotton Stalks 27.3 0.8

Jute Stalks 2.7 -

23

WET ORGANIC WASTE

ANIMAL MANURE, SLUDGE

WASTE STARCH & SUGAR SOLUTIONS

DOMESTIC GARBAGE [MSW]

FOOD PROCESSING INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS

NONEDIBLE OILS FROM SEEDS & ANIMAL FATS

HYDROCARBON LATEX FROM TREES

24

Physical Properties of Solid Bio-

fuels for combustion:

Moisture Content,

Particle Size and Size distribution

Bulk Density & Specific gravity

Higher Heating Value

25

26

27

Developments that may influence the future of woodfuels

include, further changes in energy and environmental

policies that aim to promote the use of non-fossil fuels and the

efforts to mitigate global warming. The changes in energy and

environmental policies have already started, in developed

countries in Europe and North America with the pressure to

reduce carbon emissions to mitigate climate change. Climate

change might provide an opportunity for developing countries

to develop less carbon-intensive energy systems, which could

involve the greater use of woodfuels.

28

Chemical Composition of Solid

Bio-fuels for combustion :

Total Ash %,

Solvent soluble %,

Water Soluble %,

Lignin %,

Cellulose %,

Hemi-cellulose %

29

Chemical composition

Wood is grouped as either hardwood or

softwood.

Softwoods have 40–45% cellulose, 24–

37% hemicellulose and 25–30% lignin.

Hardwoods contain approximately 40–

50% cellulose and 22–40% hemicellulose.

30

Elemental Composition:

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Sulphur

31

32

33

Properties of Wet biomass for

bio-methanation process:

C O D value

B O D value

Total dissolved solids

Volatile solids

34

Forestry, Energy

Plantations and Agro-

forestry

Forestry, Agro-forestry, and Energy Plantations

Current practice in India and future

possibilities

Forest resource base-India

1 % of World's forests on 2.47 % of world's

geographical area

Sustaining 16 % of the world's population and

15 % of its livestock population

Forest area cover—63.3 mill. hectares, is

19.2% of the total geographical area of India.

36

Rural demand for Fuelwood for

cooking

• Use of dung and agricultural waste is

widespread in agriculturally prosperous

regions with fertile soils and controlled

irrigation, such as the Punjab, Haryana, Uttar

Pradesh and northern Bihar, but wood

continues to be the main domestic fuel in less

endowed and poorer regions.

37

•Price Changes: Fuelwood prices in India

increased fast between 1970 and 1985.

•But fuelwood prices have since stabilized.

•The rise in fuelwood prices during the period

1989– 97 was slightly less than the rise in the

wholesale price index (WPI).

38

Forests

1. Tropical dense evergreen forests

2. Tropical semi-evergreen forests

3. Moist deciduous forests

4. Dry deciduous forests

39

Causes of tremendous

pressure on Forest resource

base

Exponential rise in human and livestock population

increasing demand on land allocation to alternative uses such as agriculture, pastures and development activities.

Insufficient availability, poor purchasing power of people in rural areas for commercial fuels like kerosene & LPG

40

• Achieve a minimum of 33 % of total land

area under forest or tree cover from present

19.2% cover.

•Recognize the requirements of local people

for timber, firewood, fodder and other non-

timber forest produce-- as the first charge on

the forests,

• The need for forest conservation on the

broad principles of sustainability and

people’s participation.

The National Forest Policy

41

•In total, 15.5 m. hectare of degraded forest

land has natural root stock available, which

may regenerate given proper management

under the JFM

• 9.5 m. hectare is partially degraded with

some natural rootstock, and another 6 m. ha

is highly degraded.

Joint Forest Management system.

42

•These last two categories together

constitute 15.5 m. hectare,

• which requires treatment through

technology-based

• plantation of fuel, fodder and timber

species with

• substantial investment and

technological inputs. 43

• Fuel-wood and fodder plantations to meet

the requirements of rural and urban

populations.

•Plantations of economically important

species (through use of high-yielding

clones) on refractory areas to meet the

growing timber requirement.

