MORPHOLOGYStudy of

Word Parts

What Will We Cover?

• What is Morphology ?• Parts of Speech• What is Morpheme?• Classification of Morphemes• Making New Words

What is Morphology ?

• Morph (form) + ology (science of) Morphology = the science of word forms

• The study of the internal structure of words

&• The rules by which words are formed

What is a Morpheme? A morpheme is the minimal unit of meaning.

Parts Of Morphemes:

RootRoot is the base form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity. It is that part of the word when all the affixes are removed. Exp: tidy

Affix Affix is a collective term for the types of morphemes that can only be used in combination with other morphemes

prefix =>preceedes a base ……. untidysuffix =>follows a base……tidinessinfix => an affix which is added within a base. speedometer

Stem Stem is that part of a word to which grammatical affixes are added. Exp= housewives => stem: housewife / two root morphemes house + wife

Base Every form to which an affix can be added is a base. Every root and every stem is a thus a base. The set of bases, however, is larger than than the union of all roots and stems, because the process of affixation applies recursively. • Untouchable = Un (Lexicalprefix) + touchable (Base) • touch + able • (root/base) (Lexicalprefix)

• Act• Activate• Deactivate• Deactivation

Classification Of MorphemesFREE MORPHEMES BOUND MORPHEMES

Open Class Closed Class AffixesContractible

FormsNouns«pen»

Conjunctions«and»

Prefixes İnfixes Suffixes

Verbs«run»

Determiners«this»

Rewrite speedometer Speaks ‘s

Adjectives«fat»

Comparatives«more»

Unhappy Sister-in-law Realize ‘ve

Adverbs«fast»

Quantifiers«many»

Disagree Nowadays Editor ‘ll

Prepositions«on»

Prejudice Allophone Growth ‘d

Depart Semanticogrammatical

Portable

Free MorphemesMorphemes which can be used as a word on their own. Other means; morphemes that can stand alone as words.

• Open Class:• Try to produce new words using these ones ; run, walk, nice,

happy, desire.

The morphemes that we can add other morphemes are called «Open Class Morphemes»

• Closed Class• Try to produce new words using these ones; and, this, many, on.

• NO WAY !

The morphemes that we can not add new morphemes are called «Closed Class Morphemes»

Bound MorphemesThe morphemes that only appear as part of a larger word.

Derivational Morphemes; These morphemes derive one word from another.Affixes carry out this task.Like =>DislikeThey affect the meaning of the morpheme that they attach.Like => Likable They can change the grammatical category of the word they attach to. Birthday => UnbirthdayThey can be used to create new words.

Inflectional Morphemes; These morphemes do not affect the meaning of the morpheme they are attached to. They have a grammatical function.-s eats 3rd person sing. present -ed talked past tense -ing talking progressive -s books plural -‘s John’s possessive -er taller comparative -est tallest superlative

Making New Words

• Coining• Shortening process of a longer word .

• Meaning Change • Changing meaning of a word different

from original meaning.

• Compounding• Creating new wods combining two

morphemes.:

Making New Words 1COINING

Category Example Derived formGenerification Zipper

CokeUFO

Trademark of lightning fastener producer companySoft drink (Coca-Cola)A brand of Electric heater

Abbrevations EUUKTC

Europe UnionUnited KingdomTürkiye Cumhuriyeti

Ortographic ab. St.Abbr.Sn.

SaintAbbreviationSayın

Acronyms LazerScubaKib

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission from RadiationSelf – Contained Underwater Breathing ApparatusKendine iyi bak

Clippings BlogFlueKayın

Web blogInfluenzaKayınbirader

Blendigs PixelStaycationKanka

Picture+ElementStay+vacationKan kardeş

Making New Words 2MEANING

CHANGE

Category Exp. Derived form

Category change

To FilmTo answerParlamak

Noun filmNoun answerParlak

Metaphorical extention Cool Surf the internetKaralara bürünmek

Professional jargon of jazzSurfing(riding) on the wavesKara yas, bürünmek şekline girmek.

Backformation

AutomateBrainwash Motor

AutomationBrain washingMotorsiklet

Making New Words 3

Endocentric : The meaning of the new word is related to the compounded morphemes.LandlordLand=area +Lord=master,ownerSomeone you rent apartment,room etc

Exocentric:The meaning of the new word is not related to the compounded morphemes.

Show-offShow=Let sbd see sth+Off=not functioning A person who tries to impress other people by showing his or her goods.

COMPOUNDINGCompound Type EXAMPLE EXAMPLENoun+Noun Landlord SnailmailNoun+Verb Proofread BreastfeedNoun+PastParticiple Handheld Bed-ridden

Noun+Adjective Sky-blue SkindeepNoun+Adverb Endmost Noun+Gerund Bird-watching Zebracrossing

Noun+preposition Head-on Hard-upNoun+Prep.+Noun Face-to-face Man-to-man

Verb+Noun Pickpocket ScarecrowVerb+Verb Sleep-walk Wait-listVerb+Adverb Payback BuybackVerb+Prep Turnover SelloutVerb+Gerund Drink-driving Slip-slidingAdj.+Noun Black-board WildfireAdj.+Verb Blindfold Fine tune

Phrase Compounds

Verb Type Sentences Phrases Forms

Transitive Verbs This plant eats insectsVampires suck blood

Insect-eating plantBlood-sucking vampires

Intransitive Verbs

These people often go to moviesShe has skills in solving problemsIt is mentioned above that…Such words didn’t exist previouslyThis plane can fly very high.

Movie-goersHer problem-solving skillsThe above-mentionedPreviously non-existing wordsHigh-flying plane.

Meanings of Suffix -ableMoss prototypical < ================= > Least Prototypical

Able to be X’ed Should to be X’ed

Possible to be X’ed

Easy to be X’ed Is worthy

WritebaleExcusable

WashablePayable

WalkableRunnable

LivableReadeble

CredibleEdible

THAT IS ALL

• UNIVERSITY of KOCAELI • ENGLISH TEACHING DEPARTMENT

• EVENING CLASS • 100908026• BETUL OKCAN

• betulokcan@gmail.com