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Biology - Warwick HS
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BACTERIABACTERIA
TSW investigate and understand TSW investigate and understand the life functions of Archaebacteria the life functions of Archaebacteria
and Eubacteriaand Eubacteria
Prokaryote DiversityProkaryote Diversity
Earth’s most abundant life formsEarth’s most abundant life forms
Capable of surviving in many different environmentsCapable of surviving in many different environments
Capable of getting energy from many different Capable of getting energy from many different sourcessources
Prokaryote ReviewProkaryote Review
Mostly single-celledMostly single-celled
NO nucleus or NO nucleus or organellesorganelles
Circular chromosomesCircular chromosomes
Cell wallsCell walls
Mostly asexualMostly asexual
Anaerobic or aerobicAnaerobic or aerobic
Heterotrophic or Heterotrophic or autotrophicautotrophic
ARCHAEBACTERIAARCHAEBACTERIA
No peptidoglycan in their cell wallNo peptidoglycan in their cell wall
DNA sequences are more similar to those DNA sequences are more similar to those of Eukaryotes than Eubacteriaof Eukaryotes than Eubacteria
Live in extremely harsh environmentsLive in extremely harsh environments
EUBACTERIAEUBACTERIA
Larger of the 2 KingdomsLarger of the 2 Kingdoms
Tremendous variety…live almost anywhereTremendous variety…live almost anywhere
Cell wall of peptidoglycanCell wall of peptidoglycan
Usually contain 1 or 2 cell membranesUsually contain 1 or 2 cell membranes
Identifying BacteriaIdentifying Bacteria
ShapeShape
Cell WallCell Wall
How they moveHow they move
How they obtain energyHow they obtain energy
Bacteria are named by SHAPEBacteria are named by SHAPE
Cocci (ball-shaped)Cocci (ball-shaped) Streptococcus Streptococcus
mutansmutans
Bacillus (rod-shaped)Bacillus (rod-shaped) Clostridium Clostridium
botulinumbotulinum
Spirilli (spiral-shaped)Spirilli (spiral-shaped) Treponema Treponema
palladiumpalladium
ConjugationConjugation
Sexual (exchange Sexual (exchange of genetic material of genetic material between bacteria)between bacteria)
A hollow bridge A hollow bridge forms between two forms between two bacteria and genes bacteria and genes move from one cell move from one cell to anotherto another
Importance of Bacteria Importance of Bacteria
Producers that capture energy by Producers that capture energy by photosynthesisphotosynthesis
Decomposers- breaking down the Decomposers- breaking down the nutrients in dead matter & the atmospherenutrients in dead matter & the atmosphere
Fix nitrogen Fix nitrogen
Human uses (food, digestion, medicines)Human uses (food, digestion, medicines)
What is a virus?What is a virus?
A typical virus is A typical virus is composed of a core composed of a core of DNA or RNA of DNA or RNA surrounded by a surrounded by a protein coatprotein coat
ALL viruses enter ALL viruses enter living cells & use the living cells & use the machinery of the machinery of the infected cell to infected cell to produce more virusesproduce more viruses
Viral Structure Viral Structure
CapsidCapsid: protein : protein coat that enables a coat that enables a virus to enter a host virus to enter a host cell cell
Proteins within the Proteins within the capsid bind with capsid bind with receptors on the receptors on the surface of the host surface of the host cell & trick it into cell & trick it into allowing it insideallowing it inside
Viral Infection Viral Infection
Once the virus is Once the virus is inside the host cell, inside the host cell, 2 things can 2 things can happenhappen Lytic InfectionLytic Infection Lysogenic Lysogenic
Infection Infection
Lytic InfectionLytic Infection
The BasicsThe Basics: Virus : Virus enters a cell, enters a cell, makes copies of makes copies of itself, & causes the itself, & causes the cell to burstcell to burst
KEY POINTKEY POINT: Host : Host cell is LYSED and cell is LYSED and destroyeddestroyed
Lysogenic InfectionLysogenic Infection
The BasicsThe Basics: Virus integrates its DNA into : Virus integrates its DNA into the DNA of the host cell, & the viral the DNA of the host cell, & the viral genetic info replicates along with the host genetic info replicates along with the host cell’s DNAcell’s DNA
KEY POINTKEY POINT: Host cell makes copies of : Host cell makes copies of the virus indefinitely; the host cell is NOT the virus indefinitely; the host cell is NOT destroyed right awaydestroyed right away
Are viruses ALIVE?Are viruses ALIVE?
No if we require that living things be made No if we require that living things be made up of cells & be able to live independentlyup of cells & be able to live independently
However, have many characteristics of However, have many characteristics of living thingsliving things Regulate gene expressionRegulate gene expression Able to evolveAble to evolve