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CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
& INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN
ENDANGERED SPECIES
» GOMATHI’S
CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY
BIODIVERSITY ?
» variability among living organisms from all sources and the ecosystem
CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (CBD)
» CONVENTION? AGREEMENT
» CBD is a comprehensive, binding agreement covering the use and conservation of biodiversity.
http://www.cbd.int/
HISTORY
UNEP – Ad Hoc working Group of Experts on BD explore need for international CBD
Group – Prepared an international legal instrument for conservation & sustainable
use of BD
1988
1989
Group become Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC)1991
1992 MAY 22 Agreed the text of CBD
Signature at UNCED (Rio Earth Summit)
Enforce into action
1992 JUNE 5
1993 DEC 29
- 22 May, 1992 in Nairobi, Kenya
TEXT OF CBDoPreambleo42 articleso2 Annexures
» 11 Conference Of the Parties ( COP) meetings.
PREAMBLE » Conscious of values & components of BD.» Conservation & maintenance of sustainable use of BD.» Reaffirming sovereign rights & responsibility of BD.» Aware of BD loss by human activities & plan to take
measures.» Need of full participation of women from policy making
to implementation.» Establish strong cooperation among states, regions.. » Provide additional financial resources & relevant
technologies.» Commitment to conserve & sustainable use of BD for
the benefit of present and future generations.
ARTICLES» OBJECTIVES OF CBD:
» Conservation & sustainable use of BD.» Fair & equitable sharing of benefits arising from the
use of genetic resources.» Appropriate access to genetic resources.» Transfer of required technologies.» Appropriate funding.
» USE OF TERMS:
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» "Biological diversity" – the variability among living organisms from all sources including, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems.
» PRINCIPLE:
» States have sovereign right to exploit their biological diversity as per their policies. Previously biodiversity was considered heritage of humankind.
» State is responsible to control their resources without damaging the environment of other states.
3
» JURIDICTIONAL SCOPE: The geographic area over which authority extends
» COOPERATION:
» Each contracting country has to cooperate other countries for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.
» The cooperation can be bilateral or multilateral.» If necessary, any party can ask help from competent
international organizations for arranging cooperation.
4
5
» GENERAL MEASURES FOR CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE (OBLIGATIONS OF THE STATES):
» Develop or adopt national strategies, plans or programmes for the conservation and sustainable use of BD.
» Integrate these plans into sectoral or cross sectoral plans, programmes and policies.
» IDENTIFICATION AND MONITORING
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7
» IN-SITU CONSERVATION:
» EX-SITU CONSERVATION:
» SUSTAINABLE USE OF COMPONENTS OF BD:
» INCENTIVE MEASURES: motivational measures
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9
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» RESEARCH AND TRAINING:
» PUBLIC EDUCATION AND AWARENESS:
» IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MINIMIZING ADVERSE IMPACTS:
» ACCESS TO GENETIC RESOURCES:
12
13
14
15
» ACCESS TO AND TRANSFER OF TECHNOLOGY:
» EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION:
» TECHNICAL AND SCIENTIFIC COOPERATION:
» HANDLING OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION OF ITS BENEFITS
16
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» FINANCIAL RESOURCES
» FINANCIAL MECHANISM
» RELATIONSHIP WITH OTHER INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS:
» CONFERENCE OF PARTIES (COP)
20
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23
» SECRETRAIAT
» SUBSIDIARY BODY ON SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL ADVICE:
» REPORTS:
» SETTLEMENT OF DISPUTES:
24
25
26
27
» ADOPTION OF PROTOCOL
» AMENDMENT OF THE CONVENTION OR PROTOCOLS:
» ADOPTION AND AMENDMENT OF ANNEXES:
» RIGHT TO VOTE:
28
29
30
31
ARTICLE 33. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THIS CONVENTION AND ITS PROTOCOL
ARTICLE 33. SIGNATUREARTICLE 34. RATIFICATION (signing an agreement), ACCEPTANCE OR APPROVAL
ARTICLE 35. ACCESSION (particular period for signature & its extension)ARTICLE 36. ENTRY INTO FORCE
ARTICLE 37. RESERVATIONSARTICLE 38. WITHDRAWALSARTICLE 39. FINANCIAL INTERIM ARRANGEMENTSARTICLE 40. SECRETARIAT INTERIM ARRANGEMENTSARTICLE 41. DEPOSITARYARTICLE 42. AUTHENTIC TEXTS
ANNEX I. IDENTIFICATION AND MONITORINGANNEX II - PART 1. ARBITRATIONANNEX II - PART 2. CONCILIATION
CONFERENCE OF PARTIES (COP)COP PLACE YEAR DOCUMENTS DECISIONS MAJOR THEMES
1 Nassau, Bahamas
28 Nov - 9 Dec 1994
33 13 Guidance to the financial mechanism; Medium-term programme of work;
2 Indonesia 6 - 17 Nov 1995
56 23 Marine and coastal biological diversity; Access to genetic resources; Conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity; Biosafety;
3 Argentina 4 - 15 Nov 1996
112 27 Agricultural biodiversity; Financial resources and mechanism; Identification, monitoring and assessment; Intellectual property rights;
4 Slovakia 4 - 15 May 1998
71 19 Inland water ecosystems; Review of the operations of the Convention; Article 8(j) and related issues (traditional knowledge); Benefit sharing;
EX1 Cartagena, Colombia & Montreal, Canada
22 - 23 Feb 1999 & 24 - 28 Jan 2000
24 3 CARTEGENA PROTOCOL
5 Nairobi, Kenya 15 - 26 May 2000
81 29 Dryland, mediterranean, arid, semi-arid, grassland and savannah ecosystems; Sustainable use, including tourism;
Access to genetic resources;
6 Netherlands 7 - 19 April 2002
114 32 Forest ecosystems; Alien species; Benefit-sharing;
Strategic plan 2002-2010;
7 Malaysia 9 - 20 February
2004
94 36 Mountain ecosystems; Protected areas;
Transfer of technology and technology cooperation.