• Supplementing the incomes of the tribal

rural poor through management and

development of non-timber forest products.

JFM-2:The emphasis will be on:

44

• Develop and promoting pasture on suitable

degraded areas.

• Promote development of degraded forests

by adopting, through micro-planning, an

integrated approach on a watershed basis.

JFM-3: The emphasis will be on cont…

45

JFM-4: The emphasis will be on

cont…

• Suitable policy initiatives on rationalization of tree

felling and transit rules, assured buy-back

arrangements between industries and tree

growers, technology extension, and incentives

like easy availability of institutional credit etc.

46

To sum up, tropical India, with its

adequate

sunlight, rainfall, land and labour,

is ideally suitable for tree plantations.

With the enhanced plan outlay for

forestry sector and financial support

from donor agencies, the country will

be able to march ahead towards the

target

of 33 percent forest cover.

Forestry in the New Millennium:

47

Integrates trees with farming, such as lines

of trees with crops growing between them

(alley cropping), hedgerows, living fences,

windbreaks, pasture trees, woodlots, and

many other farming patterns.

Agro-forestry increases biodiversity,

supports wildlife, provides firewood,

fertilizer, forage, food and more, improves

the soil, improves the water, benefits the

farmers, benefits everyone.

Agro-forestry

48

Energy Plantation: Growing trees for

their fuel value

A plantation that is designed or managed and

operated to provide substantial amounts of

usable fuel continuously throughout the year

at a reasonable cost is called an 'energy

plantation‘

‘Wasteland’-- not usable for agriculture and

cash crops, is used for this activity

49

Criteria for energy plantation

Sufficient area of 'Wasteland‘, not usable for

agriculture and cash crops, be made available for

this social forestry activity

Tree species favorable to climate and soil conditions

Combination of harvest cycles and planting densities

that will optimize the harvest of fuel and the

operating cost--12000 to 24000 trees per hectare.

50

Criteria for energy plantation-continued-2

Multipurpose tree species-fuel wood supply &

improve soil condition

Trees that are capable of growing in

deforested areas with degraded soils, and

withstand exposure to wind and drought

Rapid growing legumes that fix atmospheric

nitrogen to enrich soil

51

Criteria for energy plantation-continued-3

Species that can be found in similar

ecological zones

Produce wood of high calorific value that

burn without sparks or smoke

Have other uses in addition to providing fuel

-- multipurpose tree species most suited for

bio-energy plantations or social forestry

52

Tree species for

regions of India

Trees for energy plantations, their

selection basis and utility

Indian TREES / WOOD:

Leucaena leucocephala (Subabul)

Acacia nilotica

Casurina sp

Derris indica (Pongam)

Eucalyptus sp

Sesbania sp

Prosopis juliflora

Azadiracta indica (Neem)

54

HYDROCARBON PLANTS, OIL

PRODUCING SHRUBS:

Hydrocarbon-- Euphorbia group

& Euphorbia Lathyrus

OIL Shrubs-- Euphorbia Tirucali

Soya bean

Sunflower

Groundnut

Jatropha

55

Forage legume = vegetable,

• Regeneration of earthworm populations in a

degraded soil by natural and planted fallows under

humid tropical conditions

• Use of Leucaena leucocephala: Fodder,

fuelwood, erosion control, nitrogen fixation,

alley cropping, staking material

• Ntrogen fixation legume: Due to Leucaena

leucocephala crop wasteland is reclaimed

LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA

[SUBABUL]

56

It makes good yields for green manure.

Leucaena yields fuelwood.

Leucaena has great potential for carbon

sequestration

Leucaena Fixes Nitrogen.

Leucaena is a legume, a tree that fixes nitrogen

from the air. It is a fast growing nitrogen fixing tree

(FGNFT), which can be profitably grown and used

by both small and large farmers.

Leucaena leucocephala

(Subabul)

57

Leucaena produces firewood

Can produce furniture

make paper and fibers for rayon-cellophane

make parquet flooring

make living fence posts

make small woodcraft items

make fertilizer

make livestock feed

create shade for plants and banana crops

58

Neem tree (Azadirachta indica)

Tree used as windbreaks, fuelwood, and silvo-pastoral

systems, for dry zones and infertile, rocky, sandy soils.

