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BASICS OF
SPEAKING
DEFINITION OF TERMS AccentIn linguistics, an accent is a manner of pronunciation of a particular individual,
location, or nation. Accents typically differ in:
a) quality of voice, b) pronunciation of vowels and consonants, c) stress, and d) prosody.
Although grammar, semantics, vocabulary, and other language characteristics often vary concurrently with accent, the word 'accent' refers specifically to the differences in pronunciation, whereas the word 'dialect' encompasses the broader set of linguistic differences. Often 'accent' is a subset of 'dialect'.
DEFINITION OF TERMS Dialect – a regional variety of language distinguished by features of
vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation from other regional varieties and constituting together with them a single language.
Pronunciation – refers to the way a word or a language is spoken, or the manner in which someone utters a word. If one is said to have "correct pronunciation", then it refers to both within a particular dialect.A word can be spoken in different ways by various individuals or groups, depending on many factors, such as: the area in which they grew up, the area in which they now live, if they have a speech or voice disorder,
their ethnic group, their social class, or their education. Twang – exaggerated nasality in speech (as in some regional dialects). Slang – the use of informal words and expressions that are not
considered standard in the speaker's language or dialect but are considered more acceptable when used socially.
Accent Neutralization Rev(1) 2/6/12
Tongue Teeth Lips Throat Jaw Diaphragm Mouth Palette
4
ACCENT ARTICULATORS
Accent Neutralization Rev(1) 2/6/12
TIPS ON PRACTICING PRONUNCIATION Listen well to distinguish the different sounds. Watch the mouth movements carefully. Mimic or shadow the mouth positions. Open your mouth when pronouncing the sounds. Don’t be afraid to make mistakes when practicing.
Remember to fix those errors as soon as you recognize them.
Don’t get frustrated when you don’t get it right after series of trials. Learning a new accent or neutralizing your sound takes a lot of patience and determination.
5
VOWELS
VOWEL SOUNDS
\ a \ - mat, gag, tabulate \ ā \ - fatal, aorta, maintenance \ ä \ - father, star, calm \ aú \ - hour, now, county \ e \ - bet, best, terrible \ ē \ - clean, feel, treason \ i \ - tip, fulfill, active \ ī \ - site, stride, buy, knight \ o \ - bother, cost, stop \ ō \ - bone, know,
grocery
\ ó \ - walnut, four, core \ ói \ - coin, destroy,
employed \ ü \ - rule, youth, union \ ú \ - pull, wood, book,
curable, fury \ ә \ - american, collide,
mother \ әr \ - further, merger \ әl \ - table, culture bird
bird
CONSONANTS
THE BIG FOURPlosives
speech sound produced by complete closure of the oral passage and subsequent release accompanied by a burst of air.
P vs. F
FricativesA consonant, such as f or s in English, produced by the forcing of breath through a constricted passage. Also called spirant.
B vs. V
PLOSIVESp, b, t, d, k, and g
FRICATIVESf, v, th, dh, s, z, sh, zh, and h
CONSONANT SOUNDS
\ b \ - baby, rib \ d \ - did, adder \ g \ - go, big, gift \ j \ - job, gem, edge,
join, judge \ k \ - kin, cook, ache \ p \ - pepper, lip \ t \ - tie, attack, late,
later, latter
\ ch \ - chin, nature \ f \ - fifty, cuff \ s \ - source, less \ sh \ - shy, mission,
machine, special \ th \ - thin, ether \ th \ - then, either \ v \ - vivid, invite \ z \ - zone, raise \ zh \ - vision, measure
CONSONANT SOUNDS
Accent Neutralization Rev(1) 2/6/12
The American T
13
Accent Neutralization Rev(1) 2/6/12
TH(SOFT TH, NON-VOICED TH, VOICELESS TH)
14
Accent Neutralization Rev(1) 2/6/12
SOFT OR UNVOICED TH
Like an S between the teethMost people replace this with a T sound
Example: Thing becomes ting
15
thirtythriftythoroughthanksthinkforthseventhbirthbreathSethteeth
brothpathPerththeaterthousandthumbfaiththrallthornthoughtmath
beneaththirstthrillthiefElizabethetherealethylEthicsmothmythworth
TH(HARD TH, VOICED TH)
HARD OR VOICED TH
Like a DInstead of being in back of the teeth, it’s ¼ inch lower and forward
between the teethMost people replace this with a Z or D sound
Example: That becomes Dat/Zat
featherfarthergatheringeitherneithersmoothwhetherslitherotherhither
smotherthyworthyNetherworldthouweatherthentheethemthis
thatthosethesetheretheythemtogetherbrotherfathermother
T – TH EXERCISEBatBateClotHeartNotingTanTank Tat
BathBatheClothHearthNothingThanThankThat
TenTicket TootToughTreat TreeWit Write
ThenThicketToothThoughThreatThreeWithWrithe
The thirty-three thankful thieves thought that they thanked the other thirty-three thankful thieves throughout Thursday.
