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Using Sources & Avoiding Plagiarism

Avoiding plagiarism & using sources

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Page 1: Avoiding plagiarism & using sources

Using Sources & Avoiding Plagiarism

Page 2: Avoiding plagiarism & using sources

Plagiarism—when a writer represents ideas from a source as his or her own ideas, either intentionally or unintentionally.

Rooted in copyright and intellectual property laws.

Plagiarism

Page 3: Avoiding plagiarism & using sources

Consider these scenarios (all plagiarism):

Plagiarism (cont.)

I sometimes copy a friend’s work.

I sometimes copy and paste text from an electronic source without giving credit to the author.I sometimes use images, clip art, videos, etc. from websites without giving credit to the creator.

I use information from a source, but I change a few words.

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TemptingEasy and fastCutting & pasting

Poor note takingImproper quotationsPoor paraphrasing or summarizing

Incorrect citations

Why Does Plagiarism Happen?

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Intentional• Buying an essay on the

internet and putting your name on it

• Putting your name on an essay someone wrote for you

• Copying and pasting information into your essay without documenting it

• Results in more serious consequences

Unintentional• Poor paraphrasing• Incorrect

documentation• Quoting excessively• Can result in less

severe consequences, but they can vary depending on the severity

Intentional and Unintentional Plagiarism

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Using another writer’s exact words without using quotation marks around those words

Paraphrasing or quoting a writer’s words without citing them*

Stating another person’s ideas without citing the source*

*By citing the source, you should cite it BOTH in the works cited page as well as in the essay itself (with in-text citations)

Some Common Forms of Unintentional Plagiarism

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Reasons to avoid plagiarismUnethicalLost learning opportunityDecreases your credibility as a

writerCan result in serious

consequences:Lower grade on the assignment

(maybe even a zero)Lower grade in the classIt might even go on your permanent

record, depending on the severity

Plagiarism (cont.)

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Always give credit when using information from a source

When taking notes, write exact words from the source in quotation marks

If you’re using direct quotes, be sure to use quotation marks around the exact words from the source and include a citation at the end of the sentence

Paraphrase and summarize effectivelyCheck your passages against the original

sourceWhen in doubt, cite!

How Do I Avoid Plagiarism?

Page 9: Avoiding plagiarism & using sources

Must be identical to the original (using a narrow segment of the source)

Must be inside quotation marks (to signal that the words are not your own)

Must be attributed to the authorLimit your use of quotations

No more than 25% of the essay should be direct quotations.

Paraphrase as much as you can.

Quotations

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ParaphrasingPuts a passage from source material in your own wordsMust also be attributed to the authorUsually shorter than the original passage, taking a

somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly

SummarizingPuts the main idea(s) into your own words, including

only the main point(s)Must attribute summarized ideas to the authorSignificantly shorter than the original Takes a broad overview of the source material

Paraphrasing and Summarizing

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Provide support for claims or add credibilityGive examples of several points of view on a

subjectHighlight a particularly striking phrase,

sentence, or passage by quoting the originalDistance yourself from the original by quoting

it in order to cue readers that the words are not your own

Expand the breadth or depth of your writing

Why use Paraphrases, Summary, and Quotes?

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In order to paraphrase properly, the passage needs to be changed significantly from the original source:1. Change the words from the original

More than a couple of words need to change2. Change the order of the words from the original3. Change the sentence structure from the original

It should be written in your own voice

Proper Paraphrasing

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Read your sources multiple times until you understand them fully

Don’t look at your source while you are trying to summarize or paraphrase

After you finish writing your summary or paraphrase, go back and look at the source and determine if what you have written is too close to the original

Strategies for Effective Paraphrasing

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Effective or Ineffective Paraphrase?

ORIGINAL: The rise of industry, the growth of cities, and the expansion of the population were the three great developments of late nineteenth century American history. As new, larger, steam-powered factories became a feature of the American landscape in the East, they transformed farm hands into industrial laborers, and provided jobs for a rising tide of immigrants. With industry came urbanization the growth of large cities (like Fall River, Massachusetts, where the Bordens lived) which became the centers of production as well as of commerce and trade.

PASSAGE IN ESSAY: The increase of industry, the growth of cities, and the explosion of the population were three large factors of nineteenth century America. As steam-driven companies became more visible in the eastern part of the country, they changed farm hands into factory workers and provided jobs for the large wave of immigrants. With industry came the growth of large cities like Fall River where the Bordens lived which turned into centers of commerce and trade as well as production.

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Acceptable or Unacceptable Paraphrase?IneffectiveWhy?

The writer only changed around a few words and phrases or changed the order of the original’s sentences

The writer failed to cite a source for any of the ideas or facts

This is an example of plagiarism.

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Effective or Ineffective Paraphrase?ORIGINAL: The rise of industry, the growth of cities, and the expansion of the population were the three great developments of late nineteenth century American history. As new, larger, steam-powered factories became a feature of the American landscape in the East, they transformed farm hands into industrial laborers, and provided jobs for a rising tide of immigrants. With industry came urbanization the growth of large cities (like Fall River, Massachusetts, where the Bordens lived) which became the centers of production as well as of commerce and trade.

