Aamir Shehzad

Group MembersIzza Azam 15-SE-13Tuzak Rehman 15-SE-91Ayesha Majid 15-SE-65Aamir Shehzad 15-SE-69Jawad Arif 15-SE-99Ahsan Abdul Salam 15-SE-67

Ayub khan(Leaders are not made they are born as a leader)

Izza Azam15-SE-13

IntroductionMartial LawLegal reformsForeign policy

1/28/2016

Early life Education

Appointed Commander-in-Chief in 1951.Became a powerful political figure

the government of Iskander Mirza was unpopular and the political situation was chaotic.People were in despair7 October 1958, martial law was declared by President Iskander Mirza.

IntroductionMilitary CareerMartial Law

5Military career

Ayub Khan removed Iskander Mirza and took on the office of President.this event was known as the Glorious Revolution

Legal reformsintroduced the Muslim Family Laws on March 2, 1961Foreign policyallied Pakistan with the global U.S. military alliance against theSoviet Union.Economy improved but increased inequality in the distribution of wealth.

President of PakistanREFORMS INTRODUCED BY Ayub Khan

Relation with Countries

RELATION WITH SOVIENT UNION

RELATION WITH CHINA

RELATION WITH BRATIAN

RELATION WITH THE USA

RELATION WITH SOVIENT UNION

relations deteriorated and improved again due to several events.In 1961, the Soviets agreed to begin exploring for oil and In 1963, the Soviet government loaned Pakistan 11 million poundsIn April 1965 an official visit was paid on trade and oil explorationIn January 1966 the Soviet Union hosted a peace conference between India and Pakistan at TashkentIn 1968 the Soviet Union began to supply arms to Pakistan against AmericaRELATION WITH CHINA

In 1963 talks between China and Pakistan to settle their border dipute announced a series of trade agreements and PIA began regular flights to China In 1964 China made a statement supporting Pakistans policy in KashmirDuring the 1965 war China supplied military aid and applied diplomatic pressure on India RELATION WITH BRATIAN

Relations with Britain got strained due to Relations with Britain got strainedHowever Britain played an important role to resolve 1965 war disputeBritain had criticized India for crossing the international boundary on 6 September 1965

RELATION WITH USA

In 1958, General Ayub Khan stated that we are the most allied ally of the United States. This shows that during this era Pakistan became more pro-west. Ayub Khan believed that Pakistan could not make progress unless the Kashmir problem was solved, which was not possible without the help of the Western Bloc. On the other side the United States aims were to help Pakistan and to maintain her independence in an area threatened by communism.

Karachi was unsuitable for various purposes for location, businessIn 1967, Islamabad was officially made the capital.It is a modern and carefully planned city.CONCLUSION OF AYUB FOREIGN POLICYHis cultivation of China angered the USThe war increased the socio-economic problems. Therefore, Ayub Khan was not very successful in his foreign policy.

Shifting of Capital

TUZAK REHMAN15-SE-91

Economic Condition And Role Of Ayub KhanFive Year PlansMonetary PolicyInitial ReformsDecade Of Development Industrial Reform

Economic Condition And Role Of Ayub KhanHave no Economic weapon to fight the battle of recovery No industries to speak, almost no industrial raw material and no significant industries and commercial groupsDifficult to see that how Pakistan Economy could grow more rapidly The 1950s was the period of apparent stagnation and mounting economic problems Between (1958-62) Ayub Khan introduce a number of reforms that improve the Economic Condition of Pakistan Five Year PlansFirst Five Year Plan:(1955-60)Not implemented properly, but in 1958 the government renewed its commitment of planning by establishing the planning commission Second Five Year Plan:(1960-65)The plan encouraged private entrepreneurs to participate in those activities where a great deal of profit could be made

