ATOMS AND THE NATURE OF ATOMS AND THE NATURE OF THE MATTERTHE MATTER

WHAT IS THE ATOM ?WHAT IS THE ATOM ?

ATOM:THE SMALLEST UNIT THAT ATOM:THE SMALLEST UNIT THAT BUILDS UP ELEMENTS AND BUILDS UP ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS IS CALLED THE ATOM.COMPOUNDS IS CALLED THE ATOM.

THE MEANING OF THE NAME THE MEANING OF THE NAME ‘ATOM’‘ATOM’

THE NAME ATOM IS GIVEN BY GREEK THE NAME ATOM IS GIVEN BY GREEK PHILOSOPHERS ‘ATOMOS’ WHICH MEANS PHILOSOPHERS ‘ATOMOS’ WHICH MEANS INDIVISIBLE PARTICLE.INDIVISIBLE PARTICLE.

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM WAS FIRST THE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM WAS FIRST EXPLAINED BY JOHN DALTON IN 1803. EXPLAINED BY JOHN DALTON IN 1803.

JOHN DALTON PROPOSED THAT THE ATOMS JOHN DALTON PROPOSED THAT THE ATOMS ARE SOLID SPHERES LIKE A BILLIARD BALL.ARE SOLID SPHERES LIKE A BILLIARD BALL.

SUBATOMIC PARTICLESSUBATOMIC PARTICLES

After Dalton’s Theory subatomic particles After Dalton’s Theory subatomic particles protons,electrons and neutron were protons,electrons and neutron were discovered at the end of 19 th century.discovered at the end of 19 th century.

There are 3 main subatomic particles: There are 3 main subatomic particles: Proton, Neutron ve Electron. (Recent Proton, Neutron ve Electron. (Recent

studies have proved that there are 50 studies have proved that there are 50 subatomic particles.)subatomic particles.)

ATOM

PROTONS:Positively

charged particles in the nucleus

NEUTRONS:ChargelessParticles

in the nucleus

ELECTRONS:Negatively charged

particles on the certain energy levels around the nucleus

Proton:Proton:Positive particles with 1 amu mass Positive particles with 1 amu mass and (1+) charge.and (1+) charge.

Neutron:Neutron:Chargeless particles with 1 amu Chargeless particles with 1 amu mass.mass.

Electron:Electron:Negative particles with 1/1836 Negative particles with 1/1836 amu mass (1-) charge. amu mass (1-) charge.

RADIOACTIVE PROPERTIES OF RADIOACTIVE PROPERTIES OF THE ATOMSTHE ATOMS

ONE OF THE MUSLIM TURKISH SCIENTIST ‘AL CABIR BIN ONE OF THE MUSLIM TURKISH SCIENTIST ‘AL CABIR BIN KHAYYAN’ LIVED BETWEEN 721-805,KNOWN AS THE FOUNDER KHAYYAN’ LIVED BETWEEN 721-805,KNOWN AS THE FOUNDER OF THE MODERN CHEMISTRY WAS THE ONE WHO FIRST OF THE MODERN CHEMISTRY WAS THE ONE WHO FIRST MENTIONED NUCLEAR POWER OF THE ATOM.MENTIONED NUCLEAR POWER OF THE ATOM.

HE WROTE MORE THAN 2000 BOOKS ABOUT HE WROTE MORE THAN 2000 BOOKS ABOUT CHEMISTRY,PHYSICS AND ALGEBRA.CHEMISTRY,PHYSICS AND ALGEBRA.

ONE OF THE MAIN PART OF MATHEMATICS ‘ALGEBRA’ IS BEING ONE OF THE MAIN PART OF MATHEMATICS ‘ALGEBRA’ IS BEING USED ON BEHALF OF ‘AL CABIR’ NOW.USED ON BEHALF OF ‘AL CABIR’ NOW.

MANY OF THE MODERN SCIENTIST ALL AROUND THE WORLD IN MANY OF THE MODERN SCIENTIST ALL AROUND THE WORLD IN 20 TH CENTURY USED HIS IDEAS AND BOOKS TO DEVELOP 20 TH CENTURY USED HIS IDEAS AND BOOKS TO DEVELOP THEIR THEORIES. THEIR THEORIES.

