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A set of slides created to teach Atomic Structure P to learners at Bishops Diocesan College in Cape Town.
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Atomic Structure
K Warne
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Elements
ELEMENTS - cannot be broken up into simpler
substances.
- their smallest particles are atoms.
- they are found on the periodic table.
elementatom
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Chlorine:
• _________
• _________
• _______
Compounds
Sodium:
• ______
• _______
• Very _______
ClNa
Elements
Compound (can be chemically
broken down into two original elements)
NaCl molecule
Different to original atoms
REACTION
• Energy ________
• Atoms ________
NaCl
Sodium Chloride
• ______________
• ______________.
• ______________
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The AtomAn atom consists
of a NUCLEUS made of ……………..and ………………
………………….orbit the nucleus at high speed.
Helium atom
The electrons are ……………… charged - the
protons are ………………….
The number of electrons is always …………
to the number of protons.
e-
Proton (….)
Electron (....)e-
Neutron (….)
++
The element is determined by the number of ………………!!
charge
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THE NEUTRAL ATOM• Atomic Number (_) = number of ______
• Mass number (…) = ________ + ________.
• Number of neutrons = ______
Notation
Z
A
X………. Number
(_________)
………… Number
(________) symbol
e-
proton
electrone-
neutron
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Atomic Structure
Symbol
NotationName Protons Neutrons
Mass
NumberElectrons
4020Ca Calcium 20
40-20 =
2040 20
3115P
14 28
12 6
Mg
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Isotopes
…………………
Atoms of the ……. ………….. which have …………. ………… of ………………. Others – Boron …….., Hydrogen …..….., Chlorine ……………………... Write notation and work out numbers of neutrons in each of these.
+
+
+
++
e- e-
e- e-e-
e-
++
+
+
++
e- e-
e- e-e-
e-
The two carbon atoms below both are not identical – can you spot what
is different? (Write down A and Z in the symbol notations.)
……..C …
…..C
+
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IsotopesBoron 10 & 11, Hydrogen 1 & 2, Chlorine 35 & 37
510B 5
11B5 neutrons! 6 neutrons!
11H 1
2H0 neutrons! 1 neutrons!
1735Cl 17
37Cl18 neutrons! 20 neutrons!
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ISOTOPES
Symbol PROTONS ELECTRONS NEUTRONS
Carbon 1212
6C 6 6 6
Carbon 1313
6C 6 6 7
Boron 1010
5B 5 5 5
Boron 1111
5B 5 5 6
Hydrogen 1
Hydrogen 2
Chlorine 35
Chlorine 37
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• Electrons orbit the nucleus in various __________________.
• These levels ______________ from the nucleus.
• Levels further from the nucleus have _____________ _______.
• The OUTERMOST LEVEL is called the _______________ energy level.
• The electrons in the OUTER ENERGY LEVEL are known as the _________________ ELECTRONS.
• The number of valence electronsfor any element is equal to it’s _______________ NUMBER on the periodic table.
e-
e-
e-e-
This atom has _____
valence electrons.
The number of valence electrons of the
following elements are:
• Oxygen:
• Hydrogen:
• Sodium:
• Chlorine:
• Carbon:
Energy levels
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Full Shells- Maximum Electrons
• The FIRST or innermost shell as having a maximum of 2 electrons.
• The next two shells have a maximum of 8 electrons each.
• The FOURTH shell can take many more electrons but we shall only consider elements up to the first TWENTY.
2
1
8
7
3
4
5
6
1 2
At Junior Level we can take:
2 + 8 + 8 + (2) = 20
Atomic No = total electrons
Group number = valence
electrons (outer shell)
Valency = no
electrons lost or
gained to get a full
outer shell
K L M N
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2s
1s
8 p
8 n
Oxygen
8
O
16
Valence Electrons
Valence electrons are those which are found in the outer
energy level or shell.
An oxygen atom has 8 electrons in total – 6 of which would be in its
outer energy level. The number of valenc electrons in an atom of
oxygen is therefore 6.
O 1s2 2s2 2p4
2p
1
2
3
4
5
6
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VALENCY – BOHR DIAGRAMS
Valency – ……………….. of electrons ……..….. or ………....
to have a FULL valence level. (Outer shell)
H He
Li Be B C N O F Ne
Valence electrons – those in ……………. shell.
