Arts & crafts

History of Architecture - II (AP-313) – Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

History of Design

Arts and Crafts Movement + Art Nouveau

LECTURE 5

http://www.civilization.ca/civil/egypt/egypte.html

http://www.civilization.ca/civil/egypt/egypte.html


Time frame

• industrial revolution 1750 -1850

• arts and crafts 1860 to 1910

• victorian era 1837 to 1901


Geography

• industrial revolution, it began in the united kingdom ( 1865 – 1913 us worlds leading industrial nation)

• arts and crafts movement, developed first and mostly in the british isles

• victorian era, began in britain


society

• society

• Before the Industrial Revolution all work was done by hand, and now it is mainly done by machines. Also when the industrial revolution came, the style of livinng for everyone changed creating other classes other than 'Rich' and 'Poor' hence the 'Middle class' which the majority of the English and American population is.

• Before the industrial revolution 80% of people earned income from the land. 4/5ths of the population lived in rural areas, leasing land from aristocrats and the wealthy and farming agriculture. Families would produce mainly what they needed to survive. IR brought about social, economical and cultural changes.

Agricultural revolution

• Enclosure movement (no more open-fiend)

• Experimental phase

Jethro Tull(1674 – 1741)

• Seed Drill

• Horse Shoe

Demographic revolution

Social impact•Urbanization and over crowding

• Lack of sanitation

• Cities Poluted

•Disease

• Homeless

• Religious tension

Child Labour

economy

• industrial revolution,• the basic income during the period increased ten

times and the population increase 6 times in the two centuaries that followed the 1800s.

• "For the first time in history, the living standards of the masses of ordinary people have begun to undergo sustained growth ... Nothing remotely like this economic behavior has happened before". Robert E. Lucas, Jr, nobel prise winner.

• a transition in parts of great britains previosuly manual labour and animal based economy towards mine based manufacturing, in the later part of the 18th century.

Sectors of economy that grew dramatically during this period and

had significant technological advances:

• Textile Industry

• Introduction of steam power

• Iron and steel

• Railway

• Coal mining

Inventions ...Steam Engine

• Thoman Newcomen

(1663 – 1729)

• James Watt(1736 - 1800)

VS

James Watt's Improved Steam Engine James Watt was sent a Newcomen steam engine to repair that led him to invented improvements for steam engines.

... More inventions

• 1712 Illustration of Thomas Newcomen's Steam Engine

• In 1712, Thomas Newcomen together with John Calley built their first steam engine.

Flying Shuttle, Automation of Textile Making & The Industrial Revolution

Increased Yarn and Thread Production During Industrial Revolution The spinning jenny used eight spindles of instead of the one found on spinning wheels.In 1764, a British carpenter and weaver named James Hargreaves invented an improved spinning jenny,

Spinning Frame or Water FrameRichard Arkwright patented the spinning frame or water frame that could produce stronger threads for yarns

Spinning Mule Increased Variety in Threads and yarn

In 1779, Samuel Crompton invented the spinning mule that combined the moving carriage of the spinning jenny with the rollers of the water frame

Power Loom's Effect on the Women of the Industrial RevolutionThe power loom was a steam-powered, mechanically-operated version of a regular loom. A loom is a device that combined threads to make cloth.

Practical Sewing Machines & Ready Made ClothingAfter the sewing machine was invented, the ready-made clothing industry took off. Before sewing machines, nearly all clothing was local and hand-sewn.

• The telegraph was invented in 1848•Laying of the 1st ocean cable in 1864

transport

During the early 19th century, the romantic medieval Gothic revival style was developed as a reaction to the symmetry of Palladianism. By the middle of the 19th century, as a result of new technology, construction was able to incorporate steel as a building component; one of the greatest exponents of this was Joseph Paxton, architect of the Crystal Palace. In this era of prosperity new methods of construction were developed.In Scotland, the architect Alexander Thomson who practiced in Glasgow was a pioneer of the use of cast iron and steel for commercial buildings, blending neo-classical conventionality with Egyptian and oriental themes to produce many truly original structures.

The transept façade of the original Crystal Palace


INDUSTRIALIZATION

Effects

– Money

– Alienation

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RESPONSE TO INDUSTRIALIZATION

William Morris (1834 –1896)

C R Ashbee (1863 –1942)

W R Lethaby (1857 - 1931)

Trained as Architects and worked towards unity in the arts.

“to re-establish a harmony between architect, designer and craftsman and to bring handcraftsmanship to the production of well-designer, affordable,

everyday objects.” Imag

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The introduction to Arts and Craft

movement

• REBELLION against age of mass production

• Return to TRADITIONAL craft methods and ‘romantic forms of decor’

• Products manufactured by individuals and small groups

• “ATTACKING INDUSTRIAL AGE”

• Floral, wavy, leaf-like designs

• Believed IR made man less creative


RESPONSE TO INDUSTRIALIZATION

Individual expression

Vernacular

Use of local materials

“improvement of commercial design always remained as serious a goal as the restoration of craftsmanship. Groups of leading designers

not only set up craft societies but independent commercial companies” Im

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SOCIAL REFORM OF ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT

Change in Working condition

Belief in restorative power of craftsmanship

Simple life

Art as a way of life


PRINCIPLES OF ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT

HONESTY

Design Unity

Joy in Labour

Individualism

Regionalism


WILLIAM MORRIS (1834 –1896)

Influenced by

– Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood

– Writings of John Ruskin

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THE ARTS & CRAFTS MOVEMENT

The Arts and Crafts Movement was an

international design movement that originated in

Britain and flourished between 1880 and 1910. It

was instigated by the artist and writer William

Morris (1834–1896) in the 1860s and was inspired

by the writings of John Ruskin (1819–1900). It

influenced architecture, domestic design and the

decorative arts, using simple forms and a medieval

style of decoration. It advocated truth to materials,

traditional craftsmanship and economic reform.