THE FOUNDER OF THE THE FOUNDER OF THE CHEMISTRY’AL CABIR BIN CHEMISTRY’AL CABIR BIN

KHAYYAN’KHAYYAN’ HE MENTIONED ABOUT DIVISIBILITY OF HE MENTIONED ABOUT DIVISIBILITY OF

THE ATOM 1000 YEARS BEFORE THE ATOM 1000 YEARS BEFORE ENRICO FERMI AND EINSTEIN.ENRICO FERMI AND EINSTEIN.

THE FAMOUS SENTENCE OF ‘AL THE FAMOUS SENTENCE OF ‘AL CABIR’ ABOUT THE NUCLEAR CABIR’ ABOUT THE NUCLEAR

POWER OF THE ATOMPOWER OF THE ATOM ON CONTRARY TO GREEK PHILOSOPHERS,THERE IS ON CONTRARY TO GREEK PHILOSOPHERS,THERE IS

AN ENORMOUS AMOUNT OF DENSE ENERGY AN ENORMOUS AMOUNT OF DENSE ENERGY STORED IN THE ATOM THAT CAN DESTROY ALL THE STORED IN THE ATOM THAT CAN DESTROY ALL THE BAGHDAT CITY WHEN EXPLODE.BAGHDAT CITY WHEN EXPLODE.

ATOMIC BOMBSATOMIC BOMBS

LOCATION OF PARTICLESLOCATION OF PARTICLES

He atom contains two protons and two neutrons in its He atom contains two protons and two neutrons in its nucleus.nucleus.

If the size of He atom is enlarged to the size of a stadium If the size of He atom is enlarged to the size of a stadium having a capacity of 70 thousands people,these four having a capacity of 70 thousands people,these four particles are observed as four insects at the center of this particles are observed as four insects at the center of this stadium.stadium.

Rest of the atom is empty and size of the atom is Rest of the atom is empty and size of the atom is determined by electrons which are rotating around the determined by electrons which are rotating around the nucleus with a speed of 50 thousands kilometers per nucleus with a speed of 50 thousands kilometers per second approximetely.second approximetely.

We can say that electrons can travel around the earth in We can say that electrons can travel around the earth in less than 1 second.less than 1 second.

NUCLEAR ATTRACTIONNUCLEAR ATTRACTION

Electrons moving around the nucleus are attracted Electrons moving around the nucleus are attracted by the nucleus because of opposite charges.But by the nucleus because of opposite charges.But they don’t stick on the nucleus because of their they don’t stick on the nucleus because of their kinetic energies.kinetic energies.

IMAGINE,WHAT HAPPENS WHEN ELECTRONS IMAGINE,WHAT HAPPENS WHEN ELECTRONS SLOW DOWN ?SLOW DOWN ?

ATOMS & MOLECULESATOMS & MOLECULES

AtomsAtoms can exist alone or can exist alone or found as molecules.found as molecules. are are the smallest the smallest unitunit of an element of an element..

MoleculesMolecules a combination of atoms that has its own a combination of atoms that has its own

characteristic set of propertiescharacteristic set of properties

ATOMS IN THE FORM OF ATOMS IN THE FORM OF MOLECULES OF LIFEMOLECULES OF LIFE

Living things are composed of nonliving molecules. Living things are composed of nonliving molecules. These molecules are composed of atoms. Today,92 These molecules are composed of atoms. Today,92 out of 116 elements are found in Earth’s crust.All living out of 116 elements are found in Earth’s crust.All living organisms are made up of 27 elements.organisms are made up of 27 elements.

Abundant elements in living things are; Abundant elements in living things are; Carbon,Hydrogen,Oxygen and Nitrogen. Almost 99% Carbon,Hydrogen,Oxygen and Nitrogen. Almost 99% of our body are composed of these elements by mass. of our body are composed of these elements by mass. The rest of them are Calcium, Phosphorus, Sodium, The rest of them are Calcium, Phosphorus, Sodium, Manganese, Potassium, Chlorine and Sulphur Manganese, Potassium, Chlorine and Sulphur elements . Each of these atoms are in an incredible elements . Each of these atoms are in an incredible order.order.