Monetary policyis the process by which themonetaryauthority of a country controls the supply of money to ensure price stability and general trust in the currency. The year 1959-60 marked the beginning of development of CountryIt include gradual liberalization of import policy and introduce of bonus policy schemeFrom this period government granted liberal concessions to the private sectors to establish industries in the country. Resulting an increase in monetary supplyFirst Plan (1955-60)-The monetary expansion amounted to Rs 1.95 BillionSecond plan(1960-65)-The money supply increased by Rs 2.80 BillionThe Bank credit both in the private and public sector expanded to Rs 1.62 Billion during the first and during the second plan period it was equal to Rs 4.77 BillionMonetary Policy

Improved law and order.

made new capital of Pakistan (Islamabad).

made Price control listINITIAL REFORMES took steps to eradicate the smugglingasked to return black money

Ayub Khan era was generally known as Decade of Development. The decade which saw growth at ~ 5.82%.This was the decade during which Pakistans manufacturing base became sizeable

An automobile industry A cement industryHeavy manufacturing industries. Manufacturing growth, standing at 8.51% in the history of Pakistan.DECADE OF DEVELOPMENTPakistan established

In February 1959, the Government announced a new industrial policy of Gradual liberalization of economy to pave way for smooth industrial growth. Main emphasis on the utilization of raw materials available in the country .The extreme bureaucratic restraints were removed by a more market-oriented approach

INDUSTRIAL REFORMS

Establishment of Financial and Development CorporationsPakistan Industrial Development Corporation (PIDC) was set up with a capital of R.s 1 billion.It was put in charge to promote the following industries: Jute Paper-board and newsprint Heavy engineering Fertilizers Sugar Cement Textiles, etc.Four new estates for small industries were established in Bahawalpur,Gujarat, Larkana Peshawar

In October 1958 the government took several measures to check the rising spiral of prices.Price control covers a large no of consumer good and industrial raw material.These measures lead to fall in prices and improvement in supply position of a large no. of article

1959-601969-706.1%7.6%Price Control

Investment Promotion BureauSet up in April 1959.To attract foreign investment for the establishment of new industries To solve problems of foreign investors in the matter finding land, water, power, etc.Supply of creditCredit was liberally provided to the industrial sector by both the commercial banks & the specialized credit institutions, e.g. Industrial Development Bank of Pakistan (IDBP).

Foreign Aid and Loans Loans were taken from more industrialized western countries, particularly the USA, Germany and the UK.

These played a dominant role in the industrial and economic development of Pakistan. Without that aid, the remarkable growth in that era could not be possible.

AYESHA MAJID15-SE-65REFORMS BY AYUB KHANEDUCATIONAL REFORMSAGRICULTURE AND LAND REFORMSTRADE REFORMS

EDUCATIONAL REFORMSAfter the Report of the Commission on National Education which identified the importance of education as an investment in national growth:PRIMARY EDUCATIONSECONDARY EDUCATIONNEW CURRICULUMBUILDING NEW INSTITUTESTECHNICAL EDUCATION.UNIVERSITY DEGREE COURCESIMPROVED SCIENTIFIC EDUCATIONCIVIL DEFENCE TRAINING

AGRICULTURE REFORMS-LAND REFORMS-GREEN REVOLUTION

LAND REFORMSLand Reform Comission:Appointed in October, 1958A person could not own more than either 500 acres of canal irrigated land or 1000 acres of unirrigated land.UTILIZATION OF RESUMED AREACREATION OF POOLSABOLITION OF JAGIRSPROTECTION TO TENANTSRIGHTS FOR TENANTSTHREE MAJOR DAMS WERE BUILT.AGRICULTURE DEVELOPMENT BANK WAS SET UPLOANS FOR FARMER

GREEN REVOLUTION (GROWTH IN AGRICULTURE) PHASES OF GREEN REVOLUTIONThe phenomenal increase in growth took place in two phases.1. 1960-1965Main cause of the growth was the increase in irrigation facilities, mainly tube wells.Between 1960-65, about 25,000 tube wells were installed, each costing R.s. 5000-12000 and the farm area serviced by tube wells doubled.2. 1966-1970Growth took place mainly because the expanded irrigation facilities were supplemented by the technology package of High yielding varieties (HYV) seeds, Chemical fertilizers andPesticides.

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TRADE REFORMSIntroduced in 1959.

