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9th Edition, © 2008, Thomson/South-Western
Chapter 2
Parts of Speech
Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e 2-2
Learning Objectives
• Define the eight parts of speech.
• Recognize how parts of speech function in sentences.
• Compose sentences showing words playing more than one grammatical role.
2-3Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e
Interjections
Conjunctions
Prepositions
Adverbs
Adjectives
Verbs
Pronouns
Nouns
The EightParts of Speech
2-4Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e
Nouns name persons, places, things, qualities, feelings, concepts, activities, and measures.
Persons Ryan, Angelica, employeesPlaces San Francisco, Hawaii, EuropeThings pizza, popcorn, surfboardQualities reliability, flexibility, patienceFeelings happiness, anger, confusionConcepts communication, productivity,
freedomActivities working, snowboarding, dancingMeasures day, week, inch, kilometer
2-5Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e
To test for a noun, use the word in
question with the verb is or are.
Try these nouns with is or are.
• Laurie is . . . .• Managers are . . . .• Initiative is . . . .
2-6Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e
Pronouns replace nouns. Use them for efficiency and variety.
• Without pronouns, sentences sound like this:
Matt said that Matt must find Matt’s keys before Matt can leave for work.
• How would that sentence sound with pronouns?
Matt said that he must find his keys before he can leave for work.
2-7Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e
Verbs express an action, an occurrence, or a state of being.
• Kim drove her car to work. (Action)
• Kim has a bicycle too. (Occurrence)
• Her bicycle is red. (State of being)• For our purposes, we’ll focus on two kinds
of verbs:
• Action verbs
• Linking verbs
2-8Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e
Action Verb
Tells what the subject does; includes
physical and mental action
EXAMPLES dances, decides,
works, praises
Linking Verb
Joins words that describe the subject
EXAMPLES is, are, was, were,
am, appears, seems, feels,
smells, tastes, looks
2-9Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e
To test for a verb, try the word in question
with a noun.
Try several action and linking verbs with this expression.
The manager(s) _________________.
Make sense?
The manager dances, the manager decides,
and so forth.
2-10Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e
Adjectives describe nouns or pronouns. They answer the questions What kind? How many? and Which one?
• A good student submitted excellent work. (What kind?)
• Our manager bought two computers and one printer. (How many?)
• This printer is expensive. (Which one?)
The words a, an, and the form a special group of adjectives called articles.
2-11Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e
Adverbs describe or limit verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. They answer such questions as When? How? Where? and To what extent?
• Yesterday the printer jammed repeatedly. (When and how?)
• The restaurant is over there. (Where?)• We were served very quickly. (How and to
what extent?)
To help you remember the function of an adverb, think of its two syllables: ad meaning to add to or amplify the meaning of a verb.
2-12Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e
Prepositions join nouns and pronouns to other words in sentences. For example,
The truck was driven by Kim.for Kim.to Kim.
with Kim.around Kim.
over Kim.
Notice how prepositions change the relationship between Kim and the verb.
2-13Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e
How many prepositions do you see in the following
sentence?
After the accident Kim went to Hawaii for a vacation in the sun.
2-14Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e
Conjunctions connect words or groups of words. The coordinating conjunctions are:
Pizza and burritos are Kim’s favorites, but she is also able to tolerate gyros.
• and• or• nor• but
• so (used casually)• yet (used occasionally)• for
2-15Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e
Interjections show surprise, disbelief, or strong feeling.
Oops, I can’t believe I forgot the attachment again!
Wow! Did you feel that tremor?
2-16Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e
TIP
The same word can function as different
parts of speech depending on how it is
used in a sentence. Consider the word
service.
• We received good service here. (Noun)• He operates a service station. (Adjective)• Did you service your car? (Verb)
2-17Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e
ExclaimersInterjections
ConnectorsPrepositionsConjunctions
DescribersAdjectivesAdverbs
PerformersVerbs
NamersNouns
Pronouns
Quick Summary of Parts of
Speech
2-18Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e
NamersNouns Name things
Pronouns Rename things
Performers VerbsShow action or link words
DescribersAdjectives
Describe nouns and pronouns
AdverbsDescribe verbs, adjectives, adverbs
ConnectorsPrepositions
Join nouns, pronouns to sentence
Conjunctions Connect words
Exclaimers Interjections Show strong feeling
2-19Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e
Identify the part of speech for each word in the following sentence.
TRY YOUR SKILL
1. Kim becomes angry when she receives spam messages.
Kim (noun)becomes (verb)
angry (adjective)when (conjunction)
she (pronoun)receives (verb)
spam (adjective)messages (noun)
2-20Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e
TRY YOUR SKILL
2. Ryan was upset, but he quickly solved the problem.
Ryan (noun)was (verb)
upset (adjective)but (conjunction)
he (pronoun)quickly (adverb)
solved (verb)the (article-adjective)
problem (noun)
Identify the part of speech for each word in the following sentence.
2-21Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e
TRY YOUR SKILL
3. They work carefully on a big project.
They (noun)work (verb)
carefully (adverb)on (preposition)
a (article-adjective)big (adjective)project (noun)
Identify the part of speech for each word in the following sentence.
2-22Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e
TRY YOUR SKILL
4. Kim and Ryan prepared two work sheets.
Kim (noun)and (conjunction)
Ryan (noun)prepared (verb)two (adjective)
work (adjective)sheets (noun)
Identify the part of speech for each word in the following sentence.
2-23Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e
TRY YOUR SKILL
5. The work for the project is very hard.
The (adjective–article) work (noun)
for (preposition)the (adjective-article)
project (noun)is (verb)
very (adverb)hard (adjective)
Identify the part of speech for each word in the following sentence.
2-24Mary Ellen Guffey, Business English, 9e
Language is like a house that is made of bricks (vocabulary)
and cement (grammar).
Without bricks, you can't build a house; without cement, the
house will fall apart.
Grammar holds your vocabulary together and helps
make your meaning exact.