BIODIESEL 11

BIODIESEL VIT University

15BIT0257

CLEAN RESPONSIBLE GREEN ENERGY NAME – RATNESH KANUNGO (IT)

Biodiesel refers to a vegetable oil - or animal fat-based diesel fuel consisting of long-chain alkyl (methyl, ethyl, or propyl) esters. Biodiesel is typically made by chemically reacting lipids (e.g., vegetable oil, soybean oil, animal fat (tallow)) with an alcohol producing fatty acid esters.

Biodiesel is a clean

burning renewable fuel

made using natural

vegetable oils and fats.

Biodiesel is made through

a chemical process which

converts oils and fats of

natural origin into fatty

acid methyl esters

(FAME). Biodiesel IS

NOT vegetable oil.

Biodiesel is intended to be

used as a replacement for

petroleum diesel fuel, or

can be blended with

petroleum diesel fuel in

any proportion.

Biodiesel does not require

modifications to a diesel

engine to be used.

Biodiesel has reduced

exhaust emissions

compared to petroleum

diesel fuel.

Biodiesel has lower

toxicity compared to

petroleum diesel fuel.

Biodiesel is safer to handle

compared to petroleum

diesel fuel.

Biodiesel quality is

governed by ASTM D

6751 quality parameters.

Biodiesel is biodegradable.

Biodiesel production is the process of producing the biofuel, biodiesel, through the chemical reactions Trans esterification and esterification.

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BIODIESEL

Biodiesel is made through a chemical process called Trans esterification whereby the glycerin is separated from the fat or vegetable oil.

What is Biodiesel?

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Blends of biodiesel and conventional hydrocarbon-based diesel are products most commonly distributed for use in the retail diesel fuel marketplace. Much of the world uses a system known as the "B" factor to state the amount of biodiesel in any fuel mix

100% biodiesel is referred

to as B100

20% biodiesel, 80% petro

diesel is labeled B20

5% biodiesel, 95% petro

diesel is labeled B5

2% biodiesel, 98% petro

diesel is labeled B2

Blends of 20% biodiesel and lower can be used in diesel equipment with no, or only minor modifications

although certain manufacturers do not extend warranty coverage if equipment is damaged by these blends.

.

DEFINITION

Biodiesel is a diesel-equivalent, processed fuel derived from biological sources. Although it comes from biological sources, it is a processed fuel that can be readily used in diesel-engine vehicles.

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Cleaning Up Oil Spills

Generating Electricity

Heating Your Home

Camping: Cooking and Illumination

Cleaning Up Tools and Grease

Adding Lubricity to Diesel Fuel

Removing Paint and Adhesives

Blends of biodiesel

Application of Biodiesel

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Advantages of biodiesel fuel Compared to other alternative fuels, biodiesel fuel supports some unique features and qualities.

Unlike any other alternative fuels, it has successfully passed all the health effects testing requirements, meeting the standards of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments.

ADVANTAGES

2% Biodiesel can be used in its pure form (B100) or blended with petroleum diesel. Common blends include B2 (2% biodiesel), B5, and B20.

20% Blends of higher levels of up to 20% biofuel are used by many consumers. Research is underway to determine whether such blends affect performance.

Properties

Biodiesel has promising lubricating properties and cetane ratings compared to low sulfur diesel fuels.

• Biodiesel fuel is a renewable energy source unlike petroleum-based diesel. • An excessive production of soybeans in the world makes it an economic way to utilize this surplus for manufacturing the Biodiesel fuel. • One of the main biodiesel fuel advantages is that it is less polluting than petroleum diesel. • The lack of sulfur in 100% biodiesel extends the life of catalytic converters. • Another of the advantages of biodiesel fuel is that it can also be blended with other energy resources and oil. • Biodiesel fuel can also be used in existing oil heating systems and diesel engines without making any alterations. • It can also be distributed through existing diesel fuel pumps, which is another biodiesel fuel advantage over other alternative fuels. • The lubricating property of the biodiesel may lengthen the lifetime of engines.

Use of blends above B5

not yet approved by many

auto makers

Lower fuel economy and

power (10% lower for

B100, 2% for B20)

Currently more expensive

B100 generally not

suitable for use in low

temperatures

Concerns about B100's

impact on engine

durability

Slight increase in nitrogen

oxide emissions possible in

some circumstances

BIODIESEL 11

Biodiesel is advantageous FOR MORE INFORMATION

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Environmental Benefits

Biodiesel contains virtually no sulfur or aromatics, and use of biodiesel in a conventional diesel engine results in substantial reduction of unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulate matter. A U.S. Department of Energy study showed that the production and use of biodiesel, compared to petroleum

diesel, resulted in a 78.5% reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. Moreover, biodiesel has a positive energy balance. For every unit of energy needed to produce a gallon of biodiesel, at least 4.5 units of energy are gained.

Energy Security Benefits

With agricultural commodity prices approaching record lows, and petroleum prices approaching record highs, it is clear that more can be done to utilize domestic surpluses of vegetable oils while enhancing our energy security. Because biodiesel can be manufactured using existing industrial production capacity, and used with conventional equipment, it provides substantial opportunity for immediately addressing our energy security issues.

Economic Benefits

The biodiesel industry has contributed significantly to the domestic economy. The 51,893 jobs that are currently supported by the US biodiesel industry reflect the beginning of the industry’s potential to create jobs and economic growth in the US economy. Biodiesel has added $4.287 billion to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Biodiesel has the potential to support more than 78,000 jobs by 2012. A stable, thriving biodiesel industry is necessary if the U.S. is to eventually benefit from the commercial scale production of algal-based biofuels. The NBB estimates that for every 100 million gallons of biodiesel that is produced from algae, 16.455 jobs will be created and $1.461 billion will be added to the GDP.

