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Are We Measuring the Right Things?!From Disclosing Datasets to!
Reshaping Data Infrastructures
17th June, University of Cambridge Jonathan Gray | jonathangray.org | @jwyg
The politics of public information
Talk of “release”, “disclosure”, “publication”, “transparency”, “opening up” of public data
From the disclosure of datasets to shaping data infrastructures?
Based on two papers and research projects in progress.
1. Gray, J. & Venturini, T. (forthcoming) “Rethinking the Politics of Public Information: From Opening Up Datasets to Recomposing Data Infrastructures?”. 2. Gray. J. & Davies, T. (2015) “Fighting Phantom Firms in the UK: From Opening Up Datasets to Reshaping Data Infrastructures?”. Working paper available on SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2610937
Gray. J. & Davies, T. (2015) “Fighting Phantom Firms in the UK: From Opening Up Datasets to Reshaping Data Infrastructures?”. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2610937
Three parts: !
1. Reshaping the data infrastructure for company ownership in the UK;
2. Implications for open data initiatives and open data advocacy;
3. “Statactivism” and data activism.
Three parts: !
1. Reshaping the data infrastructure for company ownership in the UK;!
2. Implications for open data initiatives and open data advocacy;
3. “Statactivism” and data activism.
Open Government Partnership Summit, October 2013
Joint Stock Companies Acts of 1844 and 1856
“Nominal ownership” Who is officially named as the owner?
“Beneficial ownership”!Who benefits from ownership and control?
Beneficial ownership: !• UK law in 19th century; • Origins in trust law 11th and 12th century; • International tax rules (OECD) from 1970s; • “Financial Action Task Force” (FATF) in relation
to money laundering and illicit financial flows.
Civil society campaigning in the UK commencing around 2012
G8 “Lough Erne Declaration” in June 2013
“Transparency and Trust” consultation in July 2013
Civil society actors included: !• Action Aid • Avaaz • CAFOD • Christian Aid • European Network on Debt and Development • Financial Transparency Coalition • Global Witness • IF campaign • Involve • ONE • OpenCorporates • Open Knowledge • Oxfam • Publish What You Pay UK • Save The Children • Tax Justice Network • Tax Research UK • Tearfund • The Rules • The Transparency and Accountability Initiative • Transparency International UK • War on Want • World Development Movement
Beneficial ownership advocacy: !• Consultation responses; • Joint open letters; • Petitions; • Public events; • Media engagement.
Beneficial ownership advocacy: !• Meetings as part of OGP National Action Plan; • Cost-benefit analysis of public register; • Analysis of not publishing different data fields; • Opinion polls to gauge support of broader publics; • Addressing concerns around privacy, data
protection and administrative burden; • Petition of 22,000 business owners; • Evidence of data quality improvements and
personal information as part of public record; • Software development and design to mock up how
a public register might look and function.
Three parts: !
1. Reshaping the data infrastructure for company ownership in the UK;
2. Implications for open data initiatives and open data advocacy;
3. “Statactivism” and data activism.
Three parts: !
1. Reshaping the data infrastructure for company ownership in the UK;
2. Implications for open data initiatives and open data advocacy;!
3. “Statactivism” and data activism.
In case of beneficial ownership advocacy, the disclosure of existing datasets was not enough.
Civil society organisations had to undertake a more creative, sustained and holistic engagement with shaping and influencing the development of data
infrastructures as socio-technical systems.
This included research and advocacy around: !• Costs, functionalities and user interfaces of
software systems that would run the register; • Changes to primary and secondary legislation; • Additional administrative requirements and their
impacts on different actors inside and outside the public sector.
Campaigners had to look beyond the question of what information is released, towards the question of what information is collected and generated by the public sector in the first place, how this is information is generated through data infrastructures.
The campaign for public registries of beneficial ownership as an example of a deeper intervention into the composition of public data systems.
Highlights social and political work that goes into the creation of data infrastructures.
Contingent events and alignment of different interests: !• UK hosting both the G8 and the OGP; • Prime Minister’s personal interest in the topic; • Controversies around tax avoidance by large
multinational companies and illicit capital flight in the wake of the Arab Spring;
• Anti-corruption advocacy around resource extraction and international development;
• Increasing public trust and confidence in UK businesses.
Two other considerations: (i) who uses information, (ii) how information acts.
“Accountability paths”
From “information as resource” to “information as agent”. !
(Sandra Braman, Change of State, MIT Press, 2009)
“Participatory data infrastructures”
To what extent do data infrastructures address needs and interests of civil society actors?
Role of public information systems in shaping and organising collective life.
How to broaden the publics that shape data as well as the publics that use it.
Bringing data infrastructures into orbits of democratic political life?
Might open data initiatives and advocates play a role in mediating interventions into data infrastructures? If so how?
Legal, social and technical measures for making open data initiatives more responsive to needs of civil society?
Forthcoming discussion paper about data infrastructures for practitioners.
Three parts: !
1. Reshaping the data infrastructure for company ownership in the UK;
2. Implications for open data initiatives and open data advocacy;
3. “Statactivism” and data activism.
Three parts: !
1. Reshaping the data infrastructure for company ownership in the UK;
2. Implications for open data initiatives and open data advocacy;
3. “Statactivism” and data activism.
“Statactivism”
Bruno, I. and Didier, E. and Vitale, T. (2014) “Statactivism: Forms of Action between Disclosure and Affirmation”. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2466882
Not just blanket critique or withdrawal of quantification and “metrification”.
Highlighting limitations of existing forms of measurement and proposing alternatives.
For example, gender equality, climate change, working conditions and health.
What should be measured and how?
What is not currently being measured?
Recent examples from data journalism.
New “action repertoires” for civil society actors to shape data infrastructures.
In conclusion…
Rethinking the politics of public information.
Going beyond a politics of public information focused on the disclosure of datasets.
Role of not just datasets but data infrastructures in addressing major global challenges - from climate change to tax base erosion.
Towards more holistic and creative interventions to shape information infrastructures
which organise collective life.
Not just dataset literacy, but data infrastructure literacy?
Not just dataset activism, but data infrastructure activism?
