Archaeological Report - IDA Arklow Business & Technology Park, Ballynattin, Co. Wicklow

Issue 14 [ISSN 2009-2237]

Archaeological Excavation Report

04E0712 & 03E1692IDA Arklow Business & Technology Park, Ballynattin, Co. Wicklow

Bronze Age pits, structures and a furnace

Eachtra Journal

The Forge, Innishannon, Co. CorkTel: 021 470 16 16Fax: 021 470 16 28E-mail: [email protected] Site: www.eachtra.ie

Contact details:

March 2007

Written by:

Client:

Archaeological Excavation Report,IDA Arklow Business & Technology Park,Ballynattin,Co. Wicklow

IDA Ireland,Property Division,Wilton Park House,Wilton Place,Dublin 2

03/8546

04E0712 & 03E1692

John Tierney

Bernice KellyBernadette DohertyPenny JohnstonAntonia Doolan

Planning Register No.:

Licence No.:

Licensee:

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Table of Contents

1 Summary ..........................................................................................................................1

2 Acknowledgements ...........................................................................................................1

3 Introduction .....................................................................................................................1

4 Background to the Development Area ..............................................................................2

5 Site Location, Topography and Soils ................................................................................2

6 Archaeological and Historical Background .......................................................................3

7 Results of Excavation 04E0712 .........................................................................................4

7.1 Area 1 ........................................................................................................................4

7.2 Area 2 ........................................................................................................................4

7.3 Area 3 ........................................................................................................................5

7.4 Area 4 ........................................................................................................................5

7.5 Area 5 ........................................................................................................................6

7.6 Area 6 ........................................................................................................................7

7.7 Area 6W ....................................................................................................................10

7.8 Area 7 .......................................................................................................................12

7.9 Area 10 ......................................................................................................................16

7.10 Area 12 .....................................................................................................................16

8 Specialist Results .............................................................................................................18

8.1 Radiocarbon Dates ....................................................................................................18

8.2 Plant remains ...........................................................................................................18

8.3 Pottery .....................................................................................................................18

8.4 Lithics .......................................................................................................................18

9 Summary and Discussion of Excavation Results ..............................................................19

10 Conclusions .....................................................................................................................20

11 Bibliography ....................................................................................................................21

11.1 Websites ....................................................................................................................21

12 Figures .............................................................................................................................22

13 Plates ...............................................................................................................................42

14 Appendices ......................................................................................................................51

14.1 Appendix 1: Context Register ....................................................................................52

14.2 Appendix 2: Stratigraphic Matrix ..............................................................................88

14.3 Appendix 3: Finds Register .......................................................................................89

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List of FiguresFigure 1: Site location map ....................................................................................................................22

Figure 2: RMP version of 6-inch Ordnance Survey map with development location indicated (OS Map Sheet WI045) ........................................................................................................................................23

Figure 3: Development site with area locations .................................................................................... 24

Figure 4: Area 1 post-excavation plan ..................................................................................................25

Figure 5: Section through boundary ditch C.6 in Area 1 ......................................................................26

Figure 6: Post-excavation plan of Area 2 ..............................................................................................27

Figure 7: Post-excavation plan of Area 3 ...............................................................................................28

Figure 8: Post-excavation plan of Area 4 ...............................................................................................29

Figure 9: Section through C.34, C.76, C.88 and C.89 in Area 5 ..........................................................30


Figure 11: Post-excavation plan of contexts in Area 6 excavated under licence no. 03E1692 ..................32

Figure 12: Post-excavation plan of Area 6W ..........................................................................................33

Figure 13: Western part of Area 6W (post-excavation) ..........................................................................34

Figure 14: Eastern part of Area 6W (post-excavation) ...........................................................................35

Figure 15: Post-excavation plan of contexts in Area 6W excavated under licence no. 03E1692 ..............36


Figure 17: Post-excavation plan of Structure B in Area 7 .......................................................................38

Figure 18: Post-excavation plan of Structure C in Area 7 ......................................................................39

Figure 19: Post-excavation plan of contexts found to the north of Structure C in Area 7 ..................... 40

Figure 20: Post-excavation plan of contexts in Area 12 excavated under licence no. 03E1692 ...............41

List of PlatesPlate 1: Post-excavation shot of Area 2 ................................................................................................. 42

Plate 2: Pre-excavation shot of Area 2 ................................................................................................... 42

Plate 3: Section through the spread excavated in Area 3 ........................................................................43

Plate 4: Post-excavation shot of Area 4 ..................................................................................................43

Plate 5: Section through the ditch in Area 5......................................................................................... 44

Plate 6: Pre-excavation shot of Area 5 ................................................................................................... 44

Plate 7: General post-excavation shot of Area 6 .....................................................................................45

14.4 Appendix 4: Plant remains from Ballynattin, Co. Wicklow 04E0712 ........................92

14.5 Appendix 5: Pottery Report .......................................................................................97

14.6 Lithics Finds Report for 03E1692 and 04E0712 Ballynattin, Co. Wicklow .............. 101

Table of contents cont.

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Copyright Notice: Please note that all original information contained within this report, including all original drawings, photographs, text and all other printed matter deemed to be the writer’s, remains the property of the writer and Eachtra Archaeological Projects and so may not be reproduced or used in any form without the written consent of the writer or Eachtra Archaeological Projects.

Plate 8: Post-excavation shot of Structure A Area 6 ...............................................................................45

Plate 9: Post-excavation of pit C.74 in Area 6W ................................................................................... 46

Plate 10: Post-excavation of pit C.72 in Area 6W ................................................................................. 46

Plate 11: Pre-excavation of pit C.64 in Area 6W ...................................................................................47

Plate 12: Footing trenches in Structure B Area 7 ...................................................................................47

Plate 13: Post-excavation shot of Structure B Area 7 .............................................................................48

Plate 14: Pre-excavation shot of Structure C Area 7 ..............................................................................48

Plate 15: Footing trenches in Structure C Area 7...................................................................................49

Plate 16: Post-excavation shot of Structure C Area 7 .............................................................................49

Plate 17: Pottery from the footing trench of Structure C Area 7 ............................................................50

Plate 18: Post-excavation shot of pits C.363 and C.335 Area 7 ..............................................................50

List of plates contents cont.

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IDA Arklow Business & Technology Park 04E0712-03E1692ISSUE 14: Eachtra Journal - ISSN 2009-2237

http://eachtra.ie/index.php/journal/04e0712-03e1692-ida-arklow-business-technology-park-ballynattin-co-wicklow/

1 Summary

Townland BallynattinCivil Parish ArklowBarony ArklowCounty WicklowLicence no. 04E0712 and 03E1692OS Map Sheet WI045Nation Grid Ref. 323320 171140Elevation 32 m to 59 m ODSite type(s) Three prehistoric round houses, a furnace, isolated

hearth with stake-holes, post-medieval ditches

2 AcknowledgementsThe licence holder was John Tierney and the fieldwork crew included Áine Richardson, Antonia Doo-lan, Dawn Gooney, Tina Murphy, Bernadette Doherty, Bernice Kelly, Fiacc Murphy, Frank Fitzger-ald, Áine Mawe, Kevin Stronach, Mairt Hanley, Carles Plana, Seamas, Ruadhan and Carol Power. Specialists included Mary Dillon, Farina Sternke, Helen Roche, Eoin Grogan and the 14 Chrono Centre at Queen’s University Belfast. Report writing by Bernadette Doherty, Bernice Kelly, Antonia Doolan and Penny Johnston.

3 IntroductionThis report details the results of archaeological excavation at Ballynattin, Arklow, Co. Wicklow. The site, within a 21.83 hectare Industrial Development Agency (IDA) Business and Technology Park, was located at National Grid Reference 323320 171140 at an elevation of between 32 m OD and 59 m OD in an area covered by OS 6” map Sheet WI045 (Figures 1-3). Excavation was carried out in advance of development which included the construction of roadways, services infrastructure and landscaping covering at the Business & Technology Park. Archaeological testing, followed by small scale excava-tion, was carried out at the site in November 2003 under licence number 03E1692 (licence holder was John Tierney). Subsequent excavations were conducted over a seven week period which commenced on the 4 May 2004. These excavations were also directed by John Tierney under licence number 04E0712. This report pertains to the results from both licences.

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4 Background to the Development AreaFour earlier phases of archaeological investigation occurred at the site; Geophysical (magnetometer) Survey: this was carried out by ArchaeoPhysica, under licence number

03R0140. Archaeological Test Excavation: pre-development archaeological test excavations were executed

by John Tierney of Eachtra Archaeological Projects, in November 2003 under licence number 03E1692. The results of this testing yielded a total of five areas which subsequently required excavation (Tierney and Doolan 2004a).

Archaeological Excavation: phase 3 of archaeological works involved the excavation of a fulacht fiadh and associated features licence 03E1692 A report on these findings was submitted to the Planning and Licensing section of the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government (DoEHLG) in January 2004. The excavation report advised, as a mitigating meas-ure, that ‘all future groundworks for this development should be monitored by a qualified ar-chaeologist’ (Tierney and Doolan 2004b).

Archaeological Monitoring: archaeological monitoring took place over the course of seven days in April 2004. Potential prehistoric archaeological activity was identified at eight locations within Areas 1-7 and Area 10 (Kelly and Tierney 2004).

Archaeological excavation began as a consequence of discoveries made during archaeological monitor-ing. This was carried out under licence 04E0712 and works commenced on the 4th of May 2004. In the course of these works, Eachtra Archaeological Projects were required to monitor topsoil removal at two further locations within the site. At one location, Area 11, potential archaeological sediments were acknowledged and the area was cordoned off until further investigations could be carried out. Archaeological features were encountered to the west of Area 6, and this location was identified as Area 6 West. A total of ten archaeological zones were investigated within the bounds of the development over a 7-week period. Interim results were presented in Kelly and Doherty (2004). This final report integrates the results from archaeological works carried out under excavation licences 03E1692 and 04E0712.

5 Site Location, Topography and Soils The site is situated in the townland of Ballynattin, west of the N11 and to the south-east of Arklow town, a coastal town situated at the mouth of the River Avoca in south Co. Wicklow. Ballynattin is located in the Barony of Arklow and within Arklow Civil Parish. Ballynattin House, an eighteenth/nineteenth century farmhouse that is now used as offices, is located along the south-western boundary of the site. The Arklow Bypass curves around the eastern and north-eastern extremities of the site. The Arklow Business Park lies to the west of this new Business and Technology Park development.

The surrounding landscape consists of low-lying, gently undulating ground. The site elevation slopes from south-west to north-east, from 59 m OD to 32 m OD. The area is drained by an extensive network of small streams. A culvert occurs within the area of the development; it serves to transport

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storm-water under the adjacent N11 Arklow bypass, eventually emptying into the Ballyduff stream to the north-west. In turn, Ballyduff stream joins the Avoca River at Glenart.

The soils in the development area consist of a mixture of greys (90%) and grey brown podzolics (10%) which are derived from dense, calcareous, marine muds which were removed from the Irish sea and deposited inland by ice. These soils have a limited range and are best used in grass production. Prior to development, the site comprised agricultural (pasture) fields. The field boundaries were composed of hedgerows and/or timber post-and-wire fencing.

6 Archaeological and Historical BackgroundSeveral archaeological sites have been found in the townland of Ballynattin and in the surrounding area. Topsoil removal along the route of the Arklow bypass, located to the east of the IDA Business Park, was monitored under excavation licence 97E0083 by Breandán Ó Riordáin for Valerie J. Keeley Ltd. (www.excavations.ie). Three sites were found. Site 1 consisted of a small area of dark, charcoal-like material. Site 2 was a deposit of charcoal associated with a scatter of cremated bone. Site 3, a flat cemetery, consisted of three pits and a linear spread. In excess of fifty sherds of Beaker and food vessel pottery and over thirty flakes of flint, half of which were worked, were found within these pits. Other sites excavated along the route of the road included a possible Bronze Age enclosure in Johnstown South (96E0196) by Martin Fitzpatrick (www.excavations.ie). Pottery from the enclosure was similar to sherds retrieved at Ballynattin (Appendix 5) and the site was located 5.4 km to the north-west of the IDA Business Park. Within the townland of Ballynattin a burnt mound was discovered approximately 100 m to the east of the IDA Business Park (National Grid co-ordinate 3231151 1716131). The site was excavated by Anne Connolly under licence number 97E0128 (www.excavations.ie) and it comprised a number of small burnt spreads of heat-affected stone and charcoal and an associated wooden surface. Dendrochronological analysis of some of the wood from the surface indicated a felling date in late 856 or early 855 BC.

Sarah McCutcheon monitored ground-works for construction of a short roadway (130 m in length) which provided access to Euroconex Technologies. Monitoring was carried out under licence 98E0257 issued by the DoEHLG (formerly Dúchas) and the archaeological contexts found were subsequently excavated by Eamonn Cotter under the same licence (Cotter 2000, 220). The largest site was a rectan-gular enclosure measuring 14 m X 8 m with a 1.35 m wide entrance on its southern side. The enclosure was interpreted as a livestock corral, or some similar non-domestic compound. A report on these find-ings was submitted to the DoEHLG (formerly Dúchas) and Wicklow County Council in July 1998. Radiocarbon dates for this feature confirmed it to have been a medieval structure dating to between 1430 AD and 1530 AD (Eamonn Cotter pers. comm.).

Excavation undertaken by Eachtra in December 2003 at the proposed development produced evidence for ephemeral occupation sites along the route of the Haul Road. These features comprised rubbish

http://www.excavations.ie



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pits, some of which contained fire waste, and posts and stakes, which may have comprised fences or a wind-break structure. Based on morphology, artefact typology and radiocarbon dating the majority of the sites are prehistoric. Spreads of heat-shattered stones were discovered within the environs of the proposed new Vitra Tiles factory, which was located to the west of the development site and a fulacht fiadh trough was recorded along the western boundary of the development. The report on these find-ings was submitted to the Planning and Licensing section of the Department of Environment, Herit-age and Local Government (DoEHLG) in January 2004 (Tierney et al. 2004).

7 Results of Excavation 04E0712The site was excavated under licence no. 04E0712. It was divided into ten areas of excavation: Areas 1-6, Area 6W, Area 7, Area 10 and Area 12.The earliest evidence for human activity was an Early Neo-lithic radiocarbon date obtained from the fill of a ditch in Area 6. However, there is no evidence for associated Early Neolithic activity. Most of the archaeological features excavated at Ballynattin were Bronze Age. Bronze Age pits were found in Area 6W, there was a spread of Bronze Age material in Area 3 and three partial Bronze Age structures were found in Areas 6 and 7. These were truncated and approximately only one third of each structure survived for excavation. A furnace excavated in Area 2 may also be Bronze Age in date; it has no associated radiocarbon dates but a saddle quern and flints were found within the furnace fill. The remaining features excavated at the site were primarily post-medieval, including a hearth excavated in Area 4, drains and ditches (Areas 1, 4 and 5) and a 19th cen-tury cobbled surface (Area 5). Details of the excavated contexts are found in the stratigraphic matrix (Appendix 1) and the context register (Appendix 2) while all the artefacts retrieved during excavation are catalogued in the finds register (Appendix 3).

7.1 Area 1Area 1 was located at the southern extents of the Spur Road, at National Grid Co-ordinate (NGC) 3229911 1713265 (see Figure 3). A number of potential archaeological features were identified within an area of excavation which measured 5 m X 5 m. Excavation indicated that the majority of the poten-tial features were not archaeological in nature, but were the result of root action and rabbit burrowing. The only archaeological remains consisted of a post-medieval ditch, C.6, (Figure 4) which was filled by two deposits of light grey brown silts, C.4 and C.5. The ditch was aligned north to south (Figures 4 and 5) and it may originally have been constructed to assist drainage in the area, or as part of a field boundary.

7.2 Area 2This area was situated along the eastern boundary of the Spur Road, to the north-east of Area 1 at NGC 3230160 1713550 (Figure 3). Two features were excavated within a 5 m X 4 m grid; a furnace, (C.110) and a furrow (C.97) (Figure 6, Plates 1 and 2).

7.2.1 The furnace

The furnace bowl was sub-circular in plan and approximately 0.9 m in diameter. It was truncated by

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a plough furrow (C.97) and its exact shape-in-plan and dimensions were difficult to determine. How-ever, there appeared to be a flue that extended from the bowl towards the north-east. This possible flue was c. 1.8 m long and it was c. 0.3 m wide at the bowl, splaying to a width of c. 0.8 m at the north-east (Figure 6). The furnace bowl contained three fills; C.107, C.99 and C.98. The primary fill (C.107) was brown sand with frequent charcoal inclusions. It was sealed by a deposit of reddish brown silty sand (C.99). This deposit was scorched, indicating in situ burning. It was overlain by a deposit of mid-brown sand (C.98) with some charcoal inclusions. This was the uppermost fill of the furnace. Plant remains from the furnace produced very small amounts of cereal grain that could not be identified to type.

7.2.2 The furrow

A plough furrow (C.97) truncated the furnace, clipping the bowl of the furnace at the north-east and removing some of the flue. The furrow was aligned roughly north to south and its width ranged from 0.2 m to 0.4 m. Only c.4.6 m of its length was excavated and it extended beyond both the northern and southern limits of the excavation.

7.3 Area 3Area 3 was located on the Spur Road to the north-east of Area 2 at NGC 3230610 1714650 (see Figure 3). A series of four deposits (C.20, C.21, C.31 and C.42) was found underlying a sub-circular spread (C.25) within an area measuring 5 m X 4 m (Figure 7, Plate 3). The spread, C.25, was 1.4 m in diam-eter and 0.37 m deep. It resembled re-deposited subsoil but it contained over forty individual pieces of flint. The remaining deposits (C.20, C.21, C.31 and C.42) measured on average 1.6 m long, 1.1 m wide and 0.26 m deep. There was no evidence for in situ burning. As no definitive cut was found it was concluded that this was a dump of burnt deposits within a natural hollow. Charcoal from C.42 was radiocarbon dated to the Early Bronze Age; cal BC 1970-1820 (UB7199). The flint artefacts from the site included an end scraper (04E0712:25:19) and two flakes (04E0712:21:1 & 2) produced using bipolar technology, all indicative of Bronze Age activity (Appendix 6).

7.4 Area 4Area 4 was located to the south-west of Area 1, along the north-eastern boundary of the newly con-structed Haul Road at NGC 3229528 1713035 (Figure 3). The archaeology in this area comprised a hearth (C.91), two associated stakeholes (C.87 and C.92), two drains (C.90 and C.108), a plough furrow (C.101) and a pit (C.102) were found within an area of 5 m X 5 m (Figure 8, Plate 4). The two drains cut the furrow and the pit. All of these features, including the hearth, were the result of post-medieval activity in the area.

7.4.1 The hearth

The hearth (C.91) was roughly circular in plan, it measured c. 0.6 m in diameter and it was 0.1 m deep. It contained one fill (C.82) a compact, mid orange-red sandy clay with occasional charcoal flecks and frequent inclusions of manganese. A sample from the deposit within the hearth contained many grains

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of oats and a small quantity of rye (Appendix 4). The oats were radiocarbon dated to cal AD 1730-1800 (UB7200), indicating post-medieval activity.

7.4.2 The stake-holes

There were two stake-holes (C.87 and C.92) situated 0.25 m south and south-west of the hearth (C.91). Both of these were circular in plan with vertical sides and on average they measured c. 0.17 m in di-ameter and were 0.15 m deep. Both stake-holes were filled by mid-brown clay-like deposits that had charcoal inclusions. Grains of emmer wheat were recovered from the fill of C.87 (Appendix 4). These features may be the remains of a screen sheltering the hearth, but are more likely to be remains of a spit owing to their close proximity to the fire.

7.4.3 The drains

Two drains (C.90 and C.108) traversed the area of excavation in Area 4. The drain C.90 was aligned roughly north to south and it was exposed for approximately 6 m. It extended beyond the limit of the excavation. A trial section through the drain revealed that it had two fills (C.86 and C.106) and that one of these (C.106) had frequent inclusions of charcoal and burnt clay which may have been discarded from the hearth, located just 1.7 m to the east. The other drain (C.108) was aligned roughly east to west. It was exposed within the area of excavation for 4.1 m but it extended beyond the edge of the cutting at both its eastern and western extents. It contained one fill of grey silt (C.109).

7.4.4 The plough furrow

A plough furrow (C.101) ran roughly north to south, and it was c. 3.8 m long and 0.34 m wide and only 0.12 m deep. It contained a single fill (C.100), a light grey sandy silt and it was truncated by two drains (C.90 and C.108).

7.4.5 The pit

A pit (C102) was located near the south-western limit of the excavation. It was sub-rectangular in plan, measuring 1.2 m long by 0.75 m wide and 0.2 m deep. It contained three fills of grey clays (C.103, C.104 and C.105).

All of these features were interpreted as the result of post-medieval or modern activity. The date from the hearth (C.91) confirms this. There were no artefacts retrieved from this area of excavation.

7.5 Area 5Area 5 was located to the north-west of Area 4, along the eastern boundary of the Haul Road at NGC 3229010 1713520 (Figure 3). The excavation revealed two drainage ditches (C.37 and C.76) and a portion of a cobbled surface (C.34) which overlay another ditch (C.89) (Figure 9, Plates 5 and 6). All the features were post-medieval or modern in date and they were found within a 10 m east to west by a 5 m north to south grid.

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7.5.1 The cobbled surface

A portion of a cobbled surface (C.34), measuring 7.9 m east to west by 3.35 m north to south, was revealed along the south-western extents of the excavation cutting, terminating abruptly at the eastern edge of excavation. The cobbling directly overlay a ditch (C.89) and extended marginally beyond the ditch edge to the north. Red earthenware pottery was found directly underneath the cobbled surface and therefore indicated that the cobbling was laid in the 19th century.

7.5.2 The ditches

A ditch (C.89) underlay the area of cobbling near the southern edge of the excavation. It was exposed for a length of 5.2 m but it extended beyond the limit of excavation. The ditch was c. 1.5 m wide and 0.5 m deep. It contained one fill (C.88), a brown clay which contained no artefacts. The remaining features within this area included a series of post-medieval or modern ditches associated with the drainage of the terrain. These included parallel ditches (C.37 and C.76) which were aligned north to south. The ditch C.37 was exposed for a length of 6 m and it was 2.8 m wide and 0.37 m deep. It contained one fill (C.36) which resembled topsoil but contained a Bronze Age retouched flint scraper (04E0712:36:1). As this flint came from topsoil that was used to fill the ditch it was probably re-deposited after disturbance of Bronze Age activity (excavations at Areas 2, 3, 6, 6W and 7 all pro-duced evidence of Bronze Age archaeology).

7.6 Area 6This area was situated 20 m to the south of Area 5, at NGC 322899 171335 on the south-western ex-tents of the Haul Road (Figure 3). An area of excavation measuring 16 m by 7 m was opened in order to resolve features discovered during archaeological monitoring. The principal features found included the remains of a building (Structure A) which included a footing trench (C.39), a post-hole (C.50) and a stake-hole (C.48). Pits (C.30 and C.56) and two irregularly-shaped linear features (C.41 and C.46) were also found within the area of excavation (Figure 10, Plate 7).

7.6.1 The early pit

Potentially the earliest feature on site, this pit (C.56) was truncated by later archaeological features including the slot trench of Structure A. The pit was oval in shape and contained two fills (C.54 and C.55). The basal fill, C.54, was a soft, dark brown, sandy clay and it overlay C.55, which was a firm, yellow grey, sandy clay.

7.6.2 Structure A

The remains of Structure A comprised a curvilinear footing trench and a post-hole and stake-hole that were found within the area surrounded by the arc. It is likely that this footing trench was originally part of a circular structure with a possible external diameter of 9.5 m. This suggests that approximately only a third of the original footing trench survived. The terminus of the footing trench at the east may

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represent the entrance to the structure. No post-holes or stake-holes were recorded within the footing trench cut, suggesting the building was of split-timber construction. The internal post-hole and stake-hole may represent internal sub-division of the building.