Three thin thieves thought a thousand thoughts. Now if three thin thieves thought a thousand thoughts how many thoughts did each thief think?
FIVE RULES OF THE AMERICAN T1. Plosive T or Top of the staircase.2. Unstressed T or Middle of the staircase.3. Held T or Bottom of the staircase.4. Held T before N5. Silent T
PLOSIVE T OR TOP OF THE STAIRCASE
If T is at the beginning of the word, or if it is placed in a STRESSED syllable, it is pronounced with a popping T sound.
Example:Stop touching Ted’s toes.
TimeintentpertaincontentcontractAtoneturtle
retainpretendcurtailsubtractattendIntentionTrust
PLOSIVE T OR TOP OF THE STAIRCASE
UNSTRESSED T OR MIDDLE OF THE STAIRCASE
An unstressed T in the middle of a staircase between 2 vowel sounds = soft D sound.
Example:Betty bought a bit of bitter butter.
UNSTRESSED T OR MIDDLE OF THE STAIRCASE
bettermeetinglettersgreetingsbittercommitteebutterbottom
thirtygreaterprettynotifycitiesquarterlytotalsarticles
HELD T OR BOTTOM OF THE STAIRCASE
T is HELD at the end of a word.Tongue does the T position, but the air is not released.
Example:She hit the hot hut with her hat.
HELD T OR BOTTOM OF THE STAIRCASE
seatsheetsetpeststatepostunitaccount
bestmetcountinternetconnectmostmanagementagreement
HELD T BEFORE N
T & N are very close in the mouth. No need to pop the T. Make a sharp upward sliding T sound, then quickly drop for the N
sound.
Example:The cotton curtain is not in the fountain.
HELD T BEFORE N
mountainbuttoncottoncertainlybittenkitten
forgottenwrittenconsultantsentencemartincurtain
THE SILENT T
T & N are so close in the mouth that the T can simply disappear.
Example:He had a great interview.
THE SILENT T
centertwentyinterruptprintersinterviewinternetrepresented
internationaldisadvantageinterferedrepresentativeinterceptinterstatepercentages
WHAT IS PITCH?
“Pitch is the highness or lowness of your tone.”
PITCH
Low Pitch – used in statements, narration, end, conclusions, and questions that start with the 5W’s and 1 H.“What is your name?”“What seems to be the problem?”
High Pitch – suspended tone used after questions or in series.“Are you going to see her tonight?”“I’m going to see her, have dinner and then go dancing”.
Extra High Pitch – used to express emotions such as excitement, fear, etc.“Oh my God! He’s going to see me tonight!”
WHAT IS TONE?
“Tone, in linguistics, is a variation in the pitch of the voice while
speaking.”
“It is shown or heard in how something is being said.”
WHAT IS INTONATION?
“Intonation, is the variation of the TONE of the voice while speaking.”