Quality Benefits

Biodiesel is registered as a fuel and fuel additive with the EPA and meets clean diesel standards established by the California Air Resources Board (CARB). B100 (100 percent biodiesel) has been designated as an

alternative fuel by the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Department of Transportation. Moreover, in December 2001, the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) approved a specification (D675) for biodiesel fuel. This development was crucial in standardizing fuel quality for biodiesel in the U.S. market. As of 2008, there is a specification for B6-B20, and up to B5 is included in the diesel fuel specification (D 975).

The biodiesel industry also utilizes a voluntary quality management certification program for biodiesel producers, marketers, and laboratories called the BQ-9000 Program. The BQ-9000 Program combines internationally accepted quality management principles with the ASTM biodiesel fuel specification to help ensure that customers and end users get the highest quality fuel possible. The National Biodiesel Accreditation Commissions issues ‘BQ-9000 Marketer,’‘BQ-9000 Producer’ and 'BQ-9000 lab' certifications for biodiesel marketers and/or producers and biodiesel testing laboratories that have met all requirements of quality management system certification program. BQ-9000 companies are subject to

annual third-party audits to verify their continued compliance with the program requirements. The BQ-9000 program provides added assurance to customers, as well as engine manufacturers, that the biodiesel marketed by these companies meets the ASTM standards for biodiesel and that the fuel supplier will stand behind its products.

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Easy to Use One of the great advantages of biodiesel is that it can be used in existing engines, vehicles and infrastructure with practically no changes.

Engine and Vehicles All diesel engines and vehicles can use biodiesel or biodiesel blends.

Advantages of Biodiesel

Produced from Renewable Resources: Biodiesel is a renewable energy source unlike other petroleum products that will vanish in years to come. Since it is made from animal and vegetable fat, it can be produced on demand and also causes less pollution than petroleum diesel.

Can be Used in existing Diesel Engines: One of the main advantage of using biodiesel is that can be used in existing diesel engines with little or no modifications at all and can replace fossil fuels to become the

most preferred primary transport energy source. Biodiesel can be used in 100% (B100) or in blends with petroleum diesel. For e.g.: B20 is called as 20% blend of biodiesel with 80% diesel fuel. It improves engine lubrication and increases engine life since it is virtually sulphur free.

Less Greenhouse Gas Emissions (e.g., B20 reduces CO2 by 15%): Fossil fuels when burnt release greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide in the atmosphere that raises the temperature and causes global warming. To protect the environment from further heating up, many people have adopted the use of biofuels. Experts believe that using biodiesel instead of petroleum diesel can reduce greenhouse gases up to 78%.

Grown, Produced and Distributed Locally: Fossil fuels are limited and may not be able to fulfill our demand for coal, oil and natural gas after a certain period. Biodiesel can work as an alternative form of fuel and can reduce our dependence on foreign suppliers of oil as it is produced from domestic energy crops. It is produced in local refineries which reduce the need to import expensive finished product from other countries.

Cleaner Biofuel Refineries: When oil is extracted from underground, it has to be refined to run diesel engines. You can’t use it straight away in the crude form. When it is refined, it releases many chemical compounds including benzene and butadiene in the environment which are harmful for animals, plants and human life. Biofuel refineries, which mainly uses vegetable and animal fat into biofuel releases less toxic chemicals, if spilled or released to the environment.

Biodegradable and Non-Toxic: When Biofuels are burnt, they

produce significantly less carbon output and few pollutants. As compared to petroleum diesel, biodiesel produces less soot (particulate matter), carbon monoxide, unburned hydrocarbons, and sulfur dioxide. Flashpoint for biodiesel is higher than 150°C whereas the same is about 52°C for petroleum diesel, which makes it less combustible. It is therefore safe to handle, store and transport.

Better Fuel Economy: Vehicles that run on biodiesel achieve 30% fuel economy than petroleum based diesel engines which means it makes fewer trips to gas stations and run more miles per gallon.

Positive Economic Impact: Biofuels are produced locally and thousands of people are employed in biofuel production plant. Since biodiesel is produced from crops, an increase in demand for biodiesel leads to increase in demand for suitable biofuel crops. Moreover, it creates less emission by reducing the amount of suspended particles in the air. This reduces the cost of healthcare products.

Reduced Foreign Oil Dependence: With locally produced biofuels, many countries have reduced their dependence on fossil fuels. It may not solve all problems in one blow but a nation can save billions by reducing their usage on foreign oil.

More Health Benefits: Air pollution cause more deaths and diseases than any other form of pollution. Pollutants from gasoline engines when released in the air, form smog and make thousands of people sick every year. Biodiesel produce less toxic pollutants than other petroleum products.

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Biodiesel is renewable and clean burning fuel as environmental friendly. It can be advantageous fuel to use as it is Eco-friendly, biodegradable, more positive towards our health. Biodiesel is the most promising fuel in the near future as an alternative to fossil diesel. Despite of its advantages, it still has some disadvantages such as source for massive feedstock, relatively poor low-temperature properties, increase in NOx emissions, etc. These issues should be sorted out before biodiesel is applied into diesel engines in a large scale. Therefore, in-depth studies on the application of biodiesel into diesel engines are necessary. Blending of biodiesel in diesel offers great opportunities for environment protection and rural economy development. Genetic improvement of particular species should be taken as future aspects.

BIODIESEL VIT

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