7.6.2.1 The footing trench

The footing trench (C.39) was curvilinear in plan and probably represented the truncated remains of a round structure. It was not possible to trace the entire arc of the original building but the surviving trench measured 10 m in length along its inner or northern circumference and 10.6 m along its outer, southern circumference. It varied in width from 0.2 m, where the cut petered out at the west, to 0.42 m where the terminus of the trench occurred to the east. The base of the trench varied in width from 0.06 m to 0.14 m. The depth of the footing trench was 0.25 m on average (Plate 8). The break of slope at the top of the cut was generally sharp and the base was flat, sloping gently to the east and north in accordance with the natural undulation of the ground. An early pit (C.56) was truncated by the trench to the east, while the trench itself was truncated by a plough furrow (C.26).

The footing trench contained three fills; C.32, C.33 and C.38. The basal fill (C.38) was compact, grey-ish yellow, sandy silt, found only in the eastern portion of the trench. It extended for a length of 8.2 m and it was 0.23 m wide and 0.06 m deep. The middle fill of the footing trench (C.33) overlay C.38 and underlay another fill (C.32). The deposit C.33 was 2.4 m long, 0.32 m wide and 0.09 m deep. It comprised firm, light yellow grey, sandy silt with occasional charcoal flecks and quartz stones. A flint blade (04E0712:33:1) and flint flake (04E0712:33:2) were also recovered from C.33. The flake was comparatively large and was possibly brought in from a region to the north were flint is more abun-dant and the general nodule size is larger (Appendix 6). The uppermost fill (C.32) extended across the length of the trench. It comprised a mid yellow brown, sandy silt with occasional flecks of charcoal. The charcoal was radiocarbon dated and produced a Middle Bronze Age date of cal BC 1445-1304 (UB7196). This was the only fill within the western 1.5 m of the trench. Sherds of Late Bronze Age coarse vessels were found in the deposits C.32 and C.38 (04E0712:32:1-9 and 04E0712:38:1-10). Two vessels were identified and sherds from both vessels were found in both deposits. There was carbonised matter on areas of the interior surface of the pottery vessels, suggesting residue from domestic use such as cooking (Appendix 5).

7.6.2.2 Associated features

A post-hole (C.50) and a stake-hole (C.48) were the only associated features within the interior arc of the footing trench. The stake-hole (C.48) was located 2 m north of the footing trench (C.39). It was oval in shape and its fill (C.47), comprised a mid brown, silty sand. A post-hole (C.50) was located 0.9 m to the west of the stake-hole. This post-hole (C.50) was sub-circular in plan and its fill was compa-rable to that of the stake-hole C.47.

7.6.3 Irregular linear features

Two irregularly-shaped linear features (C.41 and C.46) were excavated to the south of Structure A. These were interpreted as possible hedging or garden features.

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The cut C.46 was aligned east-west and was located just 0.7 m south of the footing trench of Structure A. It was 4 m long, 0.8 m wide and 0.4 m deep. It contained three fills; C.53, C.44 and C.45. The basal fill was C.45, it was overlain by C.44, which in turn was overlain by C.53. These were all silty clays with some charcoal inclusions.The cut C.41 was similar in shape and size to the other irregular linear feature (C.46), being 4 m long, 0.8 m wide and 0.63 m deep. It was oriented north-south, perpendicular to C.46, and it had a distinc-tive V-shaped base. This cut contained a basal fill (C.40) and an upper fill (C.22). Charcoal from the upper fill was radiocarbon dated (UB7195) to cal BC 3693-3524, an Early Neolithic date. However there is no evidence for associated Early Neolithic activity and the charcoal dated from the fill of this large feature may have been residual.

7.6.4 Large pit

A large pit (C.30) was located within the western portion of Area 6. This feature was oval in shape with a gradual break of slope both at the top and base of the pit and with gently sloping sides. It contained four fills (C.27, C.28, C.29 and C.43). The basal fill, C.43, comprised a light grey, sandy clay. It was overlain by C.29, a mottled yellow, brown and grey, sandy clay with occasional inclusions of charcoal, which in turn was overlain by the most substantial fill in the pit (C.28) a mottled brown, sandy clay, containing moderate flecks of charcoal. The uppermost fill (C.27) was a small spread of dark orange brown, sandy clay with frequent charcoal inclusions.

7.6.5 Group of pits and stake-holes

A group of pits and stake-holes, were excavated to the north-west of the main archaeological features at Area 6, on the route of the Haul Road (Figure 3). These were initially found during archaeological testing and were excavated under an extension to the testing licence (03E1692). Eight pits (C.48, C.54, C.56, C.57, C.58, C.62, C.67, C.69), three stakeholes (C.64, C.72, and C.74), one ditch (C.51) and a spread (C.52) were excavated within an area of excavation that measured 7 m by 5 m (Figure 11).

The three stake-holes form a possible wind-break near the southern part of the excavated area. They measured, on average, 0.26 m in length, 0.21 m in width and 0.22 m in depth. It is possible that it provided shelter for the activity at the pits, further to the north.

The function of the pits is unknown. Most of the fills appear to have been heated or burnt but there is no evidence for in situ burning and this appears to have been re-deposited waste from a hearth (un-excavated and not located during this work). Their average dimensions were 0.64 m long, 0.44 m wide and 0.17 m deep.

The ditch (C.51) may be related to a ditch un-covered during archaeological testing (Feature 12: Tierney and Doolan 2004a). The ditch contained pieces of flint (03E1692:12-16) that may have been worked. These may have been disturbed when the ditch was dug and re-deposited within its fill as it gradually silted up. The ditch was probably originally dug as a drain and the ditch filled with water

10



soon after excavation. It is possible that this ditch is similar to the enclosing ditch excavated by Ea-monn Cotter under excavation licence number 98E0257, which measured c. 14 m east-northeast to west-southwest by 8 m and also contained pieces of worked flint.

The archaeological features discovered in this part of the site and excavated under licence 03E1692 were probably associated with the Bronze Age activity excavated in the rest of Area 6.

7.7 Area 6WThis area was situated 20 m west of Area 6, at NGC 3228559 1713830 to the south-east of the con-verging point of the Main Access Road and Haul Road. Four circular or oval pits (C.72, C.59, C.64 and C.75), three large, irregularly-shaped pits (C.61, C.74 & C.81) and one small pit/ post-hole (C.79) were found within the area of excavation. Four of the pits (C.72, C.59, C.64 and C.75) were regular in shape and contained some charcoal-rich deposits and they were initially interpreted as cremation burials. However, no cremated bone was recovered from these pits during post-excavation analysis and sieving of soil samples.

7.7.1 The pits

The eastern-most pit was C.74 (Figures 12 and 14), a large pit irregular pit, oval in shape and 2.45 m long, 1.45 m wide and 0.55 m deep (Plate 9). Two fills were recorded, with a basal fill (C.67) and an upper fill (C.66). Both deposits were brown clayey silts with occasional charcoal flecks.

Situated 5.5 m to the south was a smaller circular pit (C.72) which measured c. 0.5 m in diameter and 0.14 m deep with a flat base (Figure 14, Plate 10). It contained a primary fill (C.71) of blackish brown clayey silt with charcoal inclusions. This was overlain by the secondary fill, C.70, a greyish brown, silty sand. This may have been the remains of a grave marker. C.72 was situated 5.1 m east of another pit (C.59).

The third pit, C.59, was located between the pit C.72, which occurred to its east, and another pit C.64, situated to the west (Figure 14). It was oval in shape with uneven sides and base. It measure 0.7 m in length, 0.4 m in width and 0.23 m in depth and it contained 3 fills (C.58, C.68 and C.69). The basal fill was C.69, a brown, silty clay with occasional charcoal flecks. Concentrated at the western side of the cut, the deposit C.68, a friable light yellowish brown, silty clay, was interpreted as a spread of re-deposited subsoil. The uppermost fill, C.58, was black silty clay with frequent flecks of charcoal.

The fourth pit, C.64, was found to the west of pit C.59 (Figure 14). Circular in shape, it measured c. 0.5 m in diameter and it was 0.13 m deep (Plate 11). It had smooth sides and a rounded base. The basal fill was C.63, a dark brown, silty clay with moderate inclusions of charcoal. It was overlain by the deposit C.62, a brown sandy silt.

A large and irregular fifth pit, C.61, was located immediately west of pit C.64 (Figure 14). The pit

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C.61 measured 1.46 m in length by 0.9 m in width and 0.3 m in depth. It contained a fill (C.60) of soft reddish brown, sandy clay with occasional charcoal inclusions.

A sixth pit, C.75, was situated 18 m to the west of C.64 (Figures 12 and 13). It was oval in shape, 0.7 m east-west, 0.44 m north to south and 0.18 m deep. The sides sloped smoothly and the base was rounded. Two fills occurred within the cut (C.73 and C.77). Three heat-shattered stones were located towards the base of the pit in basal fill C.77. The upper fill, C.73 had frequent charcoal inclusions and artefacts from this deposit included worked flint (04E0712:73:8-1), three pieces of which are typical from Bronze Age assemblages (Appendix 6), and sherds from a vessel of Late Bronze Age coarse ware (04E0712:73:1-7).

The seventh pit, C.81, was situated to the west of C. 75 (Figure 13). It was semi-circular in shape with rounded corners. It was 2.2 m long, 1 m wide and 0.4 m deep and it contained one fill (C.80), a com-pact mid reddish brown, sandy clay with occasional charcoal flecks.

7.7.2 Post-hole

A small pit or post-hole (C.79) occurred 0.75 m to the north of C.81 (Figure 13). It was 0.4 m long, 0.25 m wide and 0.17 m deep and it contained one fill of compact orange-brown sandy clay (C.78).

7.7.3 Group of stake-holes, pits and post-holes

A group of stake-holes, pits and post-holes were excavated to the north-west of the main archaeologi-cal features at Area 6W, on the route of the Haul Road (Figure 3). These were initially found during archaeological testing and were excavated under an extension to the testing licence (03E1692). Two slot trenches (C.33 and C.35), three pits (C.13, C.18 and C.44), nine stake-holes (C.6, C.7, C.9, C.20, C.26, C.28, C.37, C.39 and C.42) and two possible post-holes (C.23 and C.32) were excavated within a 5 m by 4 m grid (Figure 15).

The posts and stakes may have comprised two fences, or perhaps the corner of a structure. One line of stakes was orientated north-east to south-west, (C.23, C.20, C.26 and C.35). The other line, running north-north-west to south-south-east includes stake-holes C.42, C.29, C.37, C.39 and C.6. On aver-age the stake-holes measured 0.17 m long by 0.13 m wide and 0.08 m deep. The post-holes measured (on average) 0.25 m long, 0.22 m wide and 0.18 m deep, and were only slightly larger than the stake-holes. At the ‘corner’ where these fences meet there is a pit (C.13), although this may also have been a posthole that was dug out after use and backfilled. It is possible that it was originally part of the fence or structure line. A slot trench C.33 runs parallel to this line of stakes and may have been associated with it.

The pits (C.13, C.18 and C.44) all contained similar, pinkish brown clayey silt with flecks of charcoal, possibly re-deposited fire waste. There was no evidence for in situ burning. The pits, on average, meas-ured 0.48 m in length, 0.36 m in width and 0.17 m in depth.

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It is likely that these remains represent domestic occupation. Flints were recovered from the area (03E1692: 1-3) and these suggest a prehistoric date for this site. In all likelihood these archaeological remains excavated under licence no. 03E1692.

7.8 Area 7Area 7 was located to the south-west of Area 4, on the western side of a segment of the Haul Road (Road A) at NGC 322899 171242 (Figure 3). The archaeological features in this area comprised two structures (Structure B and Structure C), as well as two pits, various post-holes and stake-holes and a ditch (Figure 16). They were found within an area of excavation that measured 80 m X 15 m.

7.8.1 Structure B

Structure B was located along the south-western extent of Area 7 (Figures 16 and 17). It was circular and comprised nine post-holes (three of which were internal post-holes), thirty-six stake-holes and two gullies (Plate 12). The full extent of the structure was not uncovered as some of it continued beyond the south-western periphery of the area of excavation: only c. forty percent of the structure was excavated under this licence (Plate 13). The projected overall diameter of Structure B was approximately 7.2 m. Radiocarbon dates, pottery and flint artefacts all indicate that the structures were in use in the Bronze Age, with the concentration of dating evidence, both from radiocarbon dates and pottery, indicate a span of activity from the Middle to the Later Bronze Age (1500 BC-400 AD).

7.8.1.1 Structure B post-holes

Six post-holes (C.137, C.146, C.148, C.152, C.220 and C.240) made up the excavated portion of the wall that defined Structure B. These were relatively evenly spaced, on average around 1.54 m apart, and arranged in an arc.

A circular post-hole C.137 measured 0.28 m in diameter and it was 0.14 m deep. It contained a single fill, C.136, of loosely compacted mid yellowish brown, silty sand with charcoal inclusions and one packing stone. The charcoal from C.136 was radiocarbon dated (UB7198) to cal BC 1130-980, a Mid-dle to Late Bronze Age date. One fragment of Late Bronze Age pottery, too small to assign to a vessel, was recovered from C.136.

A circular post-hole cut (C.146) was situated 1.66 m west to south-west of post-hole C.137. It con-tained a fill, C.142, of soft, dark brown, sandy silt with occasional charcoal flecks. It was 0.35 m in diameter and 0.2 m deep with one fill (C.143) a yellowish brown, silty clay.

A sub-circular post-hole (C.148) measured 0.27 m long, 0.21 m wide and 0.21 m deep. It was situated 1.71 m to the east of posthole C.137. The basal fill, was a loose, yellowish brown, silty sand. It was overlain by C.147, composed of loosely compacted, mid yellowish brown, silty sand which contained five packing stones.

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The circular post-hole C.152 was situated 1.7 m south-west of C.146. It measured 0.25m in diameter and 0.15 m deep and it was filled by C.151, a soft, dark brown, sandy silt with occasional pebbles.

An oval post-hole, C.220 measured 0.4 m in length, 0.28 m in width and 0.18 m in depth and it was filled with a deposit (C.219) of loosely compacted, yellowish brown, silty sand. This posthole was situ-ated 1.2 m south of post-hole C.240.

The sixth post-hole in Structure B was C.240. It was oval in plan, it measured 0.4 m long, 0.3 m wide and 0.3 m deep and it was filled by a deposit (C.239) of loosely compacted, yellowish brown, silty sand. The post-hole C.240 was situated 1.4 m south of C.152 and 1.2 m north of C.220.

7.8.1.2 Structure B gullies

Surrounding the north and north-western parts of the structure there were two separate trenches (C.122 and C.127). When combined, it is evident that these had the same function and both cuts contained similar fills. They formed an arc with an outer perimeter of 3.9 m. They were located c. 0.6 m from the arc of post-holes that defined the wall of Structure B, to the north and the north-west and they probably originally acted as gullies and held run-off water that came from the roof of the struc-ture. This suggests that the roof extended beyond the wall of the structure for approximately 0.5 m, creating a significant overhang. The gully C.122 was located c. 0.7 m north of post-hole C.146. The cut was sub-rectangular in plan, 1.53 m long, 0.4 m wide and 0.05 m deep, and aligned east-west. The basal fill, C.124, was a de-posit of sub-angular pebbles within silty sand. It was overlain by the upper deposit C.121, a brown, clayey sand with moderate charcoal inclusions. Sherds of one vessel of Late Bronze Age coarse ware (04E0712:121:1-7), were recovered from C.121. The second trench (C.127) was located 0.7 m to the west of C.122. The trench C.127 was 1.6 m long, 0.44 m wide and 0.12 m deep and the cut contained two fills (C.125 and C.126) which were similar to the deposits in slot trench C.122.

7.8.1.3 Structure B internal post-holes

Three internal post-holes (C.177, C.183 and C.242) were excavated. These have been interpreted as internal supports or parts of partition walls that sub-divided the internal space in Structure B.

Post-hole C.177 was situated 0.23 m north-east of the internal post-hole C.183 and 2.35 m south of the external post-hole C.148. It was circular in plan, with a diameter of c. 0.22 m and a depth of 0.29 m. It contained one fill (C.176), a loosely compacted, mid yellowish brown, silty sand with moderate inclusions of charcoal.

The post-hole C.183 was oval in shape, 0.33m long, 0.25 m wide and 0.14 m deep. It was filled by C.182, a deposit of loose, mid yellowish brown, silty sand with moderate charcoal inclusions and six

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packing stones. A fragment of Late Bronze Age coarse pottery was also recovered from this deposit. It was from the same vessel as a body-sherd that was found in a deposit within the slot trench of Struc-ture C (C.145, see below). This indicates that occupation at both structures was contemporary. The posthole (C.183) was truncated by the boundary ditch, C.118, to the west. It was situated 0.23 m to the west-south-west of internal post-hole C.177.

The final post-hole associated with Structure B was C.242, a sub-circular post-hole situated 1.8 m south of external post-hole C.146 and 0.9 m east-south-east of external post-hole C.152. It was filled by C.241 which comprised loose, mixed brown and grey, sandy silt with moderately occurring inclu-sions of fine pebbles.

7.8.1.4 Structure B internal stake-holes

Five stake-holes (C.294, C.296, C.298, C.300 and C.302) was excavated c. 3 m the north Structure B. The line was 2.1 m long and the average distance between stake-holes was 0.41 m. These may have originally been part of a fence.

Thirty-five stake-holes were excavated within Structure B: C.156, C.159, C.161, C.163, C.165, C.167, C.169, C.171, C.173, C.175, C.180, C.185, C.186, C.187, C.191, C.193, C.195, C.197, C.213, C.215, C.222, C.224, C.226, C.228, C.230, C.232, C.234, C.236, C.244, C.246, C.248, C.250, C.252 and C.254. In general, the stake-holes were circular, 0.08 m in diameter and 0.14 m deep and they were filled with brown, silty sand. One of the stake-holes produced a flint flake (04E0712:225:1) and another produced a sherd of Late Bronze Age coarse ware (04E0712:170:1).

7.8.2 Structure C

Structure C was located to the north-west of Structure B (Figures 16 and 18, Plates 14, 15 and 16). It comprised a curvilinear footing trench (C.130/C.132) that formed an arc c. 11.7 m in circumference (Plate 15). At its northern extent the trace of the Structure C petered out, possibly the result of trunca-tion by agricultural activity. There as also some evidence for truncation of the structure to the eastern limit of the excavation and approximately only a third of the original building survived for excavation. There was evidence that the footing trench was re-cut (C.203), which suggests more than one phase of construction.

7.8.2.1 Structure C footing trench: primary cut

The earliest phase of construction in Structure C was represented by the footing trench (C.130/C.132). This was truncated by the construction of a boundary ditch (C.118) in the post-medieval period. The trench to the north-west of the boundary ditch was labelled as C.130 and it was filled by C.129 and C.155. To the south-east of the boundary ditch the trench was numbered C.132 and it was filled by C.131 and C.144.

The basal fill of the slot trench was C.144/C.155, a soft, compacted, light grey, silty sand with charcoal

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inclusions. Diffuse-porous charcoal from C.144 produced a Middle Bronze Age radiocarbon date of cal BC 1415-1267 (UB-7197). A fragment of a Late Bronze Age Vessel 7 was recovered from C.155. C.131/C.129 was the secondary fill within the earlier slot trench (Plate 17). It comprised loosely com-pacted, dark brown, silty sand with occasional charcoal flecks. The fill extended for approximately 4 m along the south-eastern extents of the slot. A flint blade was recovered from C.129 (04E0712:129:1).

A post-hole, C.205, was cut into the secondary fill of the footing trench (C.129/C.131). This post-hole was sub-circular in plan and it measured c. 0.5 m in diameter and it was 0.2 m deep.

Another possible post-hole (C.207) cut the primary footing trench was C.207. It was filled by C.208, a mid brown, silty clay with occasional inclusions of charcoal and small stones. This was truncated by a linear feature (C.153), which meant that its original form was difficult to determine.

The linear (C.153) truncated the footing trench at the south-west. In total it was 2.95 m long, 1.1 m wide and 0.35 m deep with a V-shaped base along its east-west axis and flat base along its north-south axis. It contained two fills; C.209, a compact, dark brownish black, silty clay and C.198, a deposit of re-deposited subsoil.

7.8.2.2 Structure C footing trench: secondary cut

The re-cut of the footing trench (C.203) was curvilinear in plan. Its base was concave and it ran for 6.5 m. At its widest the slot measured 0.44 m and its maximum depth was 0.15 m. Seven different fills were found within the cut (C.150, C.149, C.211, C.210, C.145, C.204 and C.259). These were sandy deposits that had an average depth of c. 0.08 m. There were several artefacts retrieved from the fills of the footing trench re-cut, including sherds of Late Bronze Age coarse ware in C.211 and C.145. Some of these fragments were probably from the same vessel as other pieces of ceramic retrieved from an internal post-hole (C.183) in Structure B (Appendix 5), suggesting that the two structures were in use at the same time. The secondary cut of the footing trench was truncated by a post-hole (C.269) and a furrow (C.134).

7.8.2.3 Internal features

One post-hole and one stake-hole were recorded within Structure C, a post-hole (C.181) and a stake-hole (C.258). The post-hole, C.181, was circular in plan, 0.24 m in diameter and 0.25 m deep. Its fill, C.178, comprised, mid brown, sandy silt with occasional inclusions of charcoal and grains of barley and emmer wheat (Appendix 4). The stake-hole, C.258, was circular in plan, with gently sloping sides and a concave base. Both of these features may originally have been part of sub-dividing partitions within the building, or they may have acted as structural support, in particular the post may have helped to bear the weight of the roof.

7.8.2.4 Associated features

Various features were recorded to the west of Structure C and these included small pits, post-holes and

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stake-holes (Figure 18). One of these stakeholes produced a flint retouched artefact (04E0712:290:1). These included irregular pits (C.262, C.285, C.287, C. 322 and C.330), post-holes C.140, C.274 and C.362 and stake-holes C.271, C.276, C.278, C.280, C.282, C.284 and C.289. These features did not occur in any particular pattern but their location indicates that they were possibly associated with activity in the area outside Structure C.

To the north of Structure C several archaeological contexts were excavated (Figure 19) including two large circular pits (C.363 and C.335; Plate 18), three post-holes (C.314, C.316 and C.320), eight-een stake-holes (C.210, C.304, C.308, C.312, C.326, C.328, C.340, C.342, C.344, C.346, C.348, C.354, C.352, C.365, C.366, C.369, C.371 and C.372), two irregular linear pits (C.331 and C.338) and a sub-rectangular pit (C.359). There was no discernible pattern to the excavated remains.

7.8.3 Later activity

Area 7 was truncated by later agricultural activity. A boundary ditch (C.118) extended in a north-east to south-west orientation across the area, cutting both Structures B and C. The ditch had two fills, C.116 and C.117. A rectangular pit, C.202, excavated within Structure B, contained a recent animal burial (C.123). Two irregularly-shaped pits (C.120 and C.128) were potentially post-medieval in date and these were found to the west of Structure B, flanking a drain, C.201. A cobbled surface, C.115, overlay the upper fill of the pit C.128 and it disappeared beneath the south-western part of the baulk.

7.9 Area 10Located to the east of the north-south orientated segment of the Haul Road at NGC 322808 171154, several possible archaeological features in Area 10 were cordoned-off during the monitoring phase. The small area of excavation was cleaned manually and most of the potential archaeology was discounted as non-archaeological. Only one post-hole (C.218) was identified within the 4m2 area of excavation. It was situated 1.4 m east of the Haul Road and it measured 0.33 m in length by 0.22 m in width and 0.18 m in depth. It contained two fills; the basal fill, C.217, was light yellowish brown, silty clay and the upper fill, C.216, was moderately compacted light reddish brown, sandy clay. There were no related post-holes or features within this area.