Size of NucleusSize of Nucleus

If the nucleus were “1m” in diameter,

the atom would be 1.5 miles in diameter.

EACH ATOMS IN THE UNIVERSE EACH ATOMS IN THE UNIVERSE HAVE THE SAME PARTICLESHAVE THE SAME PARTICLES

Different atoms contain the same Different atoms contain the same particles but in different numbers.particles but in different numbers.

ExampleExample:Helium atom contains 2 :Helium atom contains 2 protons,2 neutrons and 2 protons,2 neutrons and 2 electrons,Carbon atom contains 6 electrons,Carbon atom contains 6 protons , 6 neutrons and 6 electrons protons , 6 neutrons and 6 electrons rotating in an order continuously.rotating in an order continuously.

He is a noble gas.He is a noble gas.

C is a solid substance which C is a solid substance which has relatively different has relatively different

properties than He.properties than He.

WHY THEY ARE DIFFERENT WHY THEY ARE DIFFERENT ALLTOUGH THEY CONTAIN THE ALLTOUGH THEY CONTAIN THE

SAME PARTICLES ? SAME PARTICLES ?

Another interesting property of the structure Another interesting property of the structure of an atom is the mass of one electron is 1 of an atom is the mass of one electron is 1 to 1836 the mass of one proton or a to 1836 the mass of one proton or a neutron.Almost all the mass of an atom is neutron.Almost all the mass of an atom is the total mass of protons and neutrons in the total mass of protons and neutrons in the nucleus. the nucleus.

Electrons moving around the nucleus are Electrons moving around the nucleus are attracted by protons.attracted by protons.

The mass of He atom is collected at four The mass of He atom is collected at four particles.particles.

Like the mass of the Stadium is collected at Like the mass of the Stadium is collected at fourfour insects. insects.

The order in the structure of the atom rules the whole universe. With the atom and its particles moving in a certain order, the mountains are not scattered, lands do not break apart, the sky is not split asunder and, in short, matter is held together and is constant.

ATOMS ARE ALIVE OR NOT ?ATOMS ARE ALIVE OR NOT ?

Each living things consist of billlions of these Each living things consist of billlions of these atoms. Atoms combine to form atoms. Atoms combine to form biomolecules.When the structures of these biomolecules.When the structures of these biomolecules in living things are examined one by biomolecules in living things are examined one by one,all these molecules follows all Chemical and one,all these molecules follows all Chemical and Physical principles that nonliving molecules Physical principles that nonliving molecules have.But they exhibit etraordinary properties have.But they exhibit etraordinary properties unlike the same molecules in nonliving molecules. unlike the same molecules in nonliving molecules.

Living things,from the smallest bacteria to the highest living Living things,from the smallest bacteria to the highest living thing ,have very complex and well organized systems.They thing ,have very complex and well organized systems.They contain very different and complex molecules in their contain very different and complex molecules in their structures.structures.

Example:Example:E-Coli bacteria contains 5000 kinds of organic E-Coli bacteria contains 5000 kinds of organic molecules.molecules.

A unicelluar organism.A unicelluar organism. The mass of this bacteria is about 1/500.000.000 gram.The mass of this bacteria is about 1/500.000.000 gram. Biochemist found about 3000 protein,1000 nucleic acid and Biochemist found about 3000 protein,1000 nucleic acid and

1000 the other organic molecules or ions.1000 the other organic molecules or ions.

There are about 10 million kinds of living things in nature.There are about 10 million kinds of living things in nature. It is estimated that ; In the structure of all living things there It is estimated that ; In the structure of all living things there

are about:are about: 1 billion kinds of proteins 1 billion kinds of proteins 10 million kinds of nucleic acids10 million kinds of nucleic acids

THESE NUMBERS ARE VERY BIG NUMBERS IN THESE NUMBERS ARE VERY BIG NUMBERS IN COMPARISON TO THE NUMBER OF ORGANIC COMPARISON TO THE NUMBER OF ORGANIC MOLECULES SYNTHESIZED IN MORE THAN 1 MILLION MOLECULES SYNTHESIZED IN MORE THAN 1 MILLION LABORATORIES.LABORATORIES.