PASSAGE IN ESSAY:Fall River, where the Borden family lived, was typical of northeastern industrial cities of the nineteenth century. As steam-powered production shifted labor from agriculture to manufacturing, the demand for workers "transformed farm hands into industrial laborers," and created jobs for immigrants. In turn, growing populations increased the size of urban areas. Fall River was one of these hubs "which became the centers of production as well as of commerce and trade" (Williams 1).

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Acceptable or Unacceptable Paraphrase?EffectiveWhy?

The writer records the information in the original passage accurately.

The writer gives credit for the ideas in this passage.

The writer indicated which part is taken directly from the source by putting the passage in quotation marks and citing the page number.

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Quotation—the exact words from a source, indicated by surrounding those words with double quotation marksWritten EXACTLY as it appears in the

sourceAlways surrounded by double

quotation marksShould be introduced and/or weaved

into your own sentence, not just “dropped” into the essay (also called a “dumped quote”)

ALWAYS cite at the end of the sentence with a direct quote

Direct Quotations

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Weak integration of a quote:Minorities may feel pressured to

alter a way of life to which they have become accustomed. "Moreover, the behavior, lifestyle, and values of minority students are likely to be substantially different from those of whites" (Jones and Farrell 212).

Weaving Quotes Into Your Own Sentence

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Strong integration of a quote:Minorities may feel pressured to

alter a way of life to which they have become accustomed because their "behavior, lifestyle, and values . . . are likely to be substantially different from those of whites" (Jones and Farrell 212).

Weaving Quotes Into Your Own Sentence

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Weak integration of a quote:The administration at the University of

Missouri believes that with a constant recruitment of minority students over the next couple of years, the ratio of minorities to white students will become much more equal. "All students grow by meeting people unlike themselves" (Brown A1). The administration at the University of Missouri hopes that this is true for its university.

Weaving Quotes Into Your Own Sentence

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Strong integration of a quote:The administration at the University of

Missouri believes that with a constant recruitment of minority students over the next couple of years, the ratio of minorities to white students will become more equal, thereby allowing "students [to] grow by meeting people unlike themselves" (Brown A1).

Weaving Quotes Into Your Own Sentence

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If you change something in a quote, indicate it by using brackets [ ]

"He [William Dean Howells] was 'fierce to shut out' of his study the voices and faces of his family in 'pursuit of the end' which he 'sought gropingly, blindly and with very little hope but with an intense ambition, and a courage that gave way under no burden, before no obstacles'" (Kirk and Kirk 16).

Direct Quotes—Formatting & Punctuation

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You can leave words out of a quote, but you have to show itUse the ellipsis ( . . . ), three spaced periods, to show

deleted portions of a quoteYou only use this if you leave out words in the MIDDLE of

a quoteYou don’t need it at the beginning or end of a quote

ExampleOriginal : “Human improvement is a fact of life, not because of the state eugenics committee, but because of consumer demand” (Kevlev 75).

Quote with words left out: “Human improvement is a fact of life . . . because of consumer demand” (Kevlev 75).

Direct Quotes—Formatting & Punctuation

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If you leave more than a whole sentence out of a direct quote, use an ellipsis with four spaced periods (. . . .)

Direct Quotes—Formatting & Punctuation

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Quotes within a quoteDouble quotation marks always go on the

outsideIf you need to use quotation marks within the

quote, switch to single quotation marksIf you need to embed any more quotes, you just

alternate: double quotes, single quotes, double quotes, single quotes, etc.

ExampleDaryl writes, “I was happy when Mica told me she was ‘wildly delighted and plunging in with every brain cell firing’ in her new job” (36).

Direct Quotes—Formatting & Punctuation

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Use the name of an author and a comment on his/her credentialsDo this the first time you use information from

that source. There is no need to do this every time you paraphrase, summarize, or quote from that source.

How do your readers know that the source you have used is reliable, credible, and trustworthy, unless you tell them?

ExampleDr. Matthew Benjamin, head of the Department of Osteoporosis Research at the University of Ottawa, warns that the most commonly prescribed medications also have potentially dangerous side effects that have not been adequately studied (15).

Best Practices for Direct Quotes

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Model Signal Phrases:

“Researchers Long and McKinzie claim…”

“As Paul Rudnick notes…”

“Melinda Stuart, mother of a child killed by a drunk driver, points out…”

“…,writes Michelle Moore, …”

*Note: Limit the use of “said.” See pages 396-399 of the Prentice Hall Reference Guide for more examples.

Use Signal PhrasesVerbs in Signal Phrases:

acknowledgesarguesagreesassertsbelieves claimscomments confirmscontends declaresdenies disputes

emphasizes endorsesgrants illustratesimplies

notesobserves points outreasons

refutessuggests writes

Don’t leave your poor quotes alone at the party. Introduce them!

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Direct quotes should support your claims, not take the place of your claims

Always follow a direct quote with your own explanationAdd your own analysis after the quote

How does the quote connect with the other ideas in the paragraph?

What is most important for readers to notice about the quote?

How does the quote support your ideas?

Best Practices for Direct Quotes