7.10 Area 12Spreads of burnt material and the remains of a burnt mound were excavated at the proposed Vitra Tiles factory site, at NGC (Figures 3). These were initially found during archaeological testing and were excavated under an extension to the testing licence (03E1692). The entire site was stripped of topsoil without an archaeologist on site (some time in October or early November 2003) and therefore all the archaeological features at the site were truncated. The remaining archaeological deposits comprised spreads of burnt material and the remains of a burnt mound (Figure 20).

One spread of burnt material (C.77) overlay a second spread (C.78), which in turn lay directly on the subsoil. These were found c. 80 m to the north-west of the 98E0257 enclosure. Another two spreads of

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burnt material, C.79 and C.81, were located 20 m to the north-west. C.79 filled a shallow pit (C.80) and C.81 was a shallow spread. There was no trough associated with these spreads and the deposits were probably associated with the prehistoric enclosure excavated under licence 98E257 (Cotter, 2000).

The remains of a burnt mound (C.82, C.83 and C.84) were discovered in the north-west corner of the field, along the north-west baulk and extending beyond the limit of excavation. These deposits were truncated by topsoil stripping and the mound was largely destroyed. A trough (C.85) was associated with the burnt deposits. It measured 2.5 m north-west to south-east, by c. 2.5 m in width and 0.2 m in depth. There was no indication of any trough lining. Burnt mounds are Bronze Age in date and this feature may be broadly contemporary with the enclosure excavated under excavation licence number 98E0257, which is 150 m to the south-east.

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8 Specialist Results

8.1 Radiocarbon DatesRadiocarbon dates were returned from the 14 Chrono Centre at Queens University Belfast. The six dates returned were accelerator dates obtained from samples of charcoal and oats. One of the dates is Early Neolithic (UB7195), one is Early Bronze Age (UB7199), two are Middle Bronze Age (UB7196 & UB7197), one is Middle to Late Bronze Age (UB7198), and one is post-medieval (UB7200).

Lab code Sample Material Location C. No. S. No. Years BP Calibrated date2 sigma

UB7195Diffuse-porousCharcoal

Area 6Structure A vicinity 22 29 4825±35 cal BC 3693-3524


Area 6Structure A 32 15

3109±31cal BC 1445-1304


Area 7Structure C 144 52

3074±31cal BC 1415-1267


Area 7Structure B external 136 53

3004±35cal BC 1130-980


Area 342 18

3845±37cal BC 1970-1820

UB7200 43 Oat grains Area 4 82 31 153±29 cal AD 1730-1860

8.2 Plant remains The plant remains were examined by Mary Dillon (Appendix 4). Twenty-eight soil samples were proc-essed and eleven of these contained plant remains. Two samples from Area 2, two samples from Area 4 and nine samples from Area 7 produced plant remains. The majority of the plant remains consisted of emmer wheat and weeds seeds from Structure C in Area 7. Weeds from the knotgrass family pre-dominate and it is possible that, given the hundreds of weed seeds of one specific type, these seeds were purposely collected and possibly added to food stuffs.

8.3 Pottery The pottery was analysed by Helen Roche and Eoin Grogan (Appendix 5). An assemblage of forty-eight sherds was found during the excavation. Three rim sherds, six base-angle sherds, thirteen body sherds and twenty-six fragments are present, representing a minimum of eight Late Bronze Age coarse vessels (c. 1150-800 BC). The sherds are poorly preserved and fragmented but the surviving evidence demonstrates that the eight vessels were upright or tub-shaped, flat-based coarse vessels. The vessels were found in both funerary and domestic contexts.

8.4 LithicsThe lithic assemblage was examined by Farina Sternke (Appendix 6). Sixty-five pieces of stone were retrieved and of these sixty-two are flints, two are volcanics (possibly rhyolites), and one is a piece of quartz. The assemblage consists of a total of eight cores, thirty-three flakes, two blades, two debitage, seven retouched artefacts, nine split pebbles and four natural pebbles. A number of the artefacts are diagnostic to the Bronze Age. The majority of lithics were found in C.25, one of a number of burnt deposits deposited in a natural hollow in Area 3. Four finds 04E0712:73:8-11 were recovered from a

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pit in Area 6W, while 04E0712:107:2 was associated with the fill of a furnace in Area 2.

9 Summary and Discussion of Excavation ResultsThe range of archaeological material excavated at Ballynattin, Co. Wicklow under licence no. 04E0712 included Middle-Late Bronze Age buildings, a furnace, a post-medieval hearth, agricultural and boundary features.

Three Middle-Late Bronze Age buildings (Structures A, B and C) were excavated at Ballynattin. Structures B and C were only 10 m apart, both were found within Area 7. They were c. 100 m from Structure A, located in Area 6. Although each structure was disturbed by agricultural activity and/or recent ground-works associated with the construction of the Haul Road, c. one third of each structure survived for excavation. The structures were all round or oval timber-built houses. This is typical: in Doody’s (2000) survey of Irish Bronze Age houses, forty-nine excavated timber-built houses were listed and only eleven of these were rectangular. However, despite a common shape-in-plan, there is certainly diversity in construction methods: some houses have footing trenches while other do not, some have only one ring of posts while others have more, and some houses have evidence of internal divisions, although the majority do not (Doody 2000, 137). This diversity is evident in the results from Bal-lynattin and each of the three structures found were different. Structure A had a footing trench but there was no evidence for post or stake support and it was surmised that the structure was plank-built. Structure B was post-built, and comprised a circle of evenly spaced post-holes with evidence for stake and post-built internal partitions and a drainage gully that surrounded the circle of posts. Structure C was characterised by a curvilinear foundation trench which contained evidence for post-built sup-ports. All of the buildings at Ballynattin were quite large and their projected diameters were in the 7-9 m range. Their size and the substantial nature of the structural remains suggest significant buildings, houses that formed part of a permanent settlement. To emphasise the permanency of the settlement, there was evidence in one house (Structure C) that the wall had been repaired or replaced. Despite this, no hearths (internal or external) were excavated in association with any of the Bronze Age houses at Ballynattin. However, there was evidence that cooking and domestic occupation had been carried out; six of the eight pottery vessels retrieved from the site had carbonised matter and fire-blackening on the both surfaces. This was interpreted as evidence for domestic use (Appendix 5).

This settlement evidence occurred alongside many areas of Bronze Age archaeology where the activi-ties at the site were not as easy to classify. In Area 6W seven pits were excavated and, although initially thought of as cremation pits, their function is unknown. Pits, post-holes and stake-holes were also found outside Structure C in Area 7, following no obvious pattern and of uncertain function.

The furnace excavated at Area 2 was truncated and its morphology was not clearly defined. However, it appeared to have a small chamber, circular in plan and possibly a long flue that extended to the north-east. It was not radiocarbon dated and therefore it is difficult to be certain about when it was in use. The function of the furnace is also obscure, slag was absent and therefore the site was presumably not

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used for metal-working. There were very few seeds recovered from the fill of the furnace, indicating that it was not used for drying grain.

Post-medieval features excavated at Ballynattin were generally associated with agriculture. These were generally furrows, drains and boundary ditches. One post-medieval hearth was also excavated (Area ). As there was a large quantity of cereal grains retrieved from the fill of the hearth it is possible that this, too, had an agricultural purpose.

10 ConclusionsTen areas of archaeological potential were investigated along the course of new road and services in-frastructure at the IDA Business and Technology Park in Ballynattin. These areas were fully excavated under State licence 04E0712, revealing the remains of three Bronze Age structures, Bronze Age pits and spreads of Bronze Age material, a furnace (possibly also Bronze Age), a post-medieval hearth and post-medieval agricultural activity. In association with earlier archaeological work in the area, such as the medieval enclosure also found in Ballynattin townland (Cotter 2000, 220), these sites indicate a long span of human activity in the area.

21



11 BibliographyCotter, E. 2000. ‘Ballynattin Prehistoric Enclosure 32332 17114 98E0257, Co. Wicklow’ In I. Bennett

(ed.) Excavations 1998. Bray, Wordwell.

Doody, M. 2000. ‘Bronze Age houses in Ireland’ pp.135-160 in A. Desmond, G. Johnson, M. McCarthy, J. Sheehan and E. Shee Twohig (eds.) New Agendas in Irish Prehistory. Bray, Wordwell.

IDA 2003. Arklow Business and Technology Park IDA, Briefing Document- Archaeological Testing. IDA briefing document.

Doherty, B, and Kelly, B. 2004. Ballynattin, Arklow, Co. Wicklow – Archaeological Excavation Interim Report (04E0712). Unpublished Eachtra Archaeological Projects report submitted to the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government.

Kelly, B. & Tierney J. 2004. Ballynattin, Arklow, Co. Wicklow - Archaeological Monitoring Report. Unpublished Eachtra Archaeological Projects report submitted to the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government.

Tierney, J. & Doolan A. 2004a. Ballynattin, Arklow, Co. Wicklow. Archaeological Testing Report. Unpublished Eachtra Archaeological Projects report submitted to the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government.

Tierney, J. & Doolan A. 2004b. Ballynattin, Arklow, Co. Wicklow. Archaeological Excavation Interim Report (03E1692). Unpublished Eachtra Archaeological Projects report submitted to the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local Government.

11.1 Websiteswww.excavations.ie

N

Site Location

22



12 Figures

Figure 1: Site location map

N

0 20 m10 m

Area of IDA Business Park

23



Figure 2: RMP version of 6-inch Ordnance Survey map with development location indicated (OS Map Sheet WI045)

ARKL

OW

BYP

ASS

RO

AD

ROAD 'A'

ROAD

'A'

RO

AD 'A

'

ROAD 'B'

ROAD 'C'

ROAD 'D'

Area 7

Area 6W Area 5

Area 6Area 4

Area 1

Area 2

Area 3

N

0 250 m

Area 10

Area 12

24



Figure 3: Development site with area locations

C.13

C.11

C.7

N

C.9

C.6

0 1m

E 3229956N 1713243

E 3229911N 1713265

E 3229980N 1713287

Root acitivy

Natural Hollow

25



Figure 4: Area 1 post-excavation plan

C.4

C.5

ESE

WSW

C.6

0 50 cm

Ballynattin Arklow Co Wicklow04E0712Area 1 Section drawingScale 1:10

26



Figure 5: Section through boundary ditch C.6 in Area 1

N

C.107

C.97

Limit of excavation

C.110

0 50 cm50 cm

E 3230160N 1713550

E 3230136N 1713594

27



Figure 6: Post-excavation plan of Area 2

C.42

Limits of ExcavationN

C.21

C.42

mc 05050 cm

E 3230610N1714650

E 3230606N 1714645

28




C.1

02

C.1

05

C.8

6

C.1

09

C.1

08

C.101

C.1

00

C.1

01

C.9

2

C.8

7

C.9

1

C.1

06C.9

0

N

01

m5

0 c

m

Lim

it of

exca

vatio

n

E 3

2295

28 N

171

3035

E 3

2295

37N

171

3035

29



Figu

re 8

: Pos

t-ex

cava

tion

pla

n of

Are

a 4

01

m

C.8

8

C.8

9

C.3

4

C.7

6

Bal

lyna

ttin

Ark

low

Co

Wic

klow

04E

0712

Are

a 5

Wes

t-fac

ing

Sec

tion

Sca

le 1

:10

AB

30



Figu

re 9

: Sec

tion

thr

ough

C.3

4, C

.76,

C.8

8 an

d C

.89

in A

rea

5

C.5

0

C.4

8

Stru

ctur

e A

Non

-Arc

haeo

logi

cal

E 3

2289

9N

171

335

E 3

2290

1N

171

335

C.5

6

C.2

6

C.3

9

C.4

6 C.4

1

C.3

0C

.52

1 m

2 m

0 c

m

N

31



Figu

re 1

0: P

ost-

exca

vati

on p

lan

of A

rea

6

N

0 3 m

C. 49

C. 58

C. 48

C. 46

C. 45

C. 47

C. 48C. 46

C. 56

C. 55

C. 54

C. 53

C. 52

C. 60

C. 61

C. 59

C. 62

C. 74C. 73

C. 70C. 72

C. 68C. 69

C. 67

C. 65

C. 50

C. 51

32



Figure 11: Post-excavation plan of contexts in Area 6 excavated under licence no. 03E1692

C.7

5

C.6

4

N

C.5

9

C.6

1

Red

epos

ited

Nat

ural

C.8

1

C.7

9

C.7

4

10 m

0

C.7

2

E 3

2285

59N

171

3830

E 3

2282

29N

171

4136

33



Figu

re 1

2: P

ost-

exca

vati

on p

lan

of A

rea

6W

2

m0

C.7

5

N

C.8

1

C.7

9

Lim

it of

exc

avat

ion

34



Figu

re 1

3: W

este

rn p

art o

f Are

a 6W

(pos

t-ex

cava

tion

)

2

m0

C.6

4

N

C.5

9

C.6

1

Red

epos

ited

Nat

ural

C.7

4

C.7

2

Lim

it of

exc

avat

ion

35



Figu

re 1

4: E

aste

rn p

art o

f Are

a 6W

(pos

t-ex

cava

tion

)

(0,0) (5,0)

0 3 m

N

C. 44

C. 42

C. 40

C. 37

C. 39

s

C. 32

C. 29

C. 23

C. 10

C. 13

C. 6

C. 33

C. 19

C. 20C. 18

C. 26

C. 28

C. 35

36



Figure 15: Post-excavation plan of contexts in Area 6W excavated under licence no. 03E1692

Structure C

Structure B

0 5 m1 mE 322899N 171242

E 322830N 171484

N

189213

183

185 187

197

191 189

195

193

215

137

148

254

152

173

254

244246

248

150159

161

163165

167

169

146

202

122

127

263

263

120

128

120

201

128

240

238

220

222

224

226

243252250

175

228 230

232

234236

171

177

292

285302

335

363

312

339

372

352

354

366

369

365

371

350

340

342344

346348

359

338

320

304

210

316

308

306

314

326328

265

267

284

282

324322330

278287

280

274

276

258

203

134

203134

271

287

262

205181

130168

132153140

105 E125 N

100 E125 N

294296298300318

37




Stru

ctur

e B

05

m1

m

N

189

213

183

185

187

197

191

189

195

193

215

137

148

254

152

173

254

244

246

248

150

159

161

163

16516

7

169

146

202

122

127

263

263

120

128120 20

1

128

240

238

220

222

224

226

243

252

250

175

228

230

23223

423

6

171

177

294

296

298

300

318

38



Figu

re 1

7: P

ost-

exca

vati

on p

lan

of S

truc

ture

B in

Are

a 7

Structure C

0 5 m1 m

N

292

285302

312

339

338

320

304

210

316

308

306

314

326328

265

267

284

282

324322330

278287

280

274

276

258

203

134

203134

271

287

262

205181

130168

132153140

105 E125 N

100 E125 N

39



Figure 18: Post-excavation plan of Structure C in Area 7

0 5 m1 m

N

335

363

372

352

354

366

369

365

371

350

340

342344

346348

359

40



Figure 19: Post-excavation plan of contexts found to the north of Structure C in Area 7

010

0 m

Con

text

82-

85

Con

text

79

& 80

Con

text

81

Con

text

77

& 7

8

98E

0257

Are

a 12

N

41



Figu

re 2

0: P

ost-

exca

vati

on p

lan

of c

onte

xts

in A

rea

12 e

xcav

ated

und

er li

cenc

e no

. 03E

1692

42



13 Plates

Plate 1: Post-excavation shot of Area 2

Plate 2: Pre-excavation shot of Area 2

43



Plate 3: Section through the spread excavated in Area 3

Plate 4: Post-excavation shot of Area 4

44



Plate 5: Section through the ditch in Area 5

Plate 6: Pre-excavation shot of Area 5

45



Plate 7: General post-excavation shot of Area 6

Plate 8: Post-excavation shot of Structure A Area 6

46



Plate 9: Post-excavation of pit C.74 in Area 6W

Plate 10: Post-excavation of pit C.72 in Area 6W

47



Plate 11: Pre-excavation of pit C.64 in Area 6W

Plate 12: Footing trenches in Structure B Area 7

48



Plate 13: Post-excavation shot of Structure B Area 7

Plate 14: Pre-excavation shot of Structure C Area 7

49



Plate 15: Footing trenches in Structure C Area 7

Plate 16: Post-excavation shot of Structure C Area 7

50



Plate 17: Pottery from the footing trench of Structure C Area 7

Plate 18: Post-excavation shot of pits C.363 and C.335 Area 7

51



14 Appendices

Appendix 1: Context RegisterAppendix 2: Stratigraphic MatrixAppendix 3: Find RegisterAppendix 4: Plant Remains Report by Mary DillonAppendix 5: Pottery Report by Helen Roche & Eoin GroganAppendix 6: Lithic Report by Farina SternkeAppendix 7: Site Archive (Basis) SummaryAppendix 8: Dissemination StrategyAppendix 9: Programme Schedule

52



Are

a no

C. N

oC

ut/F

illFi

ll of

/ Fill

ed w

ithD

imen

sions

Des

crip

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Stru

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acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

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mid

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wn

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, sur

face

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subs

oil

N/A

Exte

nsiv

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e to

mod

erat

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nd w

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r in

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ions

of m

agne

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320

depo

sit.7

5m x

1.2

m x

.2

5mlo

osel

y co

mpa

cted

mid

to d

ark

brow

n sa

ndy

clay

w

ith fr

eque

nt c

harc

oal a

nd sm

all p

ebbl

esso

il #

7

321

depo

sit2.

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2.1

m x

.2

5mco

mpa

ct b

row

n-gr

ey sa

ndy

clay

with

mod

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x fli

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akes

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fill

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x .8

m x

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fria

ble

mid

yel

low

-bro

wn

sand

y cl

ay w

ith o

cca-

siona

l sm

all s

tone

and

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l.6

24fu

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fill

263m

x .2

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n sa

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of fu

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depo

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e-de

posit

ed

natu

ral o

verly

ing

c20

22 x

stru

ck

flint

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rrow

cut

243m

x .2

2m x

.0

6mlin

ear c

ut w

ith sh

arp

brea

ks o

f slo

pe to

p &

bas

e.

Side

s are

ver

tical

and

smoo

th a

nd th

e ba

se is

flat

. R

uns i

n a

nort

h/so

uth

orie

ntat

ion

trun

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x .3

m x

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m d

ark

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with

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uent

ch

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roug

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. Situ

ated

on

the

surf

ace

of

c.28

628

pit f

ill30

2.8m

x 1

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x

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firm

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tled

brow

n sa

ndy

clay

with

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erat

e ch

arco

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nd su

b-an

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. so

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629

pit f

ill30

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x .9

m x

so

ft lig

ht y

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row

n sa

ndy

clay

with

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once

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este

rn e

dge

of th

e cu

t c.3

06

30pi

t cut

27,2

8, 2

9, 4

32.

82m

x 1

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x

irreg

ular

shap

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t with

a g

radu

al b

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of

slope

at t

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ase

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14.1

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53



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Are

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Red

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8

54



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C. N

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ctur

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h an

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uth.

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tical

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p to

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dual

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st.B

ase

is ‘v

’ sh

aped

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cut

is o

rient

ated

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th/so

uth

342

depo

sit1.

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1.4

m x

.3

5mso

ft m

ottle

d br

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asio

nal

char

coal

und

er c

.31a

nd o

ver c

.21

char

coal

# 1

8

643

pit f

ill30

.63m

x .8

m x

.0

8mso

ft lig

ht g

rey

sand

y cl

ay w

ith n

o in

clus

ions

. Pri-

mar

y fil

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it6

44fil

l46

4m x

.7m

x .4

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id b

row

n sil

ty c

lay

with

mod

erat

e in

clus

ion

of c

harc

oal

645

fill

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ft m

ottle

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own

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lay

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a-sio

nal s

tone

and

mod

erat

e ch

arco

al in

clus

ions

.6

46cu

t44

,45,

534m

x .8

m x

.4m

irreg

ular

shap

ed p

it cu

t with

a g

radu

al b

reak

of

slope

at t

op, i

rreg

ular

side

s, an

d an

irre

gula

r bas

e.

Brea

k of

slop

e at

bas

e is

grad

ual.I

n an

eas

t/ w

est

orie

ntat

ion

this

is sit

uate

d .7

m so

uth

of sl

ot tr

ench

647

stak

e-ho

le

fill

48.15

m x

.11m

x

.12m

mod

erat

ely

com

pact

ed m

id b

row

n sil

ty c

lay

with

sp

orad

ic fl

ecks

of c

harc

oal &

occ

asio

nal s

ub-a

ngu-

lar s

tone

A

648

stak

e-ho

le

cut

47.15

m x

.11m

x

.12m

oval

with

shar

p br

eaks

of s

lope

, ver

tical

side

s, ro

unde

d ba

seA

649

post-

hole

fil

l 50

.16m

x .1

9m x

.1

7mm

oder

atel

y co

mpa

cted

mid

bro

wn

silty

cla

y w

ith

occa

siona

l fle

cks o

f cha

rcoa

l & m

oder

ate

sub-

an-

gula

r sto

ne

Aso

il &

cha

rcoa

l #

10

650

post-

hole

cu

t 49

.16m

x .1

9m x

.1

7msu

b-ci

rcul

ar w

ith 3

roun

ded

corn

ers a

nd sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

top.

Vert

ical

side

s and

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

at b

ase.

Base

slop

es sl

ight

ly fr

om w

est t

o ea

st.

A

651

non-

arch

ae-

olog

ical

non-

arch

aeol

ogi-

cal

non-

arch

aeol

ogi-

cal

non-

arch

aeol

ogic

al

652

non-

arch

ae-

olog

ical

non-

arch

aeol

ogi-

cal

non-

arch

aeol

ogi-

cal

non-

arch

aeol

ogic

al

653

fill

46.7

m x

.3m

x

.07m

fria

ble

dark

bro

wn

silty

cla

y w

ith m

oder

ate

incl

u-sio

ns o

f cha

rcoa

lso

il#12

55



Are

a no

C. N

oC

ut/F

illFi

ll of

/ Fill

ed w

ithD

imen

sions

Des

crip

tion

Stru

ctur

e/ F

eatu

reA

rtef

acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

es

654

fill

56.4

m x

.35m

x

.04m

soft

dark

bro

wn

sand

y cl

ay w

ith fr

eque

nt c

harc

oal

& o

ccas

iona

l sub

-ang

ular

ston

eso

il &

cha

rcoa

l #1

16

55fil

l56

1.5m

x .8

m x

.2

mfir

m li

ght y

ello

w-g

rey

sand

y cl

ay w

ith o

ccas

iona

l fle

cks o

f cha

rcoa

l and

smal

l sub

-ang

ular

ston

e.

656

cut

54,5

5,57

1.5m

x .8

m x

.2

2mov

al w

ith g

radu

al b

reak

s of s

lope

, gen

tly sl

opin

g sid

es, h

ad b

een

trun

cate

d by

slot

tren

ch6

57de

posit

over

54

1m x

.06m

x .4

mfir

m p

ale

yello

w-b

row

n sa

ndy

clay

with

occ

asio

nal

smal

l peb

bles

. Re-

depo

sited

nat

ural

spre

ad o

ver

c.54

6W58

fill

59.4

3m x

.32m

x

.15m

fria

ble

brow

n-bl

ack

silty

cla

y w

ith fr

eque

nt fl

ecks

of

cha

rcoa

lso

il #

30

6W59

cut

58, 6

8, 6

9.7

m x

.4m

x

.23m

oval

with

roun

ded

corn

ers a

nd a

gra

dual

bre

ak o

f slo

pe a

t top

and

shar

p at

bas

e. S

ides

wer

e co

ncav

e to

the

sout

h an

d im

perc

eptib

le e

lsew

here

.Its b

ase

was

une

ven.