8 Brazil 20 - 31 March 2006
106 34 Island biodiversity; Biological diversity of dry and sub-humid
lands; Global Taxonomy Initiative;
Access and benefit-sharing (Article 15); Article 8(j) and related provisions;
Communication, education and public awareness (Article 13).
9 Germany 19 - 30 May 2008
110 36 Agricultural, Forest biodiversityGlobal Strategy for Plant Conservation;
Invasive alien species; Incentive measures; Progress in the implementation of the Strategic Plan and progress towards the 2010 traget and relevant Millennium
Development Goals;
10 Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture,
Japan
18 - 29 October
2010
107 47 NAGOYA PROTOCOL
11 India 8 - 19 October
2012
125 33 BD & livelihoodss, integration of value of BD in national planning &accounting
process, strategy for resource mobilization, coastal & marine BD ,
operationalization of Nagoya protocol
International Year of Biodiversity
Goals» Raise awareness of: ˃ the importance of biodiversity˃ accomplishments to save biodiversity
» Promote innovative solutions
» Take immediate steps to reduce the rate of loss of biodiversity
main messages
» Biodiversity is important for human well-being
» The current rate of biodiversity loss is severe, by some accounts up to 100 times the natural rate of extinction
» We need to work together to halt this loss. Many “success stories” point the way to the future
STRATEGY» Provide a global message which offers partners the
chance to highlight their work and activities
» Create information products that highlight success stories and the work of the Convention
» Take advantage of existing international and national events to promote the biodiversity agenda to new audiences and mobilize their support
2010 Biodiversity Target
“To achieve, by 2010, a significant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss at the global, regional and national level, as a contribution to poverty alleviation and to the benefit of all life on Earth”
ADVANTAGES OF CBD» Gene rich countries: have sovereign rights on their BD.» Farming communities: will receive their share from the
benefits of BD.» Future generations: conservation of resources for future
need. » Scientific communities: benefited by conservation and
improvement of genetic resources.
ALL THE PEOPLE WILL BE
BENEFITED
INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN
ENDANGERED SPECIES
INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES
»Wild life trade – big business between countries – leads to endangering of species.
IMPACT OF WILDLIFE TRADE
» Unsustainable trade in wildlife is one of the central threats to biodiversity as it concerns thousands of plant and animal species, and can push them close to extinction.
» This issue affects a wide range of live animals and plants as well as a vast array of products derived from them, including food, fur, leather goods, musical instruments, timber, tourist souvenirs, perfumes, and medicines.
REGULATION OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES
» To regulate this extra efforts, international cooperation are necessary.
» Effective regulation – convention to prevent commercial trade in endangered species
INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN ENDANGERED SPECIES
» CITES
» Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of
Wild Fauna and Flora
INTRODUCTION» CITES is an international convention that
combines wildlife and trade themes with a legally binding instrument for achieving conservation and sustainable use objectives
CITES HISTORY» The largest conservation oriented Convention.
» Resolution adopted by the 8TH General Assembly of IUCN, in Nairobi in 1963.
» Drafting of the text started in 1964.
» The final text was adopted in Washington in 3 March 1973, and entered into force on 1 July 1975.
» Washington Convention
CITES MAP
HOW CITES WORK?» CITES – agreement between governments» The regulation is based upon the appendices :
» Appendix 1» Appendix 2» Appendix 3
&» Regulates the export, re-export and import of live and
dead animals and plants and their parts and derivatives (for listed species only) through a system of permits and certificates
Appendix 1
» Species threatened with extinction
» International (commercial) trade is generally prohibited.
» Almost 530 animal species and 300 plant species
Appendix 2
» Species not threatened with extinction, but trade must be controlled to avoid their becoming threatened.
» International trade is permitted but regulated.
» More than 4,400 animal species and more than 28,000 plant species
Appendix 3
» Species for which a country is asking Parties to help with its protection.
» International trade is permitted but regulated (less restrictive than Appendix II)
» Some 240 animal species and about 40 plant species
PERMITS & CERTIFICATES» Export permits» Import permits» Re-export certificates» Other certificates
HOW CITES HELP?» Designate a Management Authority and a
Scientific Authority
» Prohibit trade in specimens in violation of the Convention
» Penalize such trade
» Allow for elimination of specimens illegally traded or possessed
STRUCTURE OF CITES
THE BENEFITS OF CITES» Effective and consistent international regulation
of trade in wildlife for conservation and sustainable use.
» International cooperation on trade and conservation, legislation and enforcement, resource management, conservation science.
THANK YOU…