ALL THESE DIFFERENT BIOMOLECULES ARE MADE ALL THESE DIFFERENT BIOMOLECULES ARE MADE UP OF A FEW DIFFERENT ELEMENTSUP OF A FEW DIFFERENT ELEMENTS

C,H,O,N,P,S AND HALOGENS.. C,H,O,N,P,S AND HALOGENS..

ALL TYPES OF PROTEINS MADE OF 20 TYPES OF ALL TYPES OF PROTEINS MADE OF 20 TYPES OF AMINO ACIDS.AMINO ACIDS.

LIKE,WRITING A BOOK BY USING LIMITED AMOUNT LIKE,WRITING A BOOK BY USING LIMITED AMOUNT OF LETTERS IN ALPHABET.OF LETTERS IN ALPHABET.

A BOOK REQUIRES A WRITERA BOOK REQUIRES A WRITER SIMILARLY,THE BOOK OF UNIVERSE ALSO REQUIRES SIMILARLY,THE BOOK OF UNIVERSE ALSO REQUIRES

AN UNLIMITED KNOWLEDGE.AN UNLIMITED KNOWLEDGE. AND,ALL THOSE MOLECULES CAN NAT COMBINE BY AND,ALL THOSE MOLECULES CAN NAT COMBINE BY

CHANCE.CHANCE.

SOME EXAMPLES SOME EXAMPLES FROM NATURE FROM NATURE AND HERBAL AND HERBAL CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY

An Isolated PhytomoleculeAn Isolated Phytomolecule

A Phytochemical in a MatrixA Phytochemical in a MatrixThe ascorbic acid molecule is exactly the same in Oranges or Violets, but is embedded in very different chemical matrices

IsobutylamidesIsobutylamides

Sulfur Compounds in GarlicSulfur Compounds in Garlic Alliin (major cysteine sulfoxide in Garlic) +Alliin (major cysteine sulfoxide in Garlic) + Alliinase (an enzyme in fresh, whole Garlic or Alliinase (an enzyme in fresh, whole Garlic or

correctly dried Garlic powders)correctly dried Garlic powders) Allicin, the active antibiotic compoundAllicin, the active antibiotic compound Allicin Allicin sulfides, ajoene, dithiins, etc. sulfides, ajoene, dithiins, etc.

Alliinase

Alliin Allicin

FlavonoidsFlavonoids Largest class of polyphenols: ~ 4,000 kindsLargest class of polyphenols: ~ 4,000 kinds Often responsible for yellow or red/blue/purple Often responsible for yellow or red/blue/purple

colors in flowers, fruits, vegetables colors in flowers, fruits, vegetables Serve as antioxidants for the plants during Serve as antioxidants for the plants during

photosynthesisphotosynthesis Includes antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cancer-Includes antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cancer-

preventative, & cardioprotective compoundspreventative, & cardioprotective compounds

Betalain AlkaloidsBetalain Alkaloids Nitrogenous pigments found only in a few plant Nitrogenous pigments found only in a few plant

families, where they replace anthocyaninsfamilies, where they replace anthocyanins Very potent antioxidantsVery potent antioxidants AnticarcinogenicAnticarcinogenic

Betanidin

HawthornHawthorn

Hyperin, a glycoside of quercetin, Hyperin, a glycoside of quercetin, is the main flavonoid in Hawthornis the main flavonoid in Hawthorn

Helps heart muscle to work more Helps heart muscle to work more efficiently, strengthens efficiently, strengthens contractions, stabilizes rhythmcontractions, stabilizes rhythm

Enhances the utilization of Enhances the utilization of oxygen in cellsoxygen in cells

Contains many antioxidantsContains many antioxidants Antispasmodic, anti-inflammatoryAntispasmodic, anti-inflammatory