WILLIAM MORRIS TRELLIS

Wallpaper designer by Morris

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WILLIAM MORRIS RED HOUSE

Architect - Philip Webb

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C R ASHBEE (1863 –1942)

Influenced by

– Socialism of William Morris (Established Guild and School of Handicraft in 1888, in the slums of Whitechapel)

– Works of John Ruskin Imag

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C R ASHBEE GUILD AND SCHOOL OF HANDICRAFT

"seek not only to set a higher standard of craftsmanship, but at the same time, and in so doing, to protect the status of the craftsman. To this end it endeavours to steer a mean between the independence of the artist— which is individualistic and often parasitical— and the trade-shop, where the workman is bound to purely commercial and antiquated traditions, and has, as a rule, neither stake in the business nor any interest beyond his weekly wage"


C R ASHBEE MAHOGANY VENEERED ETAGÈRE

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C R ASHBEE SILVER MOUNTED DECANTER

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W R LETHABY (1857 - 1931)

Influenced by

– His Father, craftsman and lay preacher

– Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings

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W R LETHABY BUILDING AT COLMORE ROW

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PHILIP WEBB (1857 - 1931)

Architect of the first Arts and Crafts Building – The Red House Im

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PHILIP WEBB - STANDEN

House at West Sussex, England.

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PHILIP WEBB - STANDEN

House at West Sussex, England.

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INFLUENCE ON USA- ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE

“The idea that every country should have an architecture that reflects its own particular history, geography and climate was

central to the Arts and Crafts movement”


INFLUENCE ON USA- DAVID B GAMBLE HOUSE

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House at West Sussex, England, Designed by Charles Sumner Greene and Henry Mather Greene (1908)


INFLUENCE ON USA- DAVID B GAMBLE HOUSE

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House at West Sussex, England, Designed by Charles Sumner Greene and Henry Mather Greene


INFLUENCE ON USA- MILLARD HOUSE HOUSE

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F L Wright (1932)


INFLUENCE ON USA- MILLARD HOUSE HOUSE

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F L Wright (1923)


INFLUENCE ON USA- WAINWRIGHT BUILDING

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Architect – Louis Sullivan (1890-91)



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American examples of “Arts & Crafts” style houses.


ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT & ART NOUVEAU

Rough Timeline

Arts and Crafts Movement – 1860s – 1910s

Art Nouveau – 1890s-1910s


ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT & ART NOUVEAU

Principles

Imbibing all art forms

Art as a way of life


ART NOUVEAU DIFFERENT FROM ARTS AND CRAFTS MOVEMENT?

Use of New Materials

Protest against the traditional

“William Morris was the theoretician whose beliefs more than those of anyone else initiated the Art Nouveau movement”


HEYGATE MACKMURDO (1851 – 1941) TITLE PAGE (1883)

“ Mackmurdo’D first graphic expression of Art Nouveau is generally accepted as his title page for Wren’s City Churches, published by G Allen in 1883”

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HEYGATE MACKMURDO (1851 – 1941) CHAIR (1883)

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MAISON DE L'ART NOUVEAU

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Opened on 1895, Paris


CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH (1868 –1928 )

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Glasgow School of Art (1897)



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Glasgow School of Art (1897)



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The Lighthouse, Glasgow (1895)



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The Lighthouse, Glasgow (1895)

ART NOUVEAU______________________________________________________________________________________________

CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH

ART NOUVEAU______________________________________________________________________________________________

CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH



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Ladderback Chair

ART NOUVEAU______________________________________________________________________________________________

MARGARET MACDONALD MACKINTOSH


CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH TYPEFACE


CHARLES RENNIE MACKINTOSH PRODUCT DESIGN


ANTONI GAUDÍ (1852 –1926 )

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Sagrada Família (1883)



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Sagrada Família (1883)


LOUIS SULLIVAN (1856 –1924 )

Wainwright building(1890)

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Wainwright building(1890)

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VICTOR HORTA (1861 –1947 )

Tassel House (1893)

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Tassel House (1893)

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Tassel House (1893)

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Casa Milà (1907)



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Casa Milà (1907)



Merchants' National Bank (1914)

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Merchants' National Bank (1914)

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PETER BEHRENS (1868 –1940 )

AEG Turbine Factory (1908)

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JOSEF HOFFMANN (1870 –1956 )

Kubus armchair(1910)

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Gustav Klimt (July 14, 1862 – February 6, 1918) was an Austrian

symbolist painter and one of the most prominent members of the

Vienna Secession movement. Klimt is noted for his paintings, murals,

sketches, and other objets d'art. Klimt's primary subject was the

female body; his works are marked by a frank eroticism.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Klimt.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Klimt.jpg


Gustave Moreau (6 April 1826 – 18 April 1898)

was a French Symbolist painter whose main

emphasis was the illustration of biblical and

mythological figures. As a painter, Moreau

appealed to the imaginations of some

Symbolist writers and artists.


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