6W60

fill

611.

46m

x .9

m x

.3

mso

ft re

d-br

own

sand

y cl

ay w

ith o

ccas

iona

l cha

rcoa

l

6W61

cut

601.

46m

x .9

m x

.3

mov

al w

ith ro

unde

d co

rner

s and

a g

radu

al b

reak

of

slope

at t

op a

nd b

ase.

Sid

es w

ere

slopi

ng g

radu

-al

ly.It

s bas

e w

as fl

at. T

runc

ates

c.6

5 to

the

east

6W62

fill

64.4

5m x

.38m

x

.05m

loos

e ye

llow

-bro

wn

sand

y sil

t with

no

incl

usio

ns

6W63

fill

64.5

5m x

.5m

x

.07m

soft

dark

bro

wn

silty

cla

y w

ith m

oder

ate

char

coal

an

d su

b-an

gula

r sto

neso

il #

14

6W64

cut

62, 6

3.5

5m x

.5m

x

.13m

sub-

circ

ular

in sh

ape

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

at

top

and

grad

ual a

t the

bas

e. It

s sid

es w

ere

smoo

th,

conc

ave

and

mod

erat

ely

slope

d6W

65de

posit

1.23

m x

.6m

x

.12m

soft

mid

red-

brow

n sa

ndy

clay

with

occ

asio

nal

char

coal

flec

ks. S

hallo

w sp

read

of s

corc

hed

clay

cu

t by

c.61

6W66

fill

742.

45m

x 1

.45m

x

.25m

soft

mid

bro

wn-

red

clay

ey si

lt w

ith o

ccas

iona

l ch

arco

al a

nd m

oder

ate

smal

l sto

ne6W

67fil

l74

2.45

m x

1.4

5m

x .3

mso

ft m

id b

row

n-re

d cl

ayey

silt

with

freq

uent

cha

r-co

al a

nd m

oder

ate

smal

l sto

neso

il #

16 &

20

6W68

fill

59.4

m x

.08m

x

.02m

fria

ble

light

yel

low

-bro

wn

silty

cla

y. R

e-de

posit

ed

natu

ral.

56



Are

a no

C. N

oC

ut/F

illFi

ll of

/ Fill

ed w

ithD

imen

sions

Des

crip

tion

Stru

ctur

e/ F

eatu

reA

rtef

acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

es

6W69

fill

59.7

m x

.5m

so

ft ye

llow

-bro

wn

silty

cla

y w

ith o

ccas

iona

l sm

all

stone

.6W

70fil

l72

.35m

x .2

8m x

.1

mlo

osel

y co

mpa

cted

gre

y-br

own

silty

sand

with

m

oder

ate

incl

usio

n of

smal

l ang

ular

ston

eso

il #

19

6W71

fill

72di

amet

er .4

8m,

dept

h .0

7mlo

ose

blac

k-br

own

clay

ey si

lt w

ith o

ccas

iona

l sm

all

stone

and

cha

rcoa

lso

il #

17

6W72

cut

70, 7

1.5

2m x

.48m

x

.14m

circ

ular

pit

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

at to

p an

d gr

adua

l at t

he b

ase.

Sid

es w

ere

stee

p an

d irr

egul

ar

and

its b

ase

was

flat

6W73

fill

75.4

4m x

.72m

x

.12m

loos

e m

id b

lack

-bro

wn

silty

sand

with

freq

uent

ch

arco

al a

nd o

ccas

iona

l bur

nt sm

all s

tone

.4

x fli

nt

Br

onze

Age

pot

-te

ry x

1 sh

erd

and

6 fr

agm

ents

soil

# 22

6W74

cut

66, 6

72.

45m

x 1

.45m

x

.55m

irreg

ular

with

shar

p br

eaks

of s

lope

at t

op w

ith

stee

p sid

es to

the

wes

t and

gra

dual

ly sl

opin

g to

the

east

. Bre

ak o

f slo

pe a

t bas

e is

grad

ual t

o th

e ea

st

and

shar

p to

impe

rcep

tible

to th

e w

est.I

ts b

ase

was

fla

t and

was

in a

nort

h so

uth

orie

ntat

ion

6W75

cut

73, 7

7.7

m x

.44m

x

.18m

sub-

oval

in sh

ape

with

roun

ded

corn

ers t

o ea

st

and

wes

t. Br

eak

of sl

ope

at to

p w

as sh

arp

to th

e N

E an

d SE

, im

perc

eptib

le to

the

wes

t. Si

des w

ere

slopi

ng sm

ooth

ly a

nd b

reak

of s

lope

at b

ase

was

im

perc

eptib

le. B

ase

was

roun

ded

and

was

in a

n ea

st/w

est o

rient

atio

n. W

as tr

unca

ted

durin

g m

oni-

torin

g by

mac

hine

576

ditc

h cu

t35

1.1m

x .9

4m x

.3

6mlin

ear w

ith sh

arp

brea

ks o

f slo

pe a

t top

and

bas

e an

d ve

rtic

al si

des.

Its b

ase

is fla

t and

it e

xten

ds

nort

hwar

d ou

tsid

e th

e ar

ea a

nd to

its s

outh

join

s w

ith c

.89

6W77

fill

75.3

6m x

.2m

x

.05m

loos

e m

id y

ello

w-b

row

n cl

ayey

sand

with

3 h

eat

shat

tere

d sto

nes

6W78

fill

79.4

m x

.25m

x

.17m

com

pact

mid

bro

wn

sand

y cl

ay w

ith ti

nge

of

oran

ge, o

ccas

iona

l cha

rcoa

l

57



Are

a no

C. N

oC

ut/F

illFi

ll of

/ Fill

ed w

ithD

imen

sions

Des

crip

tion

Stru

ctur

e/ F

eatu

reA

rtef

acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

es

6W79

cut

78.4

m x

.25m

x

.17m

sub-

oval

with

roun

ded

corn

ers,

shar

p br

eak

of

slope

at t

op, v

ertic

al si

des a

nd b

reak

of s

lope

at

base

is v

aria

ble.

Base

was

und

ulat

ing

and

irreg

ular

. Si

tuat

ed 0

.75m

nor

th o

f pit

c.81

.6W

80fil

l81

2.2m

x 1

m x

.4m

com

pact

mid

red-

brow

n sa

ndy

clay

with

occ

a-sio

nal c

harc

oal

6W81

cut

802.

2m x

1m

x .4

mse

mi-c

ircul

ar w

ith ro

unde

d co

rner

s and

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

at to

p. S

ides

wer

e ve

rtic

al to

nor

th

and

gent

ly sl

opin

g to

sout

h. B

reak

of s

lope

at b

ase

was

shar

p to

nor

th a

nd im

perc

eptib

le to

sout

h. It

s ba

se w

as u

ndul

ated

.4

82he

arth

fill

91.9

7m x

.75m

x

.05m

com

pact

mid

ora

nge-

red

sand

y cl

ay w

ith o

cca-

siona

l cha

rcoa

l fle

cks.

A la

rge

stone

was

dra

gged

du

ring

mon

itorin

g fr

om w

ithin

the

fill w

estw

ard

trun

catin

g th

e fe

atur

e

hear

thso

il #

31

483

post-

hole

fil

l87

.17m

x .1

4m x

.0

3mm

id g

rey-

brow

n cl

ayey

sand

with

freq

uent

flec

ks

of c

harc

oal s

ituat

ed .2

5m so

uth-

wes

t of h

eart

hso

il &

cha

rcoa

l #3

34

84po

st-ho

le

fill

92.1

8m x

.16m

x

.12m

firm

mid

bro

wn

sand

y cl

ay w

ith o

ccas

iona

l ch

arco

al fl

ecks

nea

r the

top

of th

e fil

l sm

all s

tone

s th

roug

hout

.4

85de

posit

.3m

x .1

6m x

.0

3mso

ft bl

ack-

brow

n sa

ndy

clay

with

freq

uent

cha

rcoa

l fle

cks.

Situ

ated

.5m

eas

t of h

eart

h c.9

1.4

86dr

ain

fill

906.

5m x

1.8

m

wid

e x

.18m

dee

pso

ft lig

ht g

rey-

brow

n sil

ty c

lay

with

occ

asio

nal

stone

s. T

his f

ill e

xten

ds b

eyon

d th

e lim

its o

f ex

cava

tion

487

post-

hole

cu

t83

.17m

x .1

4m x

.0

3mci

rcul

ar in

shap

e, it

s bre

ak o

f slo

pe a

t the

top

and

base

is im

perc

eptib

le to

the

sout

h an

d ea

st a

nd

shar

p to

nor

th a

nd w

est.I

ts si

des a

re sl

opin

g to

the

east

and

sout

h bu

t ver

tical

else

whe

re.It

s bas

e is

flat.

scre

en, w

ith c

92

588

ditc

h fil

l89

5.2m

x 1

.5m

x

.51m

com

pact

mid

red-

brow

n sa

ndy

clay

with

freq

uent

pe

bble

s

58



Are

a no

C. N

oC

ut/F

illFi

ll of

/ Fill

ed w

ithD

imen

sions

Des

crip

tion

Stru

ctur

e/ F

eatu

reA

rtef

acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

es

589

ditc

h cu

t88

5.2m

x 1

.94m

x

.51m

linea

r with

shar

p br

eaks

of s

lope

at t

op to

the

sout

h an

d gr

adua

l to

the

nort

h.It

s nor

th si

de is

st

eppe

d by

c.7

6 an

d th

e so

uter

n sid

e is

slopi

ng

grad

ually

. Its

bas

e is

flat a

nd it

ext

ends

eas

twar

d ou

tsid

e th

e ar

ea a

nd to

its s

outh

join

s with

c.3

7 vi

a c1

124

90dr

ain

cut

86, 1

066.

5m x

.7m

x

.18m

linea

r dra

in c

ut ru

nnin

g in

a n

orth

/sout

h or

ient

a-tio

n w

ith g

radu

al b

reak

s of s

lope

trun

cate

d by

c.1

08

491

hear

th c

ut82

.6m

x .5

5m x

.1

0mci

rcul

ar in

shap

e, it

s bre

ak o

f slo

pe a

t the

top

and

base

is im

perc

eptib

le .I

ts si

des a

re sm

ooth

and

slo

ping

gra

dual

ly in

to a

roun

ded

base

. Has

bee

n tr

unca

ted

by re

cent

mac

hini

ng

hear

th

492

post-

hole

cu

t84

.18m

x .1

6m x

.1

2msq

uare

shap

ed w

ith tw

o ro

unde

d co

rner

s to

the

sout

h an

d w

est,

with

gen

eral

ly sh

arp

reak

s of

slope

at t

he to

p an

d ba

se. I

ts si

des a

re sm

ooth

and

ve

rtic

al a

nd it

has

a c

onca

ve b

ase.

Situ

ated

sout

h of

hea

rth

scre

en, w

ith c

87

793

ditc

h fil

l95

12m

x 2

.7m

x

.72m

loos

e m

id to

dar

k br

own

sand

y cl

ay w

ith m

oder

ate

incl

usio

n if

char

coal

flec

ks a

nd o

ccas

iona

l ang

ular

an

d su

b-an

gula

r sto

ne7

94di

tch

fill

9512

m x

1.0

1m

.05m

com

pact

cob

bled

‘sur

face

’ with

in a

bas

al fi

ll. S

imi-

lar t

o c.

34 w

ithin

Are

a 5.

795

ditc

h cu

t93

, 94,

111

12m

x 1

.62m

x

.62m

linea

r with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

at to

p an

d gr

adua

l at

bas

e. S

ides

wer

e ve

rtic

al a

nd b

ase

was

flat

. Ran

w

est-n

orth

-wes

t/ e

ast s

outh

-eas

t orie

ntat

ion,

and

po

ssib

ly w

as sa

me

as c

.89.

2

96fu

rrow

fill

974.

4m x

1.3

m x

.0

8mlo

osey

com

pact

ed y

ello

w-b

row

n sil

ty sa

nd w

ith

a co

ncen

trat

ion

of c

harc

oal l

ocat

ed to

the

nort

h.

Thi

s con

cent

ratio

n re

pres

ents

the

fill o

f the

flu

of

the

furn

ace

furr

owso

il &

cha

rcoa

l #

char

coal

# 38

297

furr

ow c

ut96

4.4m

x 1

.3m

x

.08m

linea

r in

shap

e, w

ith a

gra

dual

bre

ak o

f slo

pe a

t top

an

d ba

se, t

he b

ase

itsel

f is f

lat b

ut ‘v

’ sha

ped

clos

er

to th

e m

outh

of t

he fu

rnac

e. H

as a

nor

th-e

ast/

sout

h-w

est o

rient

atio

n

furr

ow

59



Are

a no

C. N

oC

ut/F

illFi

ll of

/ Fill

ed w

ithD

imen

sions

Des

crip

tion

Stru

ctur

e/ F

eatu

reA

rtef

acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

es

298

furn

ace

fill

110

.2m

x .4

5m x

.1

2mlo

osel

y co

mpa

cted

ligh

t to

mid

bro

wn

clay

ey sa

nd

with

occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal o

verly

ing

c 99

furn

ace

sadd

lequ

ern

3 x

flint

s2

99fu

rnac

e fil

l11

0.8

m x

.67m

x

.16m

mod

erat

ely

com

pact

ed b

row

n-re

d sil

ty sa

nd w

ith

occa

siona

l cha

rcoa

l. sc

orch

ed fr

om b

urni

ng in

situ

.O

verli

eas c

.107

soil

# 36

410

0fu

rrow

fill

101

3.8m

x .3

4m x

.1

2mfir

m li

ght g

rey-

yello

w sa

ndy

silt w

ith fr

eque

nt

smal

l peb

bles

and

occ

asio

nal s

ub-a

ngul

ar st

ones

. O

rigin

ally

thou

ght t

o be

a sl

ot tr

ench

bec

ause

of

retu

rn to

the

wes

t-nor

thw

est

mod

ern

glas

s

410

1fu

rrow

cut

100,

106

3.8m

x .3

4m x

.1

2mcu

rvili

near

with

roun

ded

corn

er ,

shar

p br

eaks

of

slope

to th

e to

p an

dgra

dual

to th

e ba

se.si

des a

re ir

-re

gula

r and

runs

in a

nor

th/so

uth

orie

ntat

ion.

Was

tr

unca

ted

by c

.90

and

c.108

410

2pi

t cut

103,

104

, 105

1.2m

x .7

5m x

.3

2mre

ctan

gula

r with

roun

ded

corn

ers,a

nd sh

arp

brea

ks o

f slo

pe to

at t

he to

p an

d ba

se. S

ides

are

sm

ooth

and

ver

tical

and

its b

ase

is fla

t but

slig

htly

un

dula

ted.

Trun

cate

d by

c.1

084

103

pit f

ill10

21.

1m x

.46m

x

.08m

soft

light

gre

y sil

ty c

lay

with

occ

asio

nal s

tone

s. Pr

imar

y fil

l of p

it un

der c

.104

, c.1

05.

410

4pi

t fill

102

.14m

x .0

6m x

.9

mso

ft lig

ht g

rey-

yello

w sa

ndy

clay

re-d

epos

ited

natu

-ra

l with

in p

it cu

t4

105

pit f

ill10

21.

2m x

.75m

x

.26m

firm

gre

y-br

own

sand

y cl

ay w

ith m

oder

ate

incl

u-sio

n of

peb

bles

. Upp

erm

ost f

ill o

f pit

410

6dr

ain

fill

902.

3m x

1.1

m x

.1

2mm

ottle

d or

ange

-bro

wn

silty

cla

y w

ith fr

eque

nt

fleck

s of c

harc

oal a

nd b

urnt

cla

y th

roug

hout

. Pos

-sib

ly d

isgar

ded

from

hea

rth

c91

210

7pr

imar

y fu

rnac

e fil

l11

0.6

4m x

.48m

x

.08m

loos

ely

com

pact

ed m

ottle

d re

d &

bro

wn

clay

ey

sand

with

freq

uent

cha

rcoa

l, la

rge

sub-

angu

lar

stone

. Sto

nes v

ary

from

.12m

x .1

2m x

.03m

to

.46m

x .1

6m x

.21m

, tw

o w

ere

sand

stone

and

5

wer

e lim

esto

ne.

Que

rnsto

ne

frag

men

t

1

x fli

nt

char

coal

#37

, so

il &

cha

rcoa

l #3

4

410

8dr

ain

cut

109

4m x

.07m

x .2

mlin

ear d

rain

cut

runn

ing

in a

n ea

st/w

est o

rient

a-tio

n w

ith g

radu

al b

reak

s of s

lope

at t

op a

nd b

ase

and

smoo

th c

onca

ve si

des.

410

9dr

ain

fill

108

4m x

.07m

x .2

mm

id g

rey-

brow

n sa

ndy

clay

with

a m

oder

ate

incl

u-sio

n of

smal

l sto

nes

60



Are

a no

C. N

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ed w

ithD

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Des

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Stru

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acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

es

211

0cu

t of f

ur-

nace

98,9

9,10

71.

1m x

.95m

x

.22m

sub-

circ

ular

in sh

ape

in p

lan,

with

shar

p br

eak

of

slope

at t

op, s

teep

ver

tical

side

s to

the

nort

h an

d sli

ghtly

slop

ing

sides

to te

sout

h.Br

eak

of sl

ope

at

base

is g

radu

al a

nd b

ase

itsel

f fla

t, slo

ping

gen

tly

from

eas

t to

wes

t. H

as b

een

trun

cate

d to

the

east

by

the

furr

ow, h

ence

dist

inct

ion

of fl

ue w

as d

if-fic

ult.

711

1di

tch

fill

9512

m x

1.2

m x

.2

mpr

imar

y fil

l of m

oder

atel

y co

mpa

cted

ora

nge-

brow

n sil

ty sa

nd.

511

2 d

rain

cut

36.7

2m x

.45m

x

.14m

linea

r in

shap

e w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e to

p an

d ba

se w

ith v

ertic

al si

des.

Run

s eas

t/w

est j

oini

ng

c.89

and

c.3

77

113

fill

200,

264

1.5m

x 1

.4m

x

.2m

com

pact

bro

wn-

yello

w si

lty sa

nd w

ith m

oder

ate

angu

lar p

ebbl

es. R

e-de

posit

ed n

atur

alw

est o

f Str

uctu

re B

711

4fil

l12

83m

x 1

.5m

x

.25m

soft

red-

brow

n cl

ayey

sand

with

mod

erat

e in

clu-

sion

of su

bang

ular

ston

ew

est o

f Str

uctu

re B

711

5de

posit

.8m

x .4

m x

.2m

loos

ely

com

pact

ed st

one

surf

ace

com

prisi

ng o

f lim

esto

ne c

obbe

s ave

ragi

ng in

size

.1m

wes

t of S

truc

ture

B

711

6di

tch

fill

118

26.5

m x

.94m

x

.21m

mod

erat

e to

loos

ely

com

pact

mid

to d

ark

brow

n sa

ndy

clay

with

mod

erat

e in

clus

ion

of su

b-an

gula

r sto

ne7

117

ditc

h fil

l11

826

.5m

x .5

8m x

.0

8mm

oder

atel

y co

mpa

cted

ligh

t bro

wn

silty

sand

with

fr

eque

nt in

clus

ion

of a

ngul

ar a

nd su

b-an

gula

r sto

ne7

118

ditc

h cu

t11

6,11

726

.5m

x .9

4m x

.2

8mlin

ear w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

top

and

grad

ual

at b

ase.

Sid

es sl

ope

diag

onal

ly a

nd b

ase

is fla

t, ge

ntly

slop

ing

nort

hwar

ds w

ith th

e na

tura

l slo

pe o

f th

e gr

ound

711

9fil

l12

02.

2m x

2m

x

.25m

soft

red-

brow

n cl

ayey

sand

with

mod

erat

e in

clu-

sion

of su

bang

ular

ston

ew

est o

f Str

uctu

re B

712

0cu

t11

92.

2m x

2m

x

.25m

sem

i-circ

ular

with

gra

dual

bre

ak o

f slo

pe a

t top

an

d ba

se a

nd ir

regu

lar s

ides

. Bas

e w

as fl

at. N

atur

al

hollo

w

wes

t of S

truc

ture

B

712

1slo

t tre

nch

fill

122

1.53

m x

.4m

x

.05m

loos

ely

com

pact

ed m

id to

dar

k br

own

clay

ey sa

nd

with

mod

erat

e in

clus

ions

of c

harc

oal

Stru

ctur

e B

Bron

ze A

ge p

ot-

tery

x 5

sher

ds

and

2 fr

agm

ents

soil

& c

harc

oal

# 43

61



Are

a no

C. N

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ed w

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Envi

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mpl

es

712

2slo

t tre

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cut

121,

124

1.6m

x .4

4m x

.0

9mEl

onga

ted

with

bre

ak o

f slo

pe a

t top

gra

dual

, but

no

rth

side

part

ly g

radu

al.si

des s

lope

dia

gona

lly to

no

rth

and

impe

rcep

tible

to so

uth.

Bre

ak o

f slo

pe

at b

ase

is gr

adua

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bas

e is

flat w

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ccas

iona

l sto

ne w

ithin

nat

ural

.

Stru

ctur

e B

712

3fil

l20

21.

2m x

.9m

x ?

loos

ely

com

pact

bro

wn-

grey

and

yel

low

mix

ture

of

tops

oil a

nd n

atur

al. R

ecen

t fill

of a

nim

al b

uria

l7

124

slot t

renc

h fil

l12

21.

22m

x .4

m x

.0

4mm

oder

atel

y co

mpa

cted

dep

osit

of su

b-an

gula

r cob

-bl

es w

ithin

a si

lty sa

nd. D

rain

age

feat

ure

Stru

ctur

e B

712

5slo

t tre

nch

fill

127

1.72

m x

.42m

x

.05m

loos

ely

com

pact

ed m

id to

dar

k br

own

clay

ey sa

nd

with

mod

erat

e in

clus

ions

of c

harc

oal

Stru

ctur

e B

soil

& c

harc

oal

# 50

712

6slo

t tre

nch

fill

127

1.72

m x

.28m

x

.04m

mod

erat

ely

com

pact

ed d

epos

it of

sub-

angu

lar

cobb

les w

ithin

a li

ght o

rang

e-br

own

silty

sand

. D

rain

age

feat

ure

Stru

ctur

e B

712

7slo

t tre

nch

cut

125,

126

1.6m

x .4

2m x

.1

2mEl

onga

ted

with

bre

ak o

f slo

pe a

t top

shar

p bu

t gr

adua

l to

the

east

.side

s wer

e ve

rtic

al to

sout

h an

d slo

ping

gra

dual

ly e

lsew

here

. Bre

ak o

f slo

pe a

t bas

e w

as g

radu

al a

nd b

ase

was

flat

. In

a no

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east

/so

uth-

wes

t orie

ntat

ion

Stru

ctur

e B

712

8cu

t11

3, 1

141.

6m x

3m

x .7

mirr

egul

ar in

shap

e w

ith g

radu

al b

reak

of s

lope

at

top,

irre

gula

r sid

es a

nd im

perc

eptib

le b

reak

of

slope

at b

ase.

Bas

e w

as fl

at a

nd w

as tr

unca

ted

by

c.20

1

wes

t of S

truc

ture

B

712

9slo

t fill

130

1.7m

x .5

5m x

.1

1mlo

ose

dark

bro

wn

silty

sand

with

occ

asio

nal c

har-

coal

flec

ks. S

ame

as c

.131

Stru

ctur

e C

1 x

flint

bla

deso

il #

44

713

0cu

t12

9, 1

551.