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Mass INCREASES from Left to Right! More
Protons and more electrons!
1 2 ....
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15p
16 N
Phosphorus
15
P
31
Bohr Diagram for Phosphorus
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VALENCY
• Valency – number of electrons lost or gained to have a FULL valence level. (Outer shell)
Valence electrons – those in outer shell.
Group No I II III IV V VI VII VIII
Valence
electrons
Valency
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Valency
• The …………. of an element is the number of ………….. it must ……….. gain or lose to get a full outer shell (8 electrons).
• For METALS the valency is just equal to the ………… ………………..
• For NON-Metals the valency is equal to ……………………….
This atom has a
valency of -2.
The valencies of the following
elements are:
• Oxygen:
• Hydrogen:
• Sodium:
• Chlorine:
• Carbon:
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Name Symbol Z A N e- G.No Valence e- Valency
sodium Na 11 23 12 11 I 1 1
Mg
Al
Si
phosphor
us31
15P 15 31 16 15 V 5 -3
32___ 16 32
35___ 17
18
----- Ca
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Periodic Table Investigation• On the supplied blank outline of the periodic table.
• Type in symbols for all the elements you know of which are:
– Metals
– Gasses
– Liquids
– Non Metals (substances that are not metals)
Use some form of colour scheme to distinguish the various kinds of elements.
Interactive Periodic Tables you may wish to use:
www.ptable.com
http://www.webelements.com/
Identify any possible trends in the layout of elements.
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The Periodic TableInteractive Periodic Table; www.ptable.comI II <--GROUP NUMBERS--> III IV V VI VII 0
1 2
H He
1 KEY 4
3 4 Atomic number 3 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li BeLi Symbol B C N O F Ne
7 9 Mass number 7 11 12 14 16 19 20
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
23 24 27 28 31 32 35.5 40
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
39 40 45 48 51 52 55 56 59 59 64 65 70 73 75 79 80 84
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
86 88 89 91 93 96 99 101 103 106 108 112 115 119 122 128 127 131
55 56 57 * 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
133 137 139 179 181 184 186 190 192 195 197 201 204 207 209 210 210 222
87 88 89
Fr Ra Ac
223 226 227
* 58 - 71 Lanthanides58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
140 141 144 145 150 152 157 159 163 165 167 169 173 175
90 - 103 Actinides90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
Th Pa U Np Pu AmCm Bk Cf Es Fm Nd No Lr
232 231 238 237 239 243 247 247 252 (252) (257) (258) (259) (260)
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The Periodic TableInteractive Periodic Table; www.ptable.comGI Metals – light grey, react vigorously with water –
release Hydrogen gas – reaction gets more vigorous
as you go down the group.
GVII HALOGENS toxic reactive gases, liquids & solids
– reactivity DECREASES as you go down!
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The Periodic Table
I VIII
1
2
3
4
Periods II III IV V VI VII<-- Group Numbers -->
•Each period relates to one ENERGY LEVEL
•All elements in a PERIOD have valence electrons in the same
ENERGY LEVEL
First Energy Level
Second Energy Level
Third Energy Level etc.
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Diatomic MoleculesSome elements have atoms that ALWAYS exist in PAIRS. Two atoms of
the element bond to form a DIATOMIC MOLECULE.
In their natural (uncombined) states they are ALWAYS written as:
H2 N2 O2 F2 Cl2 Br2 I2 At2
They can exist singly in compounds:
H2 + Cl2 2HCl
Diatomic molecules single atoms in compound
IVIII
II III IV V VI VIIHN O F
Cl
Br
I
At
Hydrogen
GasH H
H x H•
H2
H Cl
H Cl
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The Periodic TableColumns - Groups - 8
Non-metals
metals
semi-metalsHalogensI
II III IV V VI VII
Rows - Periods
Nobel/Inert
Gases
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Hi -
This is a SAMPLE presentation only.
My FULL presentations, which contain a lot more more slides and other resources, are freely
available on my resource sharing website:
www.warnescience.net(click on link or logo)
Have a look and enjoy!
WarneScience