Focus on indirect controls on imports and on domestic prices of other goods.A number of measures were taken on import licensing that made market forces more important in determining the ownerships of import licenses.

EXPORT BONUS SCHEMEIntroduced in 1959.A flexible and fascinating device which was used both to subsidize exports and to allow a safety valve on imports, while maintaining the basic structure of import controls and the official exchange rate at its existing level.

Over 1959-64, total imports increased much more rapidly than exports or GNP, and the composition of imports continued to shift towards the import of capital goods and processed intermediate goods.

Open General Licensing SchemeAllowed newcomers to enter the trading sector. A large amount of foreign exchange was allocated to the OGL, and the new traders made substantial profits and gains from possessing import licenses. FREE LISTPermitted the import of certain goods without any license. The Free List was extended over time from four items to fifty in 1964

Aamir Shehzad15-SE-69Indus Water Treaty Space Program Constitution Of 1962 Presidential Election

Indus Water Treaty

BackgroundWorld Bank Involvement Clauses of TreatyAffects On Economy

Space ProgramPresident Ayub Khan, who was very close to Dr. Abdus SalamEstablished Pakistan's National Space Agency, Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) on September 16, 1961. Ayub Khan also appointed dr. Abdus Salam as its headIt was Ayub Khan's administration when National Aeronautics and Space Administration began training of Pakistani scientists and engineers in the NASA's headquartersPresident Ayub Khan was eager to make Pakistan as space power, that is why he appointed a noted aeronautical engineer and military scientist, Air Mar. Gen. W. J. M. Turowicz as Pakistan's Rocket Program headGen. W. J. M. Turowicz efforts led Pakistan to developed ballistic missiles series by its own in the futureGeneral W. J. M. Turowicz had led a series of Rehbar Sounding Rockets fired from Pakistani soil. However, after Ayub Khan's removal from office the Space Programed was frozen for more than 2 decades

Constitution Of 1962BackgroundOn 17 February 1960 Ayub Khan appointed a commission to report on the future political framework for the countryThe Commission was headed by the former Chief Justice of Pakistan,Muhammad Shahabuddin, and had ten other members, five each from East Pakistan and West Pakistan, composed of retired judges, lawyers, industrialists and landlords.The report of the Constitution Commission was presented to President Ayub on 6 May 1961 and thoroughly examined by the President and his Cabinet. In January 1962, the Cabinet finally approved the text of the new constitution.It was promulgated by President Ayub on 1 March 1962 and finally came into effect on 8 June 1962. The Constitution contained 250 articles divided into twelve parts and three schedules.

Written ConstitutionRigid ConstitutionName of the CountryNational LanguageIslamic ProvisionsUnicameral LegislaturePresidential Form of GovtFreedom of JudiciaryFundamental RightsIslamic Ideology CouncilEmergency ProvisionsPowers of PresidentSilent Feature Of Constitution

ELECTIONS 1965BackgroundPresidential electionswere held inPakistanon 2 January 1965. The vote was held amongst the 80,000 "basic democrats", who were members of the urban and regional councils.

Elections for the Presidency were to take place in January 1965. Ayub Khan was nominated by a new party, the Convention Muslim League, which he had helped form.

The five opposition parties all agreed to support Mohtarma Fatima Jinnah.

It is believed that had the elections been held via the direct method, Fatima Jinnah would have won. The Electoral College consisted of only 80,000 Basic Democrats, who were easily manipulated. The importance of this election lay in the fact that a woman was contesting the highest political office of the country. The orthodox religious political parties, including theJamaat-e-Islami led byMaulana Maududi, which had repeatedly declared that a woman could not hold the highest office of a Muslim country.

There were riots in Karachi and East Pakistan in which 20 people were killed.

Results

Jawad Arif 15-SE-99Address Of Ayub KhanIndo Pak War Of 1965Tashkent AgreementNuclear Issue

Address of Ayub Khan Before 1965 War"My dear countrymen, in this hour of trial you have to remain absolutely calm. You must know that each one of you has to perform a supreme duty which demands complete dedication and devotion Be prepared to strike and to strike hard; for the evil which has raised its head against your borders is doomed to destruction. Go forward and meet the enemy. God is with you..."