7m x

.55m

x

.13m

linea

r with

gra

dual

bre

ak o

f slo

pe a

t top

and

im-

perc

eptib

le a

t bas

e, si

des s

lope

gen

tly to

wes

t and

irr

egul

ar to

eas

t. Ba

se w

as fl

at b

ut d

istur

bed

by

root

s to

east

. Tru

ncat

ed b

y c.1

18. S

ame

as c

.132

Stru

ctur

e C

713

1slo

t fill

132

2.3m

x .4

m x

.0

7mlo

ose

dark

bro

wn

silty

sand

with

occ

asio

nal c

har-

coal

flec

ks. S

ame

as c

.129

Stru

ctur

e C

713

2cu

t13

1, 1

442.

3m x

.4m

x

.13m

curv

iline

ar w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

top

and

grad

ual a

t bas

e,gr

adua

l slo

ping

side

s and

a fl

at b

ut

irreg

ular

bas

e. T

runc

ated

by

c.118

Stru

ctur

e C

713

3fu

rrow

fill

134

.426

m x

.24m

x

.1m

loos

e m

id to

dar

k br

own

silty

sand

with

occ

asio

nal

pebb

les

62



Are

a no

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ed w

ithD

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acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

es

713

4fu

rrow

cut

133

.426

m x

.24m

x

.1m

linea

r with

gra

dual

bre

ak o

f slo

pe to

nor

th a

nd

shar

p to

sout

h at

top,

side

s ver

tical

to so

uth

and

impe

rcep

tible

to n

orth

. Bas

e w

as fl

at.

713

5fil

l14

1.4

3m x

.8m

x

.06m

firm

ligh

t gre

y-ye

llow

sand

y cl

ay w

ith 8

0%su

b-an

gula

r sto

ne

flint

chu

nk

713

6po

st-ho

le

fill

137

diam

eter

.28m

, de

pth

.14m

loos

ely

com

pact

yel

low

-bro

wn

silty

sand

with

m

oder

ate

incl

usio

n of

cha

rcoa

l and

pac

king

ston

eSt

ruct

ure

B1

x po

tter

y

1 x

flint

chu

nkso

il &

cha

rcoa

l 42

cha

rcoa

l #

537

137

post-

hole

cu

t13

6di

amet

er .2

8m,

dept

h .1

4mci

rcul

ar w

ih sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

top,

ver

tical

sid

es a

nd fl

at b

ase,

Stru

ctur

e B

713

8po

st-ho

le

fill

140

.5m

x .3

3m x

.1

1mso

ft m

id y

ello

w-b

row

n sa

ndy

silt w

ith o

ccas

iona

l sm

all s

tone

s, w

est o

f Str

uctu

re C

713

9po

st-ho

le

fill

140

.19m

x .1

9m x

.1

4mso

ft m

id y

ello

w-b

row

n sa

ndy

clay

with

occ

asio

nal

smal

l sto

nes,

wes

t of S

truc

ture

C

714

0po

st-ho

le

cut

138,

139

diam

etre

.33m

, de

pth

.22m

circ

ular

with

impe

rcep

tible

bre

ak o

f slo

pe a

t top

an

d st

eppe

d sid

es, i

mpe

rcep

tible

bre

ak o

f slo

pe a

t ba

se, a

nd b

ase

was

‘u’ s

hape

d

wes

t of S

truc

ture

C

714

1cu

t13

5.4

3m x

.8m

x

.06m

sub-

rect

angu

lar w

ith im

perc

eptib

le b

reak

s of s

lope

at

top

and

base

. Tru

ncat

ed b

y c.1

18 to

the

east

714

2po

st-ho

le

fill

146

.2m

x .2

m x

.1

9mso

ft da

rk b

row

n sa

ndy

silt w

ith o

ccas

iona

l ch

ar-

coal

, pos

t pip

e re

mai

ns.

Stru

ctur

e B

soil

& c

harc

oal

# 40

714

3po

st-ho

le

fill

146

.36m

x .1

m x

.1

6mco

mpa

ct li

ght y

ello

w-b

row

n sil

ty c

lay,

pack

ing

fill

of p

ost-h

ole

714

4slo

t fill

132

2.3m

x .0

6m

deep

loos

e da

rk b

row

n-bl

ack

silty

sand

with

occ

asio

nal

patc

hes o

f bur

nt c

lay

and

freq

uent

cha

rcoa

l fle

cks.

Sam

e as

c.15

5. T

runc

ated

by

c.118

and

c.2

05.

Stru

ctur

e C

char

coal

#52

714

5slo

t fill

203

6m x

.28m

x .2

mso

ft lig

ht g

rey

silty

sand

with

occ

asio

nal s

mal

l sub

-an

gula

r sto

ne a

nd c

harc

oal.

Stru

ctur

e C

Bron

ze A

ge p

ot-

tery

x 1

sher

dso

il #

45

714

6po

st-ho

le

cut

142,

143

diam

eter

.35m

, de

pth

.2m

circ

ular

with

shar

p br

eaks

of s

lope

,vert

ical

side

s an

d fla

t bas

e 7

147

post-

hole

fil

l14

8.2

7m x

.21m

x

.11m

loos

e ye

llow

-bro

wn

silty

sand

with

pac

king

ston

esSt

ruct

ure

B

714

8po

st-ho

le

cut

147,

154

.27m

x .2

1m x

.2

3mov

al w

ith sh

arp

brea

ks o

f slo

pe.S

ides

wer

e ve

rtic

al

in su

th a

nd e

ast a

nd m

oder

atel

y slo

ping

else

whe

re.

Base

was

con

cave

.

63



Are

a no

C. N

oC

ut/F

illFi

ll of

/ Fill

ed w

ithD

imen

sions

Des

crip

tion

Stru

ctur

e/ F

eatu

reA

rtef

acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

es

714

9slo

t fill

203

6m x

.3m

x .0

5mso

ft m

ottle

d m

id-g

rey-

brow

n sil

ty sa

nd w

ih o

cca-

siona

l sco

rche

d cl

ay a

nd fr

eque

nt c

harc

oal f

leck

sSt

ruct

ure

Cso

il #

47&

68

char

coal

#70

715

0slo

t fill

203

6m x

.3m

x .0

5mso

ft ye

llow

-gre

y cl

ayey

sand

with

occ

asio

nal p

iece

s un

-wor

ked

flint

Stru

ctur

e C

soil

# 67

& 4

8

715

1po

st-ho

le

fill

152

diam

eter

.25m

, de

pth

.15m

soft

dark

bro

wn

sand

y sil

t with

occ

asio

nal s

mal

l pe

bble

s, .

Stru

ctur

e B

715

2po

st-ho

le

cut

151

diam

eter

.25m

, de

pth

.15m

circ

ular

in sh

ape,

shar

p br

eaks

of s

lope

at t

op a

nd

base

, sm

ooth

ver

tical

side

s and

a sm

ooth

flat

bas

eSt

ruct

ure

B

715

3cu

t20

92.

95m

x 1

.1m

x

.35m

L’ sh

aped

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

at to

p an

d ba

se, s

teep

slop

ing

sides

and

flat

bas

e bu

t ‘V

’ sh

aped

alo

ng e

asr/

wes

t axi

s.Tru

ncat

es c

.198

with

in

slot t

renc

h7

154

post-

hole

fil

l14

8.2

4m x

.22m

x

.11m

loos

e ye

llow

-bro

wn

silty

sand

. Prim

ary

fill

Stru

ctur

e B

715

5slo

t fill

130

1.7m

x .7

m x

.0

3mlo

ose

dark

bro

wn-

blac

k sil

ty sa

nd w

ith o

ccas

iona

l pa

tche

s of b

urnt

cla

y an

d fr

eque

nt c

harc

oal f

leck

s. Sa

me

as c

.114

. Tru

ncat

ed b

y c.1

18 a

nd c

.205

.

Stru

ctur

e C

Bron

xe A

ge

pott

ery

x 1

frag

-m

ent

soil

#39,

46

715

6st

ake-

hole

fil

l 15

7di

amet

re .0

8m

dept

h .1

8mso

ft m

id b

row

n sa

ndy

silt w

ith o

ccas

iona

l cha

rcoa

l fle

cks

stru

ctur

e B

715

7st

ake-

hole

cu

t15

6di

amet

re .0

8m

dept

h .1

8mci

rcul

ar c

ut w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

top,

ver

ti-ca

l sm

ooot

h sid

es ta

perin

g in

to a

poi

nted

bas

est

ruct

ure

B

715

8st

ake-

hole

fil

l15

9di

amet

re .0

9m

dept

h .1

2mso

ft m

id b

row

n sa

ndy

silt

Stru

ctur

e B

715

9st

ake-

hole

cu

t15

8di

amet

re .0

9m

dept

h .1

2mci

rcul

ar c

ut w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

top,

ver

ti-ca

l sm

ooot

h sid

es ta

perin

g in

to a

poi

nted

bas

eSt

ruct

ure

B

716

0st

ake-

hole

fil

l16

1.0

9m x

.06m

x

.15m

soft

mid

bro

wn

sand

y sil

t St

ruct

ure

B

716

1st

ake-

hole

cu

t16

0.0

9m x

.06m

x

.15m

oval

cut

with

shar

p br

eaks

of s

lope

, sm

ooth

slop

ing

sides

and

a fl

at b

ase

Stru

ctur

e B

716

2st

ake-

hole

fil

l16

3di

amet

re .0

9m

dept

h .15

mso

ft da

rk b

row

n sa

ndy

silt w

ith o

ccas

iona

l cha

rcoa

l an

d sm

all p

ebbl

es

Stru

ctur

e B

716

3st

ake-

hole

cu

t16

2di

amet

re .0

9m

dept

h .15

mci

rcul

ar c

ut w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

to

p,sm

ooth

tape

ring

sides

into

a b

lunt

poi

nted

ba

se

Stru

ctur

e B

716

4st

ake-

hole

fil

l16

5di

amet

er .0

7m

dept

h .1

mso

ft m

id b

row

n sa

ndy

sillt

Stru

ctur

e B

64



Are

a no

C. N

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illFi

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/ Fill

ed w

ithD

imen

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Des

crip

tion

Stru

ctur

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eatu

reA

rtef

acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

es

716

5st

ake-

hole

cu

t16

4di

amet

er .0

7m

dept

h .1

mci

rcul

ar c

ut w

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arp

brea

ks o

f slo

pe,sm

ooth

ve

rtic

al si

des t

aper

ing

into

a b

lunt

‘u’ s

hape

d ba

seSt

ruct

ure

B

716

6st

ake-

hole

fil

l16

7di

amet

er .0

8m

dept

h .1

mso

ft m

id b

row

n sa

ndy

silt w

ith 1

pack

ing

stone

St

ruct

ure

B

716

7st

ake-

hole

cu

t16

6di

amet

er .0

8m

dept

h .1

mci

rcul

ar c

ut w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

top,

ver

ti-ca

l sm

ooot

h sid

es ta

perin

g in

to a

blu

nt ‘u

’ sha

ped

base

Stru

ctur

e B

716

8st

ake-

hole

fil

l16

9di

amet

er .0

6m

dept

h .0

9mso

ft m

id b

row

n sa

ndy

silt

Stru

ctur

e B

716

9st

ake-

hole

cu

t16

8di

amet

er .0

6m

dept

h .0

9mci

rcul

ar c

ut w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

top,

ver

ti-ca

l sm

ooot

h sid

es ta

perin

g in

to a

‘u’ s

hape

d ba

seSt

ruct

ure

B

717

0st

ake-

hole

fil

l17

1di

amet

er .0

7m

dept

h .1

7mso

ft m

id b

row

n sa

ndy

silt w

ith o

ccas

iona

l cha

rcoa

l fle

cks

Stru

ctur

e B

Bron

ze A

ge p

ot-

tery

x 1

sher

d7

171

stak

e-ho

le

cut

170

diam

eter

.07m

de

pth

.17m

circ

ular

cut

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

at to

p, v

erti-

cal s

moo

oth

sides

tape

ring

into

a b

lunt

‘u’ s

hape

d ba

se

Stru

ctur

e B

717

2st

ake-

hole

fil

l17

3di

amet

er .1

2m

dept

h .0

7mso

ft br

own-

yello

w sa

ndy

silt

Stru

ctur

e B

717

3st

ake-

hole

cu

t17

2di

amet

er .1

2m

dept

h .0

7mci

rcul

ar c

ut w

ith g

radu

al sl

opin

g sid

es b

ut v

ertic

al

in e

ast.

Badl

y tr

unca

ted

with

onl

y ba

se le

ftSt

ruct

ure

B

717

4st

ake-

hole

fil

l17

5 .1

5m x

.1

1m x

.2

5mso

ft br

own-

grey

sand

y cl

ay

Stru

ctur

e B

717

5st

ake-

hole

cu

t17

4 .1

5m x

.1

1m x

.2

5mov

al c

ut w

ith g

radu

al sl

opin

g sid

es ta

perin

g to

a

blun

t poi

ntSt

ruct

ure

B

717

6po

st-ho

le

fill

177

.22m

x .2

1m x

.2

9mlo

ose

mid

yel

low

-bro

wn

silty

sand

with

mod

erat

e in

clus

ion

of c

harc

oal

Stru

ctur

e B

char

coal

# 5

5

717

7po

st-ho

le

cut

176

.22m

x .2

1m x

.2

9mci

rcul

ar w

ith sh

arp

brea

ks o

f slo

pe,ve

rtic

al si

des

and

conc

ave

base

St

ruct

ure

B

717

8po

st-ho

le

fill

181

.24m

x .2

3m x

.2

5mlo

ose

mid

bro

wn

sand

y sil

t with

occ

asio

nal c

har-

coal

flec

ksw

ithin

Str

uctu

re C

soil

# 56

717

9st

ake-

hole

fil

l18

0.1

2m x

.09m

x

.24m

loos

e ye

llow

-bro

wn

silty

sand

with

pac

king

ston

e St

ruct

ure

B

718

0st

ake-

hole

cu

t17

9.1

2m x

.09m

x

.24m

loos

e ye

llow

-bro

wn

silty

sand

with

pac

king

ston

e St

ruct

ure

B

718

1po

st-ho

le

cut

178

.24m

x .2

3m x

.2

5msu

b-ci

rcul

ar w

ith sh

arp

brea

ks o

f slo

pe a

t top

and

ba

se, v

ertic

al st

eppe

d sid

es a

nd fl

at b

ase

with

in S

truc

ture

C

65



Are

a no

C. N

oC

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illFi

ll of

/ Fill

ed w

ithD

imen

sions

Des

crip

tion

Stru

ctur

e/ F

eatu

reA

rtef

acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

es

718

2po

st-ho

le

fill

183

.33m

x .2

5m x

.1

4mlo

ose

mid

yel

low

-bro

wn

silty

sand

with

mod

erat

e in

clus

ion

of c

harc

oal a

nd p

acki

ng st

ones

Stru

ctur

e B

Bron

ze A

ge

pott

ery

x 1

frag

-m

ent

char

coal

# 5

4

718

3po

st-ho

le

cut

182

.33m

x .2

5m x

.1

4mci

rcul

ar w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slpo

pe a

t top

to e

ast,

vert

ical

side

to e

ast a

nd g

radu

al b

reak

of s

lope

at

base

. Bas

e w

as fl

at a

nd w

as tr

unca

ted

by c

.118

to

the

wes

t.

Stru

ctur

e B

718

4st

ake-

hole

fil

l18

5di

amet

er .0

7m

dept

h .1

4mlo

ose

yello

w-b

row

n sil

ty sa

nd

Stru

ctur

e B

718

5st

ake-

hole

cu

t18

4di

amet

er .0

7m

dept

h .1

4mci

rcul

ar c

ut w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

top,

ver

ti-ca

l sid

es ta

perin

g in

to a

blu

nt p

oint

Stru

ctur

e B

718

6st

ake-

hole

fil

l18

7.0

6m x

.05m

x

.06m

loos

e ye

llow

-bro

wn

silty

sand

St

ruct

ure

B

718

7st

ake-

hole

cu

t18

6.0

6m x

.05m

x

.06m

circ

ular

cut

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

at to

p, v

erti-

cal s

ides

tape

ring

into

a b

lunt

poi

ntSt

ruct

ure

B

718

8st

ake-

hole

fil

l18

9di

amet

er .0

6m

dept

h .1

mlo

ose

mid

yel

low

-bro

wn

silty

sand

St

ruct

ure

B

718

9st

ake-

hole

cu

t18

8di

amet

er .0

6m

dept

h .1

mci

rcul

ar c

ut w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

top,

ver

ti-ca

l sid

es a

nd ta

perin

g in

to a

blu

nt p

oint

ed b

ase

Stru

ctur

e B

719

0st

ake-

hole

fil

l19

1di

amet

er .0

6m

dept

h .0

7mlo

ose

yello

w-b

row

n sil

ty sa

nd

Stru

ctur

e B

719

1st

ake-

hole

cu

t19

0di

amet

er .0

6m

dept

h .0

7mci

rcul

ar c

ut w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

top,

ver

ti-ca

l sid

es ta

perin

g in

to a

blu

nt p

oint

Stru

ctur

e B

719

2st

ake-

hole

fil

l19

3.0

7m x

.06m

x

.1m

loos

e m

id y

ello

w-b

row

n sil

ty sa

nd

Stru

ctur

e B

719

3st

ake-

hole

cu

t19

2.0

7m x

.06m

x

.1m

circ

ular

cut

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

at to

p, v

erti-

cal s

ides

tape

red

into

a ro

unde

d po

int

Stru

ctur

e B

719

4st

ake-

hole

fil

l19

5di

amet

er .1

m

dept

h .2

8mlo

ose

mid

yel

low

-bro

wn

silty

sand

St

ruct

ure

B

719

5st

ake-

hole

cu

t19

4di

amet

er .1

m

dept

h .2

8mci

rcul

ar c

ut w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

top,

ver

ti-ca

l sid

es ta

pere

d in

to a

roun

ded

poin

tSt

ruct

ure

B

719

6st

ake-

hole

fil

l19

7.1

m x

.115

m x

.2

1mlo

ose

mid

yel

low

-bro

wn

silty

sand

St

ruct

ure

B

719

7st

ake-

hole

cu

t19

6.1

m x

.115

m x

.2

1mov

al c

ut w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

top,

ver

tical

sid

es ta

pere

d in

to a

roun

ded

poin

tSt

ruct

ure

B

66



Are

a no

C. N

oC

ut/F

illFi

ll of

/ Fill

ed w

ithD

imen

sions

Des

crip

tion

Stru

ctur

e/ F

eatu

reA

rtef

acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

es

719

8de

posit

.8m

x .3

5m x

.0

6mco

mpa

ct p

ale

yello

w-g

rey

fine

clay

with

tiny

peb

-bl

es. R

e-de

posit

ed n

aura

l7

199

slot f

ill20

5.4

5m x

.32m

x

.06m

com

pact

brig

ht re

d-br

own

fine

clay

with

occ

a-sio

nal c

harc

oal f

leck

s.St

ruct

ure

Cso

il #

63

720

0fil

l20

11.

1m x

1.5

m x

.9

5mlo

ose

red-

brow

n sa

ndy

silt

wes

t of S

truc

ture

B

720

1cu

t20

01.

1m x

1.5

m x

.9

5mse

mi-c

ircul

ar w

ith g

radu

al b

reak

of s

lope

at t

op

and

base

and

irre

gula

r sid

es. B

ase

was

flat

with

oc-

casio

nal s

tone

. In

east

/wes

t orie

ntat

ion,

and

runs

w

estw

ard

into

bau

lk.

720

2cu

t12

31.

2m x

.9m

x ?

rect

angu

lar c

ut w

ithin

stru

ctur

e B,

rece

nt a

nim

al

buria

l7

203

cut

145,

149,

150

, 20

4, 2

116.

5m x

.44m

x

.36m

curv

iline

ar w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

top

and

grad

ual a

t bas

e,gr

adua

l slo

ping

side

s and

a c

onca

ve

base

.

Stru

ctur

e C

soil

# 59

720

4slo

t fill

203,

210

6.5m

x .4

4m x

.15

mm

oder

atel

y co

mpa

cted

ligh

t bro

wn

silty

cla

y w

ith

occa

siona

l sm

all s

ub-a

ngul

ar st

one

Stru

ctur

e C

720

5po

st-ho

le

cut

206

.55m

x .4

8m x

.2

msu

b-ci

rcul

ar w

ith sh

arp

brea

ks o

f slo

pe a

t top

and

ba

se, v

ertic

al si

des t

o w

est a

nd fl

at b

ut ir

regu

lar

base

. Tru

ncat

es c

.132

, and

trun

cate

d by

c.15

3

Stru

ctur

e C

720

6po

st-ho

le

fill

205

.24m

x .0

5m

deep

loos

e pa

le g

rey

fine

silty

cla

y w

ith sp

orad

ic fl

ecks

of

cha

rcoa

l7

207

cut

208,

210

, 204

.48m

x .4

5m x

.2

5mlin

ear w

ith sh

arp

brea

ks o

f slo

pe a

t top

, gra

dual

at

base

, ste

ep si

des a

nd c

onca

ve b

ase.

Re-

cut o

f slo

t tr

ench

c.2

03

Stru

ctur

e C

720

8slo

t fill

207

.45m

x .4

8m x

.2

5mm

oder

atel

y co

mpa

cted

mid

bro

wn

silty

cla

y w

ith

occa

siona

l sm

all s

ub-a

ngul

ar st

one

and

char

coal

fle

cks

Stru

ctur

e C

soil

# 60

720

9fil

l15

32.

95m

x 1

.1m

x

.35m

com

pact

dar

k br

own-

blac

k sil

ty c

lay

with

occ

a-sio

nal s

ub-r

ound

ed st

one

near

bas

e. T

runc

ates

slot

tr

ench

.7

210

slot f

ill20

3.2

m x

.16m

x

.1m

com

pact

pal

e gr

ey fi

ne c

lay

with

occ

asio

nal p

eb-

bles

. Re-

depo

sited

nat

ural

from

cre

atio

n of

cut

c.

203?

Stru

ctur

e C

67



Are

a no

C. N

oC

ut/F

illFi

ll of

/ Fill

ed w

ithD

imen

sions

Des

crip

tion

Stru

ctur

e/ F

eatu

reA

rtef

acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

es

721

1slo

t fill

203

4.25

m x

.28m

x

.44m

soft

light

ora

nge-

grey

sand

y cl

ay w

ith m

oder

ate

man

gane

se a

nd o

ccas

iona

l cha

rcoa

l fle

cks.

Stru

ctur

e C

Poss

ible

ham

-m

ersto

ne

Bron

ze A

ge p

ot-

tery

x 2

sher

ds

and

9 fr

agm

ents

soil

# 62

,69

721

2st

ake-

hole

fil

l21

3.1

6m x

,12m

x

.2m

loos

e ye

llow

-bro

wn

silty

sand

St

ruct

ure

B

721

3st

ake-

hole

cu

t21

2.1

6m x

,12m

x

.2m

oval

cut

with

gra

dual

bre

ak o

f slo

pe a

t top

, ver

tical

sid

es ta

pere

d in

to a

roun

ded

poin

t. D

oubl

e St

ake-

hole

.