Accent Neutralization Rev(1) 2/6/12
Intonation patterns:1.Statement2.Question3.Surprise4.Disbelief5.Sarcasm6.Teasing
38
STRESSStress is the emphasis placed on a syllable in
a word or on a word in a sentence.
There are two types of stress:Word stress
- Deals with the syllable that will be prominent in a word.
Phrase stress- Deals with the words that will be prominent in a string of words.
CHARACTERISTICS OF STRESSED AND UNSTRESSED SYLLABLES
Do you know the differences between stressed syllables and unstressed syllables? Look at the chart below first.
So, when you say a word more than one syllable, remember to make the stressed syllable louder, longer, clearer, and higher pitched.
Loudness
Vowel Length
Vowel Clarity Pitch
Stressed syllables
loud long full high
Unstressed syllables
quiet short reduced low
WORD STRESS
NOUNrecord
addressprotestconvictobjectsubjectaddict
VERBrecord
addressprotestconvictobjectsubjectaddict
PHRASE STRESS
Read the following phrases. Stress on the appropriate word.
An American customerA Filipino teacher
A Japanese productAn Italian teacher
Spanish food
PHRASE STRESS
I didn’t steal your tuna sandwich.
I didn’t steal your tuna sandwich.
I didn’t steal your tuna sandwich.
I didn’t steal your tuna sandwich.
I didn’t steal your tuna sandwich.
I didn’t steal your tuna sandwich.
LIAISONS
Connection of words that allow us to speak in sound groups.
Not pronounced one by one. End of a word attaches to the beginning of the next word.
LET’S PRACTICE!
The dime.The dime easier.They tell me the dime easier.They tell me the dime easier to understand.They tell me that I am easier to understand.
LIAISING PATTERNS
1. Consonant/Vowel2. Consonant/Consonant3. Vowel/Vowel4. T, D, S, or Z + Y
LIAISON RULE 1: CONSONANT/VOWEL
Words are connected when a word ends in a consonant sound and the next word starts with a vowel sound, including the semivowels
W and Y.
My name is..
Hold on
[my naymiz]
[hol don]
CONSONANT/VOWEL EXERCISE1. read only 2. fall off 3. follow up 4. come in 5. call him 6. sell it 7. take out 8. fade away 9. 6-8 (six eight) 10.MA
LIAISON RULE 2: CONSONANT/CONSONANT
Words are connected when a word ends in a consonant sound and the next word starts with another consonant that is in a similar
position.
Get tired
Half full
Meant to be
Ge(t) tired Hæ(f) fullMen(t) uh be
CONSONANT/CONSONANT EXERCISE
1. Business style 2. credit check 3. the top file 4. sell nine new cars 5. sit down 6. some plans need luck 7. check cashing 8. let them make conditions 9. had the 10. both days
LIAISON RULE 3: VOWEL/VOWEL
When a word ending in a vowel sound is next to one beginning with a vowel sound, they are connected with a glide between the two
vowels.
What’s a glide?It’s either a slight [y] or [w]
sound. The position of your mouth from the vowel sound will determine
the glide.
FOR EXAMPLE:
Go away.
I also need the other one.
The apple.
Go(w)away.
I(y)also need thee(y) other one.
Thee (y) apple.
VOWEL/VOWEL EXERCISE
1. go anywhere 2. so honest 3. through our 4. you are 5. he is 6. do I? 7. I asked 8. to open 9. she always 10. too often
LIAISON RULE 4: T, D, S, OR Z + Y
When the letter or sound of T, D, S or Z is followed by a word that starts with Y, or its sound, both sounds are connected.
T + Y = CHD + Y = J S + Y = SH Z + Y = ZH
ActuallyGraduationInsuranceCasual
LIAISON RULE 4: T, D, S, OR Z + YMore Examples:
T + Y = CH Don't you like it?
D + Y = J Did you like it?
Z + Y = ZHWho's your friend?
[Donchoo like it?]
[Didja like it?]
[Hoozhier friend?]