Biochemistry 2

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Biochemistry The Scope of Biochemistry

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Introduction


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Revolution in biological sciences:Biochemistry becomes the heart of this revolution.


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Designing Molecules

6-Mercaptopurine 3‘Azido-2’,3’-dideoxythymidine (AZT) Isoproterenol



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Two factors for the contribution: Living matter obeys the same fundamental physical

and chemical laws that govern all matter. Powerful new research techniques are discovered.



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What is Biochemistry ?


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Goals of Biochemistry

Describe structure, organization, function of cells in molecular terms.

Structural Chemistry Metabolism Molecular Genetics


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Roots of Biochemistry (Figure 1.3) Wohler's synthesis of urea Buchners' fermentation of sugar from yeast extracts Sumner's crystallization of urease Flemming's discovery of chromosomes Mendel's characterization of genes Miescher's isolation of nucleic acids Watson and Crick's structure of DNA



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Biochemistry as a Discipline and an interdisciplinary science :

Organic chemistry Biophysics Medical research Nutrition Microbiology Physiology Cell biology genetics


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Biochemistry as a Chemical Science

Amino acids Sugars Lipids Nucleotides Vitamins Hormones


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Chemical Elements of Living Matter (Figure 1.4, Table 1.1)



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Monomers/Polymers (Figure 1.7) Sugar/Polysaccharide Nucleotide/Nucleic Acids Amino acid/Polypeptides (Figure 1.6)

Biological Molecules



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Biochemistry as a Biological Science


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Distinguishing Characteristics of Living Matter

Constant renewal of a highly ordered structure accompanied by an increase in complexity of that structure

Overcoming entropy requires energy Life is self-replicating


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Unit of Biological Organization: The Cell (Figure 1.8, Figure 1.9)

Prokaryotes (Table 1.2)

Eubacteria Archaebacteria

Eukaryotes (Compartmentalization of organelles) (Figure 1.11, Figure 1.13)



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Windows on Cellular Functions:

The Viruses



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New Tools in the Biological Revolution (Figure 1.15)



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The Uses of Biochemistry

Agriculture Medicine Nutrition Clinical Chemistry Pharmacology Toxicology


Education

Biochemistry 2