Stru

ctur

e B

721

4st

ake-

hole

fil

l21

5.0

7m x

.06m

x

.15m

loos

e m

id y

ello

w-b

row

n sil

ty sa

nd

Stru

ctur

e B

721

5st

ake-

hole

cu

t21

4.0

7m x

.06m

x

.15m

circ

ular

cut

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

at to

p, v

erti-

cal s

ides

tape

red

into

a ro

unde

d po

int

Stru

ctur

e B

1021

6po

st-ho

le

fill

218

.33m

x .2

2m x

.1

mm

oder

atel

y co

mpa

cted

ligh

t red

-bro

wn

sand

y cl

ay

1021

7po

st-ho

le

fill

218

.33m

x .2

2m x

.0

8mm

oder

atel

y co

mpa

cted

ligh

t yel

low

-bro

wn

silty

cl

ay10

218

post-

hole

cu

t21

6,21

7.3

3m x

.22m

x

.18m

oval

with

a sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

top,

ver

ti-ca

l sid

es to

the

sout

h an

d ea

st, s

lopi

ng g

radu

ally

el

sew

here

.Bre

ak o

f slo

pe a

t bas

e w

as im

perc

eptib

le

to th

e w

est b

ut sh

arp

to th

e ea

st. T

he b

ase

was

flat

.7

219

post-

hole

fil

l 22

0.4

m x

.28m

x

.18m

loos

e m

id y

ello

w-b

row

n sil

ty sa

nd

Stru

ctur

e B

722

0po

st-ho

le

cut

219

.4m

x .2

8m x

.1

8mov

al c

ut w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

top,

ver

tical

sid

es, g

radu

al b

reak

of s

lope

at b

ase

and

flat b

ase

St

ruct

ure

B

722

1st

ake-

hole

fil

l22

2di

amet

er .0

95m

de

pth

.2m

loos

e m

id y

ello

w-b

row

n sil

ty sa

nd

Stru

ctur

e B

722

2st

ake-

hole

cu

t22

1di

amet

er .0

95m

de

pth

.2m

circ

ular

cut

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

at to

p, v

erti-

cal s

ides

tape

red

into

a ro

unde

d po

int

Stru

ctur

e B

722

3st

ake-

hole

fil

l22

4.0

65m

x .0

55m

x

.11m

loos

e m

id y

ello

w-b

row

n sil

ty sa

nd

Stru

ctur

e B

722

4st

ake-

hole

cu

t22

3.0

65m

x .0

55m

x

.11m

circ

ular

cut

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

at to

p, v

erti-

cal s

ides

tape

red

into

a ro

unde

d po

int

Stru

ctur

e B

722

5st

ake-

hole

fil

l22

6di

amet

er .0

75m

de

pth

.15m

loos

e m

id y

ello

w-b

row

n sil

ty sa

ndSt

ruct

ure

B1

x fli

nt fl

ake

68



Are

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C. N

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Stru

ctur

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acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

es

722

6st

ake-

hole

cu

t22

5di

amet

er .0

75m

de

pth

.15m

circ

ular

cut

with

a g

radu

al b

reak

of s

lope

at t

op,

vert

ical

side

s tap

ered

into

a ro

unde

d po

int

Stru

ctur

e B

722

7st

ake-

hole

fil

l22

8.0

7m x

.05m

x

.13m

loos

e m

id y

ello

w-b

row

n sil

ty sa

ndSt

ruct

ure

B

722

8st

ake-

hole

cu

t22

7.0

7m x

.05m

x

.13m

circ

ular

cut

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

at to

p, v

erti-

cal s

ides

tape

red

into

a ro

unde

d po

int

Stru

ctur

e B

722

9st

ake-

hole

fil

l23

0di

amet

er .0

8m

dept

h .15

mlo

ose

mid

yel

low

-bro

wn

silty

sand

St

ruct

ure

B

723

0st

ake-

hole

cu

t22

9di

amet

er .0

8m

dept

h .15

mci

rcul

ar c

ut w

ith a

gra

dual

bre

ak o

f slo

pe a

t top

, ve

rtic

al si

des t

aper

ed in

to a

roun

ded

poin

tSt

ruct

ure

B

723

1st

ake-

hole

fil

l23

2.0

65m

x .0

75m

x

.16m

loos

e m

id y

ello

w-b

row

n sil

ty sa

nd

Stru

ctur

e B

723

2st

ake-

hole

cu

t23

1.0

65m

x .0

75m

x

.16m

circ

ular

cut

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

at to

p, v

erti-

cal s

ides

tape

red

into

a ro

unde

d po

int

Stru

ctur

e B

723

3st

ake-

hole

fil

l23

4.0

6m x

.75m

x

.12m

loos

e ye

llow

-bro

wn

silty

sand

St

ruct

ure

B

723

4st

ake-

hole

cu

t23

3.0

6m x

.75m

x

.12m

oval

cut

with

a sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

top,

ver

tical

sid

es ta

pere

d in

to a

roun

ded

poin

t.St

ruct

ure

B

723

5st

ake-

hole

fil

l23

6di

amet

er .1

m

dept

h .1

4mlo

ose

yello

w-b

row

n sil

ty sa

nd

Stru

ctur

e B

723

6st

ake-

hole

cu

t23

5di

amet

er .1

m

dept

h .1

4mov

al c

ut w

ith a

gra

dual

bre

ak o

f slo

pe a

t top

, ver

ti-ca

l sid

es ta

pere

d in

to a

roun

ded

poin

t.St

ruct

ure

B

723

7st

ake-

hole

fil

l23

8.2

m x

.16m

x

.16m

loos

e ye

llow

-bro

wn

silty

sand

St

ruct

ure

B

723

8st

ake-

hole

cu

t23

7.2

m x

.16m

x

.16m

oval

cut

with

a g

radu

al b

reak

of s

lope

at t

op, v

erti-

cal s

ides

tape

red

into

a ro

unde

d po

int.

Stru

ctur

e B

723

9 p

ost-h

ole

fill

240

.4m

x .3

m x

.3m

loos

e ye

llow

-bro

wn

silty

sand

St

ruct

ure

B

724

0po

st-ho

le

cut

239

.4m

x .3

m x

.3m

oval

cut

with

a sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

top,

ver

tical

sid

es, n

orth

side

step

ped

and

flat b

ase

Stru

ctur

e B

724

1po

st-ho

le

fill

242

.4m

x .3

7m x

.2

mlo

ose

mix

ed b

row

n-gr

ey sa

ndy

silt w

ith m

oder

ate

incl

usio

n of

smal

l peb

bles

St

ruct

ure

B

724

2po

st-ho

le

cut

241

.4m

x .3

7m x

.2

msu

b-ci

rcul

ar w

ith a

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

at to

p an

d ba

se, v

ertic

al si

des a

nd a

n un

even

bas

e.St

ruct

ure

B

724

3st

ake-

hole

fil

l24

4di

amet

er .0

9m

dept

h .2

mso

ft m

id b

row

n sa

ndy

silt w

ith o

ccas

iona

l peb

bles

St

ruct

ureB

69



Are

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C. N

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ed w

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tion

Stru

ctur

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acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

es

724

4st

ake-

hole

cu

t24

3di

amet

er .0

9m

dept

h .2

mci

rcul

ar c

ut w

ith a

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

at to

p,

slopi

ng si

des t

aper

ing

into

a b

lunt

poi

ntSt

ruct

ureB

724

5st

ake-

hole

fil

l24

6di

amet

re .0

9m

dept

h .1

7mco

mpa

ct m

id b

row

n-ye

llow

sand

y cl

ay

Stru

ctur

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724

6st

ake-

hole

cu

t24

5di

amet

re .0

9m

dept

h .1

7mci

rcul

ar c

ut w

ith a

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

at th

e to

p A

nd v

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al si

des t

aper

ing

into

a b

lunt

poi

ntSt

ruct

ureB

724

7st

ake-

hole

fil

l24

8.1

4m x

.11m

x

.09m

loos

e ye

llow

-bro

wn

silty

sand

St

ruct

ure

B

724

8st

ake-

hole

cu

t24

7.1

4m x

.11m

x

.09m

oval

cut

with

a sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

top,

ver

tical

sid

es to

the

east

but

slop

ing

to th

e no

rth-

wes

t, a

nd

flat b

ase

Stru

ctur

e B

724

9st

ake-

hole

fil

l25

0di

amet

er .0

7m

dept

h .2

mso

ft m

id b

row

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ndy

silt w

ith o

ccas

iona

l peb

bles

St

ruct

ure

B

725

0st

ake-

hole

cu

t24

9di

amet

er .0

7m

dept

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mci

rcul

ar c

ut w

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shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

at to

p,

vert

ical

side

s tap

erin

g in

to a

blu

nt p

oint

Stru

ctur

e B

725

1st

ake-

hole

fil

l25

2di

amet

er .1

m

dept

h .0

9mco

mpa

ct m

id b

row

n-ye

llow

sand

y cl

ay

Stru

ctur

e B

725

2st

ake-

hole

cu

t25

1di

amet

er .1

m

dept

h .0

9mci

rcul

ar c

ut w

ith a

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

at th

e to

p an

d ba

se, v

ertic

al si

des a

nd fl

at b

ase

Stru

ctur

e B

725

3st

ake-

hole

fil

l25

4.0

8m x

.1m

x

.12m

soft

mid

bro

wn

sand

y sil

t St

ruct

ure

B

725

4st

ake-

hole

cu

t25

3.0

8m x

.1m

x

.12m

oval

cut

with

a sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

top,

ver

tical

sid

es ta

perin

g in

to a

blu

nt p

oint

Stru

ctur

e B

725

5st

ake-

hole

fil

l25

6di

amet

er .0

5m

.06m

dee

pso

ft lig

ht b

row

n sil

ty c

lay

Stru

ctur

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725

6st

ake-

hole

cu

t25

5di

amet

er .0

5m

.06m

dee

pci

rcul

ar c

ut w

ith a

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

at th

e to

p an

d ba

se, v

ertic

al si

des a

nd fl

at b

ase

Stru

ctur

e B

725

7st

ake-

hole

fil

l25

8.15

m x

.13m

x

.07m

co

mpa

ct y

ello

w-g

rey

silty

sand

w

ithin

Str

uctu

re C

725

8st

ake-

hole

cu

t25

7.15

m x

.13m

x

.07m

ci

rcul

ar c

ut w

ith g

radu

al b

reak

s of s

lope

at t

op a

nd

base

, ste

ep si

des i

n no

rth-

east

and

gen

tle in

wes

t, an

d co

ncav

e ba

se

with

in S

truc

ture

C

725

9slo

t fill

203

.25m

x .4

m x

.0

7mco

mpa

ct li

ght g

rey

fine

silty

cla

y w

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ccas

iona

l pe

bble

s St

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ure

C

726

0po

st-ho

le

fill

265

.27m

x .2

2m x

.1

2mfir

m d

ark

brow

n cl

ayw

est o

f Str

uctu

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70



Are

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acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

es

726

1de

posit

262

.9m

x .6

5m x

.15

mlo

ose

red-

brow

n sil

ty sa

nd w

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ccas

iona

l cha

r-co

al fl

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wes

t of S

truc

ture

C

726

2na

tura

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low

726

3fil

l26

41.

2m x

.4m

x

.13m

com

pact

gre

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own

silty

cla

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ixed

with

re-d

e-po

sited

nat

ural

nort

h of

Str

uctu

re B

726

4cu

t26

31.

2m x

.4m

x

.13m

irreg

ular

in sh

ape

with

gra

dual

bre

ak o

f slo

pe a

t to

p, ir

regu

lar s

ides

and

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rcep

tible

bre

ak o

f slo

pe a

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e. B

ase

was

und

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ed

nort

h of

Str

uctu

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726

5po

st-ho

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cut

260

.27m

x .2

2m x

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2mov

al w

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arp

brea

ks o

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pe a

t top

exc

ept t

o no

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wes

t, ve

rtic

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des i

n so

uth

and

sout

h-w

est

but s

lopi

ng e

lsew

here

. Bre

ak o

f slo

pe a

t bas

e w

as

grad

ual a

nd b

ase

was

con

cave

.

wes

t of S

truc

ture

C

726

6po

st-ho

le

fill

267

.4m

x .2

3m x

.1

7mco

mpa

ct d

ark

brow

n sil

ty c

lay

with

occ

asio

nal s

ub-

roun

ded

stone

.w

est o

f Str

uctu

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726

7po

st-ho

le

cut

266

.4m

x .2

3m x

.1

7mov

al w

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arp

brea

ks o

f slo

pe a

t top

, ver

tical

side

s to

nor

th b

ut sl

opin

g el

sew

here

. Bre

ak o

f slo

pe a

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se w

as g

radu

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ase

was

con

cave

.

wes

t of S

truc

ture

C

726

8po

st-ho

le

fill

269

.17m

x .2

m x

.0

5mlo

ose

dark

bro

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fine

silty

sand

with

freq

uent

ch

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al fl

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. St

ruct

ure

Cso

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66

726

9po

st-ho

le

cut

268

.17m

x .2

m x

.0

5msu

b-ci

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ar w

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arp

brea

ks o

f slo

pe a

t top

and

ba

se w

ith v

ertic

al si

des a

nd a

flat

bas

eSt

ruct

ure

C

727

0st

ake-

hole

fil

l27

1.1

1m x

.09m

x

.175

mlo

ose

light

yel

low

-bro

wn

silty

sand

with

3 p

acki

ng

stone

sw

est o

f Str

uctu

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727

1st

ake-

hole

cu

t27

0.1

1m x

.09m

x

.175

m o

val c

ut w

ith v

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al si

des t

aper

ed in

to a

blu

nt

poin

tw

est o

f Str

uctu

re C

727

2po

st-ho

le

fill

274

.33m

x .3

2m x

.0

6mlo

ose

light

bro

wn

silty

sand

, upp

er fi

ll of

c.2

74w

est o

f Str

uctu

re C

727

3po

st-ho

le

fill

274

.33m

x .3

2m x

.1

6mco

mpa

ct p

ale

yello

w-o

rang

e sa

ndy

clay

with

oc-

casio

nal s

mal

l peb

bles

nea

r bas

e7

274

post-

hole

cu

t27

2, 2

73.3

3m x

.32m

x

.22m

circ

ular

with

gra

dual

bre

ak o

f slo

pe a

t top

and

ba

se, s

ides

slop

ing

to e

ast a

nd w

est,v

ertic

al n

orth

an

d so

uth,

and

bas

e w

as ‘u

’ sha

ped

727

5st

ake-

hole

fil

l27

6di

amet

re .0

7m,

dept

h .0

9mFi

ll of

C.2

76w

est o

f Str

uctu

re C

727

6st

ake-

hole

cu

t27

5di

amet

re .0

7m,

dept

h .0

9mci

rcul

ar w

ith g

radu

al b

reak

of s

lope

at t

op a

nd

base

, sid

es v

ertic

al, a

nd b

ase

poin

ted

wes

t of S

truc

ture

C

71



Are

a no

C. N

oC

ut/F

illFi

ll of

/ Fill

ed w

ithD

imen

sions

Des

crip

tion

Stru

ctur

e/ F

eatu

reA

rtef

acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

es

727

7st

ake-

hole

fil

l27

8.0

9m x

.08m

x

.1m

soft

pale

ora

nge-

yello

w sa

ndy

clay

with

occ

asio

nal

char

coal

w

est o

f Str

uctu

re C

727

8st

ake-

hole

cu

t27

7.0

9m x

.08m

x

.1m

sub-

circ

ular

cut

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

at to

p,

unde

rcut

side

s, an

d co

ncav

e ba

se. D

oubl

e st

ake-

hole

.

wes

t of S

truc

ture

C

727

9st

ake-

hole

fil

l28

0di

amet

er .1

m

dept

h .15

mFi

ll of

C.2

80w

est o

f Str

uctu

re C

728

0st

ake-

hole

cu

t27

9di

amet

er .1

m

dept

h .15

mci

rcul

ar w

ith g

radu

al b

reak

of s

lope

at t

op a

nd

base

, sid

es v

ertic

al, a

nd b

ase

conc

ave

wes

t of S

truc

ture

C

728

1st

ake-

hole

fil

l28

2.0

85m

x .0

8m x

.1

15m

Fill

of C

.282

wes

t of S

truc

ture

C

728

2st

ake-

hole

cu

t28

1.0

85m

x .0

8m x

.1

15m

circ

ular

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

at to

p to

sout

h an

d gr

adua

l to

nort

h, v

ertic

al si

des t

aper

ed in

to a

bl

unt p

oint

wes

t of S

truc

ture

C

728

3st

ake-

hole

fil

l28

4.1

7m x

.075

m x

.1

6mlo

ose

light

bro

wn

silty

sand

w

est o

f Str

uctu

re C

728

4st

ake-

hole

cu

t28

3.1

7m x

.075

m x

.1

6mov

al c

ut w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

top,

ver

tical

sid

es ta

pere

d in

to a

blu

nt p

oint

wes

t of S

truc

ture

C

728

5cu

t29

01.

64m

x 1

.15m

x

.25m

irreg

ular

shap

ed c

ut w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

to

p, sl

opin

g sid

es a

nd g

radu

al b

reak

of s

lope

at

base

. Bas

e w

as u

ndul

atin

g

wes

t of S

truc

ture

C

728

6fil

l28

71.

54m

x .6

4m x

.1

4mlig

ht re

d-br

own,

com

pact

fine

silty

cla

yw

est o

f Str

uctu

re C

728

7cu

t28

61.

54m

x .6

4m x

.1

4mirr

egul

ar sh

aped

cut

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

to

wes

t at t

op,ve

rtic

al si

des a

nd g

radu

al b

reak

of s

lope

at

bas

e. B

ase

was

flat

.

wes

t of S

truc

ture

C

728

8st

ake-

hole

fil

l28

9.15

m x

.13m

x

.08m

lo

ose

yello

w-b

row

n sil

ty sa

nd

wes

t of S

truc

ture

C

728

9st

ake-

hole

cu

t28

8.15

m x

.13m

x

.08m

ov

al c

ut w

ith g

radu

al b

reak

s of s

lope

at t

op a

nd

base

, ver

tical

side

s and

flat

bas

ew

est o

f Str

uctu

re C

729

0fil

l28

51.

64m

x 1

.15m

x

.25m

soft

mid

bro

wn-

yello

w sa

ndy

silt w

ith m

oder

ate

pebb

le in

clus

ion

wes

t of S

truc

ture

C1

x re

touc

hed

flint

729

1fil

l29

2.3

75m

x .2

4m x

.0

07m

loos

e m

id b

row

n cl

ayey

sand

with

occ

asio

nal s

mal

l pe

bble

sw

est o

f Str

uctu

re C

72



Are

a no

C. N

oC

ut/F

illFi

ll of

/ Fill

ed w

ithD

imen

sions

Des

crip

tion

Stru

ctur

e/ F

eatu

reA

rtef

acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

es

729

2cu

t29

1.3

75m

x .2

4m x

.0

07m

irreg

ular

shap

ed c

ut w

ith g

radu

al b

reak

of s

lope

at

top

and

base

, ver

tical

side

s to

east

and

wes

t, slo

p-in

g to

nor

th a

nd so

uth.

wes

t of S

truc

ture

C

729

3st

ake-

hole

fil

l29

4.1

1m x

.08m

x.

11m

mod

erat

ely

com

pact

ed m

id b

row

n sil

ty sa

nd w

ith

occa

siona

l peb

bles

no

rth

of S

truc

ture

B

729

4st

ake-

hole

cu

t29

3.1

1m x

.08m

x.

11m

oval

cut

, sha

rp b

reak

of s

lope

at t

op, v

ertic

al si

des

tape

red

into

a ‘u

’shap

ed b

lunt

poi

ntno

rth

of S

truc

ture

B

729

5st

ake-

hole

fil

l29

6.1

m x

.07m

x

.18m

loos

e gr

ey-b

row

n sil

ty sa

nd w

ith o

ccas

iona

l peb

-bl

es

nort

h of

Str

uctu

re B

729

6st

ake-

hole

cu

t29

5.1

m x

.07m

x

.18m

oval

cut

with

a sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

top,

ver

tical

sid

es ta

pere

d in

to a

blu

nt p

oint

. no

rth

of S

truc

ture

B

729

7st

ake-

hole

fil

l29

8di

amet

er .0

9m

dept

h .1

6mlo

ose

grey

-bro

wn

silty

sand

with

freq

uent

peb

bles

no

rth

of S

truc

ture

B

729

8st

ake-

hole

cu

t29

7di

amet

er .0

9m

dept

h .1

6mov

al c

ut w

ith a

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

at to

p, v

ertic

al

sides

tape

red

into

a b

lunt

poi

nt.

nort

h of

Str

uctu

re B

729

9st

ake-

hole

fil

l30

0.1

1m x

.09m

x.

16m

loos

e m

id b

row

n fin

e sa

nd w

ith fr

eque

nt p

ebbl

es

nort

h of

Str

uctu

re B

730

0st

ake-

hole

cu

t29

9.1

1m x

.09m

x.

16m

sub-

circ

ular

cut

with

a sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

top,

ve

rtic

al si

des,

tape

red

into

a b

lunt

‘u’ s

hape

d ba

se.

nort

h of

Str

uctu

re B

730

1po

st-ho

le

fill

302

.4m

x .3

m x

.15

mco

mpa

ct y

ello

w-b

row

n cl

ayey

sand

with

occ

asio

nal

smal

l peb

bles

and

cha

rcoa

lw

est o

f Str

uctu

re C

730

2po

st-ho

le

cut

301

.4m

x .3

m x

.15

mov

al c

ut w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

top

and

grad

ual a

t bas

e, v

ertic

al si

des a

nd fl

at b

ase.

wes

t of S

truc

ture

C

730

3po

st-ho

le

fill

304

.16m

x .1

75m

x

.065

mlo

ose

mid

bro

wn

clay

ey sa

nd

asso

ciat

ed w

ith

c.32

0, 3

06,

308,

310,

312

, 314

, 31

6, 3

187

304

post-

hole

cu

t30

3.1

6m x

.175

m x

.0

65m

oval

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

at to

p, v

ertic

al si

des

to so

uth-

east

and

gen

tly sl

opin

g sid

e to

nor

th-w

est.

Gra

dual

bre

ak o

f slo

pe to

sout

h-ea

st a

t bas

e an

d im

perc

eptib

le to

nor

th-w

est.

Base

was

con

cave

.

asso

ciat

ed w

ith

c.32

0, 3

06,

308,

310,

312

, 314

, 31

6, 3

187

305

stak

e-ho

le

fill

306

.11m

x .0

65m

x

.075

mlo

ose

yello

w-b

row

n sil

ty sa

nd

asso

ciat

ed w

ith

c.30

4, 3

20,

308,

310,

312

, 314

, 31

6, 3

18

73



Are

a no

C. N

oC

ut/F

illFi

ll of

/ Fill

ed w

ithD

imen

sions

Des

crip

tion

Stru

ctur

e/ F

eatu

reA

rtef

acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

es

730

6st

ake-

hole

cu

t30

5.1

1m x

.065

m x

.0

75m

oval

cut

with

shar

p br

eaks

of s

lope

at t

op a

nd b

ase,

ve

rtic

al si

des a

nd a

flat

bas

eas

soci

ated

with

c.

304,

320

, 30

8,31

0, 3

12, 3

14,

316,

318

730

7st

ake-

hole

fil

l30

8di

amet

er .0

85m

de

pth

.09m

loos

e ye

llow

-bro

wn

silty

sand

as

soci

ated

with

c.

304,

306

, 32

0,31

0, 3

12, 3

14,

316,

318

730

8st

ake-

hole

cu

t30

7di

amet

er .0

85m

de

pth

.09m

circ

ular

cut

with

shar

p br

eaks

of s

lope

at t

op a

nd

vert

ical

side

s tap

ered

into

a b

lunt

poi

nt.

asso

ciat

ed w

ith

c.30

4, 3

06,

320,

310,

312

, 314

, 31

6, 3

187

309

post-

hole

fil

l31

0.2

45m

x .1

7m x

.1

1mlo

ose

mid

bro

wn

clay

ey sa

nd w

ith 2

pac

king

ston

es a

ssoc

iate

d w

ith

c.30

4, 3

06,

308,

310,

312

, 314

, 31

6, 3

187

310

post-

hole

cu

t30

9.2

45m

x .1

7m x

.1

1mov

al c

ut w

ith a

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

to so

uth

at

top

and

grad

ual e

lsew

here

, slo

ping

side

s, an

d gr

adua

l bre

ak o

f slo

pe to

sout

h at

bas

e. It

s bas

e w

as

conc

ave

asso

ciat

ed w

ith

c.30

4, 3

06,

308,

310,

312

, 314

, 31

6, 3

187

311

stak

e-ho

le

fill

312

.12m

x .1

1m x

.1

9mlo

ose

yello

w-b

row

n sil

ty sa

nd

asso

ciat

ed w

ith

c.30

4, 3

06,

308,

310,

320

, 314

, 31

6, 3

187

312

stak

e-ho

le

cut

311

.12m

x .1

1m x

.1

9mov

al c

ut w

ith sh

arp

brea

ks o

f slo

pe a

t top

and

ve

rtic

al si

des t

aper

ed in

to a

blu

nt p

oint

.as

soci

ated

with

c.