Indo Pak War 1965General Ayub Khan arriving to take command of the Pakistan Army (1951) The turning point in his rule was the Indo-Pak War of 1965, Despite many repulsed Indian attacks, the war adversely affected Pakistan's then rapidly developing economy and it ended in a settlement reached by Ayub at Tashkent, called the Tashkent Declaration.The settlement was perceived negatively by many Pakistanis and led Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto to resign his post and take up opposition to Khan.According to Morrice James, "For them [Pakistanis] Ayub had betrayed the nation and had inexcusably lost face before the Indians." The war also increased opposition in East Pakistan [Now Bangladesh] where the Awami League headed by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman sought more autonomy for the provinceGeneral Ayub Khan, who had assumed office of the commander in chief in 1951, supported Governor General Ghulam Muhammad when he dismissed the first constituent assembly on the grounds "The constituent assembly being power hungry and having a tendency of being corrupt

Moulvi Tamizuddin, the first speaker of the assembly, challenged the dismissal.Sindh court accepted the appeal but the Federal Court dismissed the Sindh court judgment as the "Doctrine of necessity". Later on the decision has been the basis of all autocratic adjustments in Pakistan.These were the years when Pakistan allowed the US to establish a USAF communications monitoring facility near Peshawar at Badaber and use its air space and air bases to conduct high-altitude spy-flights over the USSR. Due to this, and the soon-to-follow U2 incident led Pakistan into an open hostility with the USSR

Tashkent Agreement4th Jan, 1966

Important clauses of the declaration The President of Pakistan and the Prime Minister of India agreed to cultivate good friendly and neighborly relations according to the Charter of the United Nation. Under the UN Charter, they will use their energies to resolve their problems in a peaceful way.The President of Pakistan and the Prime Minister of India agreed to withdraw from the war.They agreed not to interfere in each others internal affairs.Both leaders agreed to discourage all those actions which could be harmful for the other country and encourage those which could promote the friendly relationship between the two countries.

They agree that Higher Commissioners of Pakistan and India should come back to their posts and make efforts for future developments of both countries

They agree to make efforts for increasing bilateral trade and strengthening economic ties between the two countries. They also agreed to enhance communication and cultural information with each other.

Both leaders agreed to make some law of repatriation for the prisoners of war.

They agreed that in future they will discuss the problems of refugees also. They also agreed for an agreement to return the property taken by the either side because of the conflict.

NUCLEAR ISSUEPakistani civilian nuclear programme started in 1956 under the government of Prime Minister of Pakistan, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy. When Ayub Khan imposed martial law in Pakistan, Pakistani Civilian Nuclear Programme was freezed till 1972. On December 11, 1965, President Ayub Khan had a brief meeting with Pakistani nuclear engineer Mr. Munir Ahmad Khan (late) at the Dorchester Hotel in London.The meeting was arranged by Foreign Minister of Pakistan, Mr. Zulfikar Ali Bhutto.Munir Ahmad Khan estimated the cost of nuclear technology at that time, were not more than 150 million dollars.Ayub Khan clearly refused it to Munir Ahmad Khan's offer and said that Pakistan was too poor to spend that much money.

Ahsan Abdul Salam 15-SE-67Final year in officeLegacyCriticism against ayub khanConclusion

Final year in officeopened up negotiationsincreasing pressure from Bhutto and Bhashanihanded over control of Pakistan by Yahya khan

Death19 April 1974

BhuttoBhashani

LegacyAgriculture development

Family planning

Export revenues

Relation with united states

Criticism against ayub khanGovernment corruption andnepotismCriticisms of his sons and family's personal wealthPresidential elections against Fatima JinnahGohar Ayub's corruptionIncreasing price of sugarConclusionman of great determination but lacking the quality of listening to others.He always did what he thought better in the light of his own experience.His regime can be characterized with some developments but he couldnt maintain the national harmony among the distant provinces of Pakistan

In Remembrance of General Ayub Khan

Thank you Class