The leaves, bark, wood and fruit of the neem either repel

or discourage insect pests; these plant parts are

incorporated into traditional soil preparation, grain storage,

and animal husbandry practices.

Neem-based biological pest control (BPC) products have

been developed. The neem tree can provide an

inexpensive integrated pest management (IPM) resource

for farmers, the raw material for small rural enterprises, or

the development of neem-based industries.

59

JATROPA CURCAS [PHYSIC NUT]

Jatropha curcas [ physic nut], is unique among

biofuels. Jatropha is currently the first choice for

biodiesel. Able to tolerate arid climates, rapidly

growing, useful for a variety of products,

Jatropha can yield up to two tons of biodiesel fuel

per year per hectare.

Jatropha requires minimal inputs, stablizes or even

reverses desertification, and has use for a variety of

products after the biofuel is extracted.

60

Jatropha, continued

What makes Jatropha especially attractive to

India is that it is a drought-resistant and can grow in

saline, marginal and even otherwise infertile soil,

requiring little water and maintenance.

It is hearty and easy to propagate-- a cutting taken

from a plant and simply pushed into the ground will

take root. It grows 5 to 10 feet high, and is capable

of stabilizing sand dunes, acting as a windbreak and

combating desertification. 61

Jatropha projects are documented to be

carried out since 1991 with disappointing

results.

However, there is now more experience,

better expertise about the strengths and

weaknesses and success factors in India

available, even though not yet well compiled.

As well, Jatropha efforts have a much better

Government backing now than ten years

ago.

62

In M.P., Babul ( Acacia nilotica) is the most

sought after wood species due to its high

calorific value. The next most popular are

Dhaoda ( Anogcisum latifolia) and Satputa

( Dalbergia panniculata). These are

cheaper than Babul but are inferior as fuels.

The ideal girth class is 25 to 45 cm, at

which size the logs can be used straight

away. Logs of larger girth have to be split,

demanding more time and expenditure,

while thinner logs burn too quickly. 63

Acacia nilotica: babul

A useful nitrogen fixing tree found wild in the dry areas of tropical Africa and India

plantations are managed on a 15-20 year rotation for fuelwood and timber.

calorific value of 4950 kcal/kg, making excellent fuelwood and quality charcoal. It burns slow with little smoke when dry

The bark of ssp. indica has high levels of tannin (12-20%)

64

Pongamia pinnata

A nitrogen fixing tree for oilseed

Also called as Derris indica, karanga,

Produces seeds containing 30-40% oil.

is a medium sized tree that generally attains

a height of about 8 m and a trunk diameter of

more than 50 cm

natural distribution of pongam is along coasts

and river banks in India and Burma

65

Tamarind (Tamarindus indica)

is a leguminous tree in the family Fabaceae indigenous

to tropical Africa. The genus Tamarindus is a monotypic

taxon, having only a single species.

The tamarind tree produces edible, pod-like fruit which

are used extensively in cuisines around the world. Other

uses include traditional medicine and metal polish. The

wood can be used in carpentry. Because of the

tamarind's many uses, cultivation has spread around the

world in tropical and subtropical zones.

66

The tamarind is a long-lived, medium-growth, bushy

tree, which attains a maximum crown height of 12 to

18 metres (40 to 60 feet).

The crown has an irregular, vase-shaped outline of

dense foliage.

The tree grows well in full sun in clay, loam, sandy,

and acidic soil types, with a high drought and aerosol

salt (wind-borne salt as found in coastal areas)

resistance

67

68

The latex-bearing plants Plumeria alba,

Calotropis procera, Euphorbia nerrifolia, Nerium

indicum, and Mimusops elengi are potential

renewable sources of energy and chemicals.

Plant parts (such as the leaf, stem, and bark) as well

as whole plants may be analyzed for elemental

composition, oil, polyphenol, hydrocarbons, crude

protein, cellulose, lignin, and ash. The plant species

may supplement sources of hydrocarbons and other

phytochemicals in villages.