304,

306

, 30

8,31

0, 3

20, 3

14,

316,

318

731

3st

ake-

hole

fil

l31

4di

amet

er .2

m

dept

h .1

9mlo

ose

yello

w-b

row

n sil

ty sa

nd

asso

ciat

ed w

ith

c.30

4, 3

06,

308,

310,

312

, 320

, 31

6, 3

187

314

stak

e-ho

le

cut

313

diam

eter

.2m

de

pth

.19m

circ

ular

cut

with

gra

dual

bre

aks o

f slo

pe a

t top

and

ve

rtic

al si

des t

aper

ed in

to a

blu

nt p

oint

.as

soci

ated

with

c.

304,

306

, 30

8,31

0, 3

12, 3

20,

316,

318

74



Are

a no

C. N

oC

ut/F

illFi

ll of

/ Fill

ed w

ithD

imen

sions

Des

crip

tion

Stru

ctur

e/ F

eatu

reA

rtef

acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

es

731

5st

ake-

hole

fil

l31

6.2

2m x

.2m

x

.18m

loos

e lig

ht b

row

n sil

ty sa

nd w

ith c

harc

oal

asso

ciat

ed w

ith

c.30

4, 3

06,

308,

310,

312

, 314

, 32

0, 3

187

316

stak

e-ho

le

cut

315

.22m

x .2

m x

.1

8mov

al c

ut w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

top,

grad

ual a

t ba

se,ve

rtic

al si

des a

nd c

onca

ve b

ase.

asso

ciat

ed w

ith

c.30

4, 3

06,

308,

310,

312

, 314

, 32

0, 3

187

317

stak

e-ho

le

fill

318

diam

eter

.095

m

dept

h .1

7mlo

ose

mid

bro

wn

fine

sand

with

occ

asio

nal p

ebbl

es

nort

h of

Str

uctu

re B

731

8st

ake-

hole

cu

t31

7di

amet

er .0

95m

de

pth

.17m

circ

ular

cut

with

a sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

top,

ve

rtic

al si

des,

tape

red

into

a b

lunt

‘u’ s

hape

d ba

se.

nort

h of

Str

uctu

re B

731

9st

ake-

hole

fil

l32

0.2

8m x

.24m

x

.22m

loos

e or

ange

-bro

wn

silty

sand

with

ch

arco

al&

smal

l peb

bles

as

soci

ated

with

c.

304,

306

, 30

8,31

0, 3

12, 3

14,

316,

318

732

0st

ake-

hole

cu

t31

9.2

8m x

.24m

x

.22m

oval

cut

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

at to

p,gr

adua

l at

base

,vert

ical

side

s and

con

cave

bas

e.as

soci

ated

with

c.

304,

306

, 30

8,31

0, 3

12, 3

14,

316,

318

732

1fil

l32

2.7

m x

.2m

x

.08m

com

pact

ligh

t red

-bro

wn

sand

y cl

ay

732

2cu

t32

1.7

m x

.2m

x

.08m

linea

r with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

at to

p an

d gr

adua

l at

bas

e. S

ides

wer

e ve

rtic

al a

nd b

ase

was

con

cave

. R

an w

est-e

ast o

rient

atio

n, a

nd p

ossib

ly w

as a

ssoc

i-at

ed w

ith c

324

732

3st

ake-

hole

fil

l32

4di

amet

er .1

m

dept

h .1

2mso

ft m

id b

row

n sa

ndy

silt w

ith 2

smal

l sto

nes

732

4st

ake-

hole

cu

t32

3di

amet

er .1

m

dept

h .1

2mci

rcul

ar c

ut w

ith a

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

at to

p an

d ve

rtic

al si

des t

aper

ed in

to a

blu

nt p

oint

732

5st

ake-

hole

fil

l32

6.1

3m x

.1m

x .1

mco

mpa

ct y

ello

w-b

row

n sil

ty sa

nd

732

6st

ake-

hole

cu

t32

5.1

3m x

.1m

x .1

mov

al c

ut w

ith a

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

at to

p an

d ve

rtic

al si

des t

aper

ed in

to a

blu

nt p

oint

732

7st

ake-

hole

fil

l32

8.15

m x

.11m

x

.085

mlo

ose

yello

w-b

row

n sa

ndy

silt w

ith a

smal

l sto

nes

75



Are

a no

C. N

oC

ut/F

illFi

ll of

/ Fill

ed w

ithD

imen

sions

Des

crip

tion

Stru

ctur

e/ F

eatu

reA

rtef

acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

es

732

8st

ake-

hole

cu

t32

7.15

m x

.11m

x

.085

mov

al c

ut w

ith a

gra

dual

bre

ak o

f slo

pe a

t top

and

ve

rtic

al si

des t

aper

ed in

to a

blu

nt p

oint

732

9fil

l33

01.

4m x

.6m

x

.25m

soft

mid

bro

wn-

grey

silty

cla

y w

ith 2

5% la

rge

to

med

ium

sub-

angu

lar s

ands

tone

733

0cu

t32

91.

4m x

.6m

x

.25m

kidn

ey sh

aped

with

a sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

top

and

to n

orth

at b

ase.

Side

s wer

e slo

ped

stee

ply

and

base

was

slig

htly

und

ulat

ing

733

1fu

rrow

fill

332

3m x

.4m

x .0

9mlo

ose

yello

w-b

row

n cl

ayey

sand

with

occ

asio

nal

angu

lar s

tone

thro

ugho

ut l

733

2fu

rrow

cut

331

3m x

.4m

x .0

9min

ear c

ut w

hich

trun

cate

d c.

333

733

3pi

t fill

363

1.1m

x .8

m x

.1

2mso

ft da

rk g

rey

clay

ey si

lt w

ith m

oder

ate

smal

l sto

ne

incl

usio

n. U

pper

-mos

t ash

y-ty

pe fi

ll of

a sh

allo

w

pit

hear

thPo

ssib

le lo

om

wei

ght

733

4pi

t fill

335

1.85

m x

2m

x

.15m

soft

oran

ge-b

row

n sa

ndy

silt w

ith o

ccas

iona

l cha

r-co

al. U

pper

-mos

t fill

of p

it7

335

pit c

ut33

4, 3

741.

9m x

2.0

5m x

.4

8msu

b-ci

rcul

ar w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

top

exce

pt

to n

orth

-wes

t whe

re it

is g

radu

al to

impe

rcep

tible

. Si

des w

ere

slopi

ng m

oder

atel

y an

d br

eak

of sl

ope

at

base

was

gra

dual

to th

e so

uth-

wes

t and

impe

rcep

ti-bl

e el

sew

here

. Bas

e w

as c

onca

ve.

733

6fil

l33

92.

9m x

.6m

x

.4m

mod

erat

ely

com

pact

ed d

ark

brow

n cl

ayey

sand

w

ith 1

2 su

b-an

gula

r sto

nes.

733

7fil

l33

81.

5m x

.8m

x

.3m

com

pact

yel

low

-bro

wn

silty

sand

with

cha

rcoa

l an

d sm

all p

ebbl

e in

clus

ions

733

8cu

t33

71.

5m x

.8m

x

.3m

oval

/line

ar sh

aped

cut

with

gra

dual

bre

ak o

f slo

pe

at to

p, a

nd im

perc

eptib

le a

t bas

e,m

oder

atel

y slo

p-in

g sid

es ta

perin

g in

to a

blu

nt p

oint

ed b

ase.

Ajo

ins

c.33

9.7

339

cut

336

2.9m

x .6

m x

.4

mirr

egul

ar in

shap

e, w

ith g

radu

al b

reak

of s

lope

at

top

to n

orth

-eas

t and

impe

rcep

tible

to so

uth-

wes

t, m

oder

atel

y slo

ped

sides

and

bre

ak o

f slo

pe a

t bas

e w

as g

radu

al to

sout

h-w

est a

nd im

perc

eptib

le to

so

uth-

east

. Bas

e w

as sl

ight

ly c

onca

ve. A

djoi

ned

c.33

8 to

wes

t

76



Are

a no

C. N

oC

ut/F

illFi

ll of

/ Fill

ed w

ithD

imen

sions

Des

crip

tion

Stru

ctur

e/ F

eatu

reA

rtef

acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

es

734

0st

ake-

hole

fil

l34

1.1

2m x

.1m

x .1

mlo

ose

mid

bro

wn

sand

y sil

t with

occ

asio

nal p

ebbl

es

asso

ciat

ed w

ith

c.34

2, 3

44, 3

46,

348,

350

, 352

, 354

734

1st

ake-

hole

cu

t34

0.1

2m x

.1m

x .1

msu

b-ci

rcul

ar c

ut w

ith sh

arp

brea

ks o

f slo

pe a

t top

an

d ba

se,ve

rtic

al si

des a

nd p

oint

ed b

ase

asso

ciat

ed w

ith

c.34

2, 3

44, 3

46,

348,

350

, 352

, 354

734

2st

ake-

hole

fil

l34

3di

amet

er .0

8m

dept

h .1

4mlo

ose

mid

bro

wn

sand

y sil

t with

occ

asio

nal p

ebbl

es

asso

ciat

ed w

ith

c.34

0, 3

44, 3

46,

348,

350

, 352

, 354

734

3st

ake-

hole

cu

t34

2di

amet

er .0

8m

dept

h .1

4mci

rcul

ar c

ut w

ith sh

arp

brea

ks o

f slo

pe a

t top

and

ba

se,ve

rtic

al si

des a

nd p

oint

ed b

ase

asso

ciat

ed w

ith

c.34

0, 3

44, 3

46,

348,

350

, 352

, 354

734

4st

ake-

hole

fil

l34

5di

amet

er .1

2m

dept

h .1

1mlo

ose

mid

bro

wn

sand

y sil

t with

occ

asio

nal p

ebbl

es

asso

ciat

ed w

ith

c.34

0, 3

42, 3

46,

348,

350

, 352

, 354

734

5st

ake-

hole

cu

t34

4di

amet

er .1

2m

dept

h .1

1mci

rcul

ar c

ut w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

top

and

grad

ual a

t bas

e,ver

tical

side

s and

‘U’ s

hape

d ba

seas

soci

ated

with

c.

340,

342

, 346

, 34

8, 3

50, 3

52, 3

547

346

stak

e-ho

le

fill

347

.11m

x .1

m x

.1

8mlo

ose

mid

bro

wn

sand

y sil

t with

occ

asio

nal p

ebbl

es

asso

ciat

ed w

ith

c.34

0, 3

42, 3

44,

348,

350

, 352

, 354

734

7st

ake-

hole

cu

t34

6.1

1m x

.1m

x

.18m

sub-

circ

ular

cut

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

at to

p an

d gr

adua

l at b

ase,v

ertic

al si

des a

nd ‘U

’ sha

ped

base

asso

ciat

ed w

ith

c.34

0, 3

42, 3

44,

348,

350

, 352

, 354

734

8st

ake-

hole

fil

l34

9.1

2m x

.1m

x

.14m

loos

e m

id b

row

n sa

ndy

silt w

ith o

ccas

iona

l peb

bles

as

soci

ated

with

c.

340,

342

, 344

, 34

6, 3

50, 3

52, 3

547

349

stak

e-ho

le

cut

348

.12m

x .1

m x

.1

4msu

b-ci

rcul

ar c

ut w

ith sh

arp

brea

ks o

f slo

pe a

t top

an

d ba

se,ve

rtic

al si

des a

nd p

oint

ed b

ase

asso

ciat

ed w

ith

c.34

0, 3

42, 3

44,

346,

350

, 352

, 354

735

0st

ake-

hole

fil

l35

1.1

4m x

.11m

x

.17m

loos

e m

id b

row

n sa

ndy

silt w

ith o

ccas

iona

l peb

bles

as

soci

ated

with

c.

340,

342

, 344

, 34

6, 3

48,

352,

354

735

1st

ake-

hole

cu

t35

0.1

4m x

.11m

x

.17m

sub-

circ

ular

cut

with

shar

p br

eaks

of s

lope

at t

op

and

base

,vert

ical

side

s and

roun

ded

‘u’ s

hape

d ba

seas

soci

ated

with

c.

340,

342

, 344

, 34

6, 3

48,

352,

354

77



Are

a no

C. N

oC

ut/F

illFi

ll of

/ Fill

ed w

ithD

imen

sions

Des

crip

tion

Stru

ctur

e/ F

eatu

reA

rtef

acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

es

735

2po

st-ho

le

cut

353

.2m

x .2

1m x

.0

9msu

b-ci

rcul

ar w

ith sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

top

and

grad

ual a

t bas

e. S

ides

wer

e slo

ping

mod

erat

ely

and

vert

ical

to w

est.

Base

was

irre

gula

r.

asso

ciat

ed w

ith

c.34

0, 3

42, 3

44,

346,

348

, 350

, 354

735

3po

st-ho

le

fill

352

.2m

x .2

1m x

.0

9mm

oder

atel

y co

mpa

cted

dar

k br

own

silty

cla

y w

ith

occa

siona

l sm

all s

tone

s.as

soci

ated

with

c.

340,

342

, 344

, 34

6, 3

48, 3

50, 3

547

354

fill o

f sta

ke-

hole

355

.21m

x .1

8m x

.0

7mlo

ose

dark

bro

wn

silty

sand

with

occ

asio

nal c

har-

coal

and

peb

bles

as

soci

ated

with

c.

340,

342

, 344

, 34

6, 3

48, 3

50, 3

52,

735

5cu

t of

stak

e-ho

le35

4.2

1m x

.18m

x

.07m

sub-

circ

ular

cut

with

shar

p br

eaks

of s

lope

at t

op

and

base

,vert

ical

sid

es a

nd fl

at b

ase

asso

ciat

ed w

ith

c.34

0, 3

42, 3

44,

346,

348

, 350

, 352

, 7

356

furr

ow fi

ll35

710

.4m

x .2

2m x

.1

2m

mod

erat

aly

com

pact

ed m

id to

dar

k br

own

clay

ey

sand

7

357

furr

ow c

ut35

610

.4m

x .2

2m x

.1

2m

linea

r cut

whi

ch tr

unca

ted

c.33

4, c

.358

735

8fil

l35

9.9

8m x

.32m

x

.23m

com

pact

dar

k br

own

silty

sand

with

occ

asio

nal

char

coal

and

peb

bles

735

9cu

t35

8.9

8m x

.32m

x

.23m

oval

with

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

at to

p, v

ertic

al si

des

but g

ently

slop

ing

side

to w

est.S

harp

bre

ak o

f slo

pe

at b

ase.

Bas

e w

as fl

at b

ut ir

regu

lar.T

runc

ated

by

furr

ow c

.357

.7

360

pit f

ill36

31.

7m x

1.6

m x

.15

mso

ft m

id g

rey

clay

ey si

lt w

ith o

ccas

iona

l sto

nes.

Seco

ndar

y fil

l of p

it he

arth

736

1pi

t fill

363

.9m

x .2

mco

mpa

ct b

row

n-ye

llow

cla

yey

sand

736

2pi

t fill

363

1.7m

x 2

.2m

x

.15m

soft

light

gre

y cl

ayey

silt

with

freq

uent

smal

l sto

ne

and

occa

siona

l cha

rcoa

l fle

cks,

prim

ary

fill o

f pit.

soil

& c

harc

oal

# 72

736

3pi

t cut

333,

360,

361

,362

2.5m

x 1

.85m

x

.3m

circ

ular

shap

ed c

ut w

ith a

shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

at

top

in w

est a

nd g

radu

al to

eas

t.sid

es sl

ope

grad

u-al

ly a

nd u

ndul

atin

g to

eas

t.Bre

ak o

f slo

pe a

t bas

e w

as g

radu

al. B

ase

was

con

cave

and

und

ulat

ing.

N

atur

al h

as sc

orch

ed a

ppea

ranc

e.7

364

stak

e-ho

le

fill

365

.12m

x .0

9m x

.1

9mlo

ose

mid

bro

wn

silty

sand

w

est o

f c.3

34

736

5st

ake-

hole

cu

t36

4.1

2m x

.09m

x

.19m

oval

cut

with

a sh

arp

brea

k of

slop

e at

top

and

vert

ical

side

s tap

ered

into

a b

lunt

poi

ntw

est o

f c.3

34

78



Are

a no

C. N

oC

ut/F

illFi

ll of

/ Fill

ed w

ithD

imen

sions

Des

crip

tion

Stru

ctur

e/ F

eatu

reA

rtef

acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

es

736

6st

ake-

hole

fil

l 36

7.1

7m x

.13m

x

.13m

mod

erat

ely

com

pact

ed d

ark

brow

n fin

e sil

ty c

lay

with

occ

asio

nal s

mal

l peb

bles

7

367

stak

e-ho

le

cut

366

.17m

x .1

3m x

.1

3msu

b-ci

rcul

ar c

ut w

ith sh

arp

brea

ks o

f slo

pe a

t top

an

d ba

se,ve

rtic

al si

des a

nd p

oint

ed b

ase.

736

8st

ake-

hole

fil

l 36

9.0

8m x

.07m

x

.08m

loos

e ye

llow

-bro

wn

silty

sand

736

9st

ake-

hole

cu

t36

8.0

8m x

.07m

x

.08m

circ

ular

cut

with

shar

p br

eaks

of s

lope

at t

op a

nd

vert

ical

side

s tap

ered

into

a b

lunt

poi

nt.

737

0st

ake-

hole

fil

l 37

1.1

m x

.08m

x

.095

mlo

ose

yello

w-b

row

n sil

ty sa

nd

737

1st

ake-

hole

cu

t37

0.1

m x

.08m

x

.095

mov

al c

ut w

ith sh

arp

brea

ks o

f slo

pe a

t top

and

ve

rtic

al si

des t

aper

ed in

to a

blu

nt p

oint

.7

372

stak

e-ho

le

fill

373

diam

eter

.08m

de

pth

.07m

mod

erat

ely

com

pact

ed d

ark

brow

n co

arse

silty

sa

nd

737

3st

ake-

hole

cu

t37

2di

amet

er .0

8m

dept

h .0

7mci

rcul

ar c

ut w

ith sh

arp

brea

ks o

f slo

pe a

t top

and

ba

se,ve

rtic

al si

des a

nd a

poi

nted

bas

e.tru

ncat

es

post-

hole

352

/353

737

4pi

t fill

334

1.45

m x

1.9

m x

.4

5mfir

m m

ottle

d pa

le o

rang

e-ye

llow

sand

y cl

ay w

ith

freq

uent

man

gane

se, o

ccas

iona

l cha

rcoa

l and

m

oder

ate

sub-

angu

lar s

tone

. Re-

depo

sited

nat

ural

w

ithin

cut

.6W

03E1

692:

03Fi

ll7

0.16

m S

E-N

W

x 0.

09 m

x 0

.07

m

Fill.

Dar

k pi

nkish

bro

wn

soft

silty

cla

y, oc

casio

nal

poss

ible

pac

king

peb

bles

, mod

erat

ely

occu

rrin

g ch

arco

al fl

ecks

. Fill

of s

take

hole

, pos

sibly

bur

nt

in-s

itu, c

ut C

onte

xt 7

.6W

03E1

692:

04Fi

ll9

0.12

m N

W-S

E x

0.09

m x

0.0

9 m

Fill.

Dar

k pi

nkish

bro

wn

soft

silty

cla

y w

ith o

cca-

siona

l peb

bles

and

mod

erat

e ch

arco

al fl

ecks

. Fill

of

stak

ehol

e, p

ossib

ly b

urnt

in-s

itu, c

ut C

onte

xt 9

.6W

03E1

692:

05Fi

ll6

0.11

m x

0.1

1 m

x

0.08

mFi

ll. D

ark

pink

ish b

row

n so

ft sil

ty c

lay

with

oc-

casio

nal s

ub-r

ound

ed p

ebbl

es. F

ill o

f a st

akeh

ole,

cu

t Con

text

6.

6W03

E169

2:06

Cut

50.

11 m

x 0

.11

m

x 0.

08 m

Cut

. Sha

rp b

reak

of s

lope

top,

ver

tical

nor

th si

de,

stee

p so

uth

side,

roun

ded

brea

k of

slop

e ba

se. T

op

is or

ient

ated

eas

t of t

he b

ase.

Sm

all c

harc

oal p

lug

at th

e ba

se a

gain

st th

e no

rth

side,

bur

nt in

-situ

. C

ut o

f sta

keho

le fi

lled

with

Con

text

5.

79



Are

a no

C. N

oC

ut/F

illFi

ll of

/ Fill

ed w

ithD

imen

sions

Des

crip

tion

Stru

ctur

e/ F

eatu

reA

rtef

acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

es

6W03

E169

2:07

Cut

30.

16 m

SE-

NW

x

0.09

m x

0.0

7 m

Cut

. Gra

dual

bre

ak o

f slo

pe to

p an

d no

rth

base

, gr

adua

l to

sout

h. S

ides

smoo

th a

nd c

onca

ve to

SW

, irr

egul

ar o

n N

E. S

ub-c

ircul

ar in

pla

n. T

op

is or

ient

ated

NW

of b

ase.

Cut

of s

take

hole

, fill

ed

with

Con

text

3.

6W03

E169

2:08

Fill

0.3

m E

-W x

0.

18 m

x 0

.12

mFi

ll. M

id-p

inki

sh b

row

n so

ft sil

ty c

lay

with

oc-

casio

nal s

ub-a

ngul

ar m

ediu

m p

ebbl

es a

nd fl

ecks

of

cha

rcoa

l. M

oder

atel

y oc

curr

ing

smal

l pie

ces

of n

atur

al m

anga

nese

. Fill

of a

ston

e-ho

le th

at

beca

me

natu

rally

bac

kfill

ed a

fter t

he st

one

was

re

mov

ed. F

ill o

f sto

ne-s

ocke

t.6W

03E1

692:

09C

ut4

0.12

m N

W-S

E x

0.09

m x

0.0

9 m

Cut

. Sha

rp b

reak

of s

lope

top

on so

uth,

gra

dual

to

nort

h. S

ides

smoo

th o

n ea

st, i

rreg

ular

else

whe

re.

Brea

k of

slop

e ba

se im

perc

eptib

le to

NW

, gra

dual

el

sew

here

. Sub

-circ

ular

in p

lan.

Top

per

pend

icul

ar

to b

ase.

Cut

of s

take

hole

, fill

ed w

ith C

onte

xt 4

.6W

03E1

692:

10Fi

ll13

0.6

m N

NW

-SS

E, x

0.5

m x

0.

2 m

Fill.

Mid

-ora

ngish

bro

wn

soft

silty

cla

y w

ith

freq

uent

fine

sub-

angu

lar p

ebbl

es. O

ccas

iona

l su

b-an

gula

r sm

all s

tone

s and

flec

ks o

f cha

rcoa

l. M

oder

ate

deca

yed

stone

. Fill

of a

pit,

cut

Con

text

13

.6W

03E1

692:

11Fi

ll18

0.44

m N

W-S

E x

0.35

m X

0.0

5 m

Fill.

Mot

tled

pink

ish y

ello

wish

bro

wn

soft

silty

cl

ay. M

oder

ate

fine

and

occa

siona

l med

ium

sub-

angu

lar p

ebbl

es, o

ccas

iona

l fle

cks o

f cha

rcoa

l. Fi

ll of

pit

cut C

onte

xt 1

8.

6W03

E169

2:12

Fill

180.

2 m

E-W

x 0

.1

m x

0.0

2 m

Fill.

Lig

ht p

inki

sh y

ello

w so

ft sil

ty c

lay

with

oc

casio

nal s

ub-a

ngul

ar fi

ne p

ebbl

es. P

ossib

ly re

-de

posit

ed n

atur

al. T

his i

s the

fill

of a

smal

l pit,

cut

C

onte

xt 1

8. T

his c

onte

xt is

abo

ve C

onte

xt 1

4.6W

03E1

692:

13C

ut10

0.6

m N

NW

-SS

E, x

0.5

m x

0.

2 m

Cut

. Sha

rp b

reak

of s

lope

top,

side

s ste

ep a

nd

conc

ave

on th

e no

rth

and

east

, mod

erat

e an

d co

ncav

e on

the

wes

t. Br

eak

of sl

ope

base

gra

dual

on

the

nort

h an

d w

est a

nd sh

arp

on th

e ea

st. H

alf

sect

ione

d, so

uth

side

exca

vate

d. S

ub-c

ircul

ar in

pl

an. C

ut o

f pit

fille

d fir

e w

aste

, Con

text

10.

80



Are

a no

C. N

oC

ut/F

illFi

ll of

/ Fill

ed w

ithD

imen

sions

Des

crip

tion

Stru

ctur

e/ F

eatu

reA

rtef

acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

es

6W03

E169

2:14

Fill

180.

33 m

N-S

x

0.29

m x

0.0

8 m

Fill.

Dar

k pi

nkish

bro

wn

soft

silty

cla

y. M

oder

ate

med

ium

and

coa

rse

sub-

angu

lar p

ebbl

es. M

oder

-at

e fle

cks a

nd o

ccas

iona

l sm

all p

iece

s of c

harc

oal.

Thi

s is t

he fi

ll of

a w

aste

pit,

cut

Con

text

18.

Thi

s co

ntex

t is a

bove

Con

text

17.

6W

03E1

692:

15Fi

ll16

0.26

m E

-W x

0.

16 m

x 0

.12

mFi

ll. M

id o

rang

ish b

row

n so

ft sil

ty c

lay

with

m

oder

ate

med

ium

bur

nt su

b-an

gula

r peb

bles

and

on

e su

b-an

gula

r sm

all s

tone

. Occ

asio

nal c

harc

oal

fleck

s. Po

stpi

pe fi

ll of

pos

tpip

e cu

t Con

text

16.

6W

03E1

692:

16C

ut15

0.26

m E

-W x

0.

16 m

x 0

.12

mC

ut. S

harp

bre

ak o

f slo

pe to

p an

d ba

se. V

ertic

al

conc

ave

sides

on

the

nort

h an

d so

uth,

mod

erat

e an

d co

ncav

e on

the

wes

t. T

he w

est h

alf o

f the

fe

atur

e w

as e

xcav

ated

. Sub

-circ

ular

shap

e in

pla

n.

Post

pipe

cut

fille

d w

ith p

ostp

ipe

fill C

onte

xt 1

5,

post

hole

fill

Con

text

22.

6W03

E169

2:17

Fill

180.

3 m

N-S

x

0.28

m x

0.1

1 m

Fill.

Lig

ht p

inki

sh y

ello

w so

ft sil

ty c

lay

with

oc-

casio

nal a

nd m

ediu

m su

b-an

gula

r peb

bles

, one

m

ediu

m st

one.

Thi

s is t

he b

asal

fill

of a

smal

l pit,

cu

t Con

text

18.

6W03

E169

2:18

Cut

11,1

2,14

,17

0.34

m N

-S x

0.

33 m

x 0

.19

mC

ut. B

reak

of s

lope

top

impe

rcep

tible

on

nort

h,

grad

ual e

lsew

here

. Sid

es m

oder

ate

and

smoo

th

on th

e so

uth,

gen

tle a

nd sm

ooth

on

the

NW

, m

oder

ate

and

irreg

ular

on

the

east

and

gen

tle a

nd

conc

ave

on th

e N

E. B

reak

of s

lope

bas

e gr

adua

l.

Poss

ible

rubb

ish p

it, fi

lled

with

Con

text

s 11,

12,

14

, 17.

Tru

ncat

es C

onte

xt 2

4 an

d 57

.6W

03E1

692:

19Fi

ll20

0.3

m E

-W x

0.2

m

x 0

.14

mFi

ll. M

id-y

ello

wish

bro

wn

firm

silty

cla

y w

ith o

c-ca

siona

l med

ium

sub-

angu

lar a

nd c

oars

e an

gula

r pe

bble

s. Fi

ll of

stak

ehol

e cu

t Con

text

20.

6W03

E169

2:20

Cut

190.

3 m

E-W

x 0

.2

m x

0.1

4 m

Cut

. Sha

rp b

reak

of s

lope

top,

side

s are

gen

tle

and

smoo

th o

n th

e w

est,

vert

ical

and

smoo

th

else

whe

re. B

reak

of s

lope

bas

e sh

arp

on th

e ea

st,

grad

ual e

lsew

here

. Ova

l in

plan

. Top

per

pend

icu-

lar t

o ba

se. C

ut o

f a st

akeh

ole,

fille

d w

ith C

onte

xt

19. T

runc

ates

Con

text

s 21

and

33.

81



Are

a no

C. N

oC

ut/F

illFi

ll of

/ Fill

ed w

ithD

imen

sions

Des

crip

tion

Stru

ctur

e/ F

eatu

reA

rtef

acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

es

6W03

E169

2:21

Fill

331.

8 m

N-S

x 0

.45

m x

0.1

3 m

Fill.

Mid

pin

kish

bro

wn

firm

silty

cla

y w

ith

angu

lar m

oder

ate

and

occa

siona

l peb

bles

, occ

a-sio

nal f

leck

s of c

harc

oal a

nd m

anga

nese

. Thi

s is

the

fill o

f a p

ossib

le sl

ot tr

ench

or i

rreg

ular

pit,

cut

C

onte

xt 3

3.6W

03E1

692:

22Fi

ll23

0.26

m E

-W x

0.

22 m

x 0

.18

mFi

ll. M

ottle

d m

id-p

inki

sh y

ello

w so

ft sil

ty c

lay

with

mod

erat

e su

b-an

gula

r med

ium

peb

bles

and

sm

all s

tone

s. Po

stho

le fi

ll of

pos

thol

e cu

t Con

text

23

.6W

03E1

692:

23C

ut22

0.26

m E

-W x

0.

22 m

x 0

.18

mC

ut. S

harp

bre

ak o

f slo

pe to

p, si

des a

re st

eepl

y slo

ping

and

the

brea

k of

slop

e ba

se is

roun

ded.

Su

b-ci

rcul

ar in

pla

n. P

osth

ole

cut f

illed

with

pos

t-ho

le fi

ll C

onte

xt 2

2, p

ostp

ipe

cut C

onte

xt 1

6.6W

03E1

692:

24Fi

ll57

2.1m

N-S

x 0

.6

m x

0.1

8 m

Fill.

Lig

ht p

inki

sh b

row

n so

ft sil

ty c

lay

with

occ

a-sio

nal s

ub-a

ngul

ar fi

ne a

nd m

ediu

m su

b-an

gula

r pe

bble

s and

occ

asio

nal f

leck

s of c

harc

oal.

Fill

of

poss

ible

line

ar p

it, c

ut C

onte

xt 5

7. A

bove

Con

text

s 25

and

27.

6W03

E169

2:25

Fill

260.

2 m

x 0

.2 m

x

0.08

mFi

ll. M

id p

inki

sh b

row

n so

ft sil

ty c

lay

with

occ

a-sio

nal c

harc

oal f

leck

s and

smal

l pie

ces o

f cha

rcoa

l. Fi

ll of

stak

ehol

e, c

ut C

onte

xt 2

6.6W

03E1

692:

26C

ut25

0.2

m x

0.2

m x

0.

08 m

Cut

. Sub

-circ

ular

in p

lan.

Impe

rcep

tible

bre

ak o

f slo

pe to

p to

eas

t, gr

adua

l to

nort

h an

d ea

st. S

ides

ar

e gr

adua

l to

the

east

, ste

ep e

lsew

here

. Thi

s is t

he

cut o

f a st

akeh

ole,

fille

d w

ith C

onte

xt 2

5. T

run-

cate

s Con

text

57.

6W03

E169

2:27

Fill

280.

17 m

E-W

x

0.14

m x

0.0

7 m

Fill.

Mid

pin

kish

bro

wn

soft

silty

cla

y w

ith o

c-ca

siona

l cha

rcoa

l fle

cks.

Fill

of st

akeh

ole,

cut

C

onte

xt 2

8.6W

03E1

692:

28C

ut27

0.17

m E

-W x

0.

14 m

x 0

.07

mC

ut. S

ub-c

ircul

ar in

pla

n. B

reak

of s

lope

top

impe

rcep

tible

to so

uth,

shar

p to

nor

th a

nd e

ast.

Side

s are

smoo

th a

nd c

onca

ve. T

he b

reak

of s

lope

ba

se is

impe

rcep

tible

. Hal

f-sec

tione

d, e

ast h

alf w

as

exca

vate

d. S

take

hole

cut

, fill

ed w

ith C

onte

xt 2

7.

Trun

cate

s Con

text

57.

82



Are

a no

C. N

oC

ut/F

illFi

ll of

/ Fill

ed w

ithD

imen

sions

Des

crip

tion

Stru

ctur

e/ F

eatu

reA

rtef

acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

es

6W03

E169

2:29

Fill

300.

14 m

x 0

.14

m

x 0.

05 m

Fill.

Mid

-pin

kish

yel

low

soft

silty

cla

y w

ith o

c-ca

siona

l sub

-ang

ular

peb

bles

and

man

gane

se

stai

ning

. Thi

s is t

he fi

ll of

a p

ostp

ipe,

pos

tpip

e cu

t C

onte

xt 3

0.

6W03

E169

2:30

Cut

290.

14 m

x 0

.14

m

x 0.

05 m

Cut

. Sha

rp b

reak

of s

loe

top,

stee

ply

slopi

ng

conv

ex si

des,

grad

ual b

reak

of s

lope

bas

e. B

ase

a ta

pere

d bl

unt p

oint

in p

rofil

e. C

ircul

ar in

pla

n.

Cut

of p

ostp

ipe,

pos

tpip

e fil

l Con

text

29,

pos

thol

e fil

l Con

text

31.

6W03

E169

2:31

Fill

320.

23 m

N-S

x

0.2

m x

0.1

mFi

ll. R

edep

osite

d na

tura

l. Fi

ll of

pos

thol

e, c

ut

Con

text

32.

6W03

E169

2:32

Cut

310.

23 m

N-S

x

0.2

m x

0.1

mC

ut. S

ub-c

ircul

ar in

pla

n. B

reak

of s

lope

shar

p at

top,

roun

ded

at b

ase.

Sid

es st

eep

and

smoo

th.

Sout

hern

hal

f was

exc

avat

ed. C

ut o

f pos

thol

e,

post

hole

fill

Con

text

31,

pos

tpip

e cu

t Con

text

30.

6W03

E169

2:33

Cut

211.

8 m

N-S

x 0

.45

m x

0.1

3 m

Cut

. Irr

egul

ar, l

inea

r sha

pe in

pla

n. G

radu

al b

reak

of

slop

e to

p on

nor

th a

nd so

uth,

shar

p on

eas

t and

w

est.

Shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

base

. Sid

es a

re st

eep,

sm

ooth

on

the

east

and

shar

p on

the

wes

t. C

ut o

f po

ssib

le sl

ot tr

ench

fille

d w

ith C

onte

xt 2

1.

6W03

E169

2:34

Fill

350.

34 m

E-W

x

0.18

m x

0.1

3 m

Fill.

Lig

ht p

inki

sh y

ello

wish

bro

wn

soft

silty

cla

y. O

ccas

iona

l fin

e su

b-an

gula

r peb

bles

and

flec

ks o

f ch

arco

al. F

ill o

f a li

near

pit,

cut

Con

text

35.

6W03

E169

2:35

Cut

340.

34 m

E-W

x

0.18

m x

0.1

3 m

Cut

. Lin

ear i

n sh

ape.

Gra

dual

bre

ak o

f slo

pe to

p sh

arp

on th

e no

rth

and

NE,

gra

dual

on

the

sout

h an

d ea

st. S

ides

stee

p an

d sm

ooth

on

the

nort

h,

mod

erat

e an

d sm

ooth

on

the

SE. B

reak

of s

lope

ba

se sh

arp

on th

e no

rth,

gra

dual

on

the

sout

h,

impe

rcep

tible

on

the

east

. Pos

sibly

the

cut f

or tw

o st

akeh

oles

or f

or a

line

ar p

it, fi

lled

with

Con

text

34

.6W

03E1

692:

36Fi

ll37

0.09

m E

-W x

0.

07 m

x 0

.04

mFi

ll. D

ark

pink

ish b

row

n so

ft sil

ty c

lay

with

occ

a-sio

nal s

mal

l sub

-ang

ular

peb

bles

. Fill

of s

take

hole

, cu

t Con

text

37.

83



Are

a no

C. N

oC

ut/F

illFi

ll of

/ Fill

ed w

ithD

imen

sions

Des

crip

tion

Stru

ctur

e/ F

eatu

reA

rtef

acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

es

6W03

E169

2:37

Cut

360.

09 m

E-W

x

0.07

m x

0.0

4 m

Cut

. Circ

ular

shap

e in

pla

n. G

radu

al b

reak

of

slope

top

and

base

on

the

east

, sha

rp e

lsew

here

. Si

des m

oder

ate

slope

on

the

east

, ver

tical

else

-w

here

. Top

is o

rient

ated

eas

t of t

he b

ase.

Cut

of a

st

akeh

ole,

fille

d w

ith C

onte

xt 3

6.

6W03

E169

2:38

Fill

390.

12 m

x 0

.12

m

x 0.

06 m

Fill.

Mid

-pin

kish

yel

low

soft

silty

cla

y w

ith o

c-ca

siona

l sub

-ang

ular

peb

bles

and

man

gane

se st

ain-

ing.

Thi

s is t

he fi

ll of

a st

akeh

ole,

cut

Con

text

39.

6W

03E1

692:

39C

ut38

0.12

m x

0.1

2 m

x

0.06

mC

ut. C

ircul

ar in

pla

n. G

radu

al b

reak

of s

lope

top,

im

perc

eptib

le b

reak

of s

lope

bas

e. S

ides

con

cave

w

ith m

oder

ate

slope

. Cut

of s

take

hole

, fill

ed w

ith

Con

text

38.

6W03

E169

2:40

Fill

0.28

m N

E-SW

x

0.13

m x

0.0

3mM

id-p

inki

sh b

row

n fir

m si

lty c

lay

with

occ

asio

nal

med

ium

ang

ular

peb

bles

. Fill

of a

smal

l hol

low.

6W03

E169

2:41

Fill

420.

28 m

NW

-SE

x 0.

18 m

x 0

.13

m

Fill.

Mid

pin

kish

bro

wn

firm

silty

cla

y w

ith m

od-

erat

ely

occu

rrin

g m

ediu

m a

ngul

ar p

ebbl

es a

nd

occa

siona

l sub

-ang

ular

smal

l sto

nes.

Occ

asio

nal

piec

es o

f nat

ural

man

gane

se. F

ill o

f a p

ossib

le

stak

ehol

e, c

ut C

onte

xt 4

2.6W

03E1

692:

42C

ut41

0.28

m N

W-S

E x

0.18

m x

0.1

3 m

Cut

. Ova

l in

plan

. Sha

rp b

reak

of s

lope

top

and

base

. Sid

es a

re st

eep

and

smoo

th. T

he c

ut o

f a p

os-

sible

stak

ehol

e, fi

lled

with

Con

text

41.

6W03

E169

2:43

Fill

440.

5 m

N-S

x 0

.25

m x

0.1

3 m

Fill.

Dar

k pi

nkish

bro

wn

firm

silty

cla

y w

ith o

c-ca

siona

l sub

-ang

ular

med

ium

ston

es a

nd p

ebbl

es.

Occ

asio

nal f

leck

s of c

harc

oal a

nd m

anga

nese

. Fi

ll of

pos

sible

dum

ping

pit,

cut

Con

text

44.

Fin

d 03

E169

2:11

, flin

t.6W

03E1

692:

44C

ut43

0.5

m N

-S x

0.2

5 m

x 0

.13

mC

ut. I

rreg

ular

shap

e in

pla

n. S

harp

bre

ak o

f slo

pe

top,

gra

dual

at b

ase.

Sid

es a

re st

eep

and

smoo

th.

The

nor

ther

n ha

lf w

as e

xcav

ated

. Pos

sible

dum

p-in

g pi

t, fil

led

with

Con

text

43.

603

E169

2:45

Fill

480.

25 m

E-W

x

0.2

m x

0.0

7 m

Fill.

Lig

ht g

reyi

sh b

row

n ve

ry so

ft cl

ay w

ith o

cca-

siona

l sub

-ang

ular

fine

peb

bles

. Thi

s is t

he fi

ll of

a

pit,

cut C

onte

xt 4

8. T

his c

onte

xt is

abo

ve C

onte

xt

46.

84



Are

a no

C. N

oC

ut/F

illFi

ll of

/ Fill

ed w

ithD

imen

sions

Des

crip

tion

Stru

ctur

e/ F

eatu

reA

rtef

acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

es

603

E169

2:46

Fill

481.

05 m

E-W

x

0.45

m x

0.5

mFi

ll. D

ark

redd

ish b

row

n so

ft cl

ayey

silt

with

m

oder

ate

sub-

angu

lar m

ediu

m p

ebbl

es a

nd sm

all

stone

s. M

oder

ate

fleck

s and

occ

asio

nal s

mal

l pi

eces

of c

harc

oal.

The

fill

of a

pit

cut C

onte

xt 4

8.

Thi

s con

text

is a

bove

Con

text

47.

603

E169

2:47

Fill

480.

48 m

N-S

x

0.28

m x

une

xca-

vate

d fu

lly

Fill.

Dar

k pi

nkish

bro

wn

soft

silty

cla

y w

ith o

cca-

siona

l sub

-ang

ular

fine

peb

bles

. Thi

s is t

he fi

ll of

a

pit,

cut C

onte

xt 4

8.6

03E1

692:

48C

ut45

,46,

470.

5 m

N-S

x 0

.5

m x

0.15

mC

ut. S

ub-c

ircul

ar in

pla

n. G

radu

al b

reak

of s

lope

to

p on

the

nort

h, sh

arp

on th

e so

uth

and

wes

t. T

he e

aste

rn h

alf w

as n

ot e

xcav

ated

. The

side

s are

m

oder

ate

and

conc

ave.

The

bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase

is gr

adua

l on

the

nort

h, sh

arp

on th

e so

uth

and

impe

rcep

tible

on

the

east

. Thi

s is t

he c

ut o

f a p

it fil

led

with

Con

text

s 45,

46

and

47.

603

E169

2:49

Fill

580.

8 m

N-S

x

0.64

m x

0.2

mFi

ll. M

ottle

d da

rk p

inki

sh o

rang

ish b

row

n sil

ty

clay

with

occ

asio

nal s

mal

l and

med

ium

peb

bles

, m

oder

ate

fleck

s and

occ

asio

nal s

mal

l pie

ces o

f ch

arco

al. T

his i

s the

fill

of a

hea

rth

was

te p

it, c

ut

Con

text

58.

603

E169

2:50

Fill

51c.

5 m

N-S

x

0.74

x 0

.3 m

Fill.

Mid

gre

yish

bro

wn

silty

cla

y w

ith fr

eque

nt

smal

l peb

bles

and

occ

asio

nal a

ngul

ar st

ones

and

fle

cks o

f cha

rcoa

l. C

onta

ined

5 p

iece

s of f

lint,

Find

s 03E

1692

:12-

16. F

ill o

f lin

ear d

itch,

cut

C

onte

xt 5

16

03E1

692:

51C

ut50

c. 5

m N

-S x

0.

74 x

0.3

mC

ut. S

teep

ly sl

opin

g sid

es o

n th

e ea

st a

nd w

est.

Shar

p br

eak

of sl

ope

top.

The

bas

e slo

pes u

pwar

ds

tow

ard

the

wes

t. Pa

rtia

lly e

xcav

ated

in a

sond

ages

. C

ut o

f lin

ear d

itch,

fille

d w

ith C

onte

xt 5

0.6

03E1

692:

52

0.8

m N

-S x

0.7

m

x 0

.1 m

Spre

ad. P

inki

sh b

row

n cl

ay w

ith o

ccas

iona

l cha

r-co

al fl

ecks

and

two

sub-

angu

lar s

tone

s on

the

wes

t sid

e of

the

depo

sit a

nd th

ree

piec

es o

f flin

t, Fi

nd

03E1

692:

18-1

9. T

his i

s a th

in sp

read

sout

h of

pit

cut C

onte

xt 5

4.

85



Are

a no

C. N

oC

ut/F

illFi

ll of

/ Fill

ed w

ithD

imen

sions

Des

crip

tion

Stru

ctur

e/ F

eatu

reA

rtef

acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

es

603

E169

2:53

Fill

540.

42 m

E-W

x

0.41

m x

0.1

9 m

Fill.

Pin

kish

bro

wn

silty

cla

y w

ith m

oder

ate

char

coal

flec

ks a

nd o

ccas

iona

l sm

all s

ub-a

ngul

ar

pebb

les.

Fill

of p

it cu

t Con

text

54.

603

E169

2:54

Cut

530.

42 m

E-W

x

0.41

m x

0.1

9 m

Cut

. Sha

rp b

reak

of s

lope

top,

side

s ver

tical

, bre

ak

of sl

ope

base

gra

dual

, bas

e fla

t, ci

rcul

ar in

pla

n.

Cut

of p

ossib

le fi

re w

aste

pit,

fille

d w

ith C

onte

xt

53.

603

E169

2:55

Fill

560.

35 m

N-S

x

0.33

m x

0.1

2 m

Fill.

Pin

kish

bro

wn

silty

cla

y w

ith o

ccas

iona

l fle

cks o

f red

bur

nt c

lay

and

fleck

s of c

harc

oal,

red

burn

t cla

y, an

d sm

all s

ub-a

ngul

ar p

ebbl

es. F

ill o

f a

poss

ible

fire

was

te p

it, c

ut C

onte

xt 5

6.

603

E169

2:56

Cut

550.

35 m

N-S

x

0.33

m x

0.1

2 m

Cut

. Sha

rp b

reak

of s

lope

top,

stee

ply

slopi

ng c

on-

cave

side

s, gr

adua

l bre

ak o

f slo

pe b

ase,

flat

bas

e.

Ova

l in

plan

. Pos

sibly

trun

cate

s cut

Con

text

54,

on

ly th

e no

rthe

rn h

alf s

ectio

n w

as e

xcav

ated

. Cut

of

a p

ossib

le fi

re w

aste

pit,

fille

d w

ith C

onte

xt 5

5.6W

03E1

692:

57C

ut1.

m N

W-S

E x

0.4

m x

0.2

mC

ut. I

rreg

ular

shap

e in

pla

n. B

reak

of s

lope

top

shar

p on

the

nort

hwes

t, im

perc

eptib

le o

n th

e so

uthe

ast.

The

side

s are

irre

gula

r on

the

nort

h-w

est,

trun

cate

d on

the

sout

heas

t. Po

ssib

ly h

eavi

ly

trun

cate

d fr

om a

bove

or p

ossib

ly a

nat

ural

hol

low.

T

his i

s pos

sibly

a sl

ot tr

ench

cut

, or t

he c

ut o

f an

irreg

ular

pit.

Tru

ncat

ed b

y C

onte

xts 1

8, 2

6, 2

8 an

d 35

.6

03E1

692:

58C

ut49

0.8

m N

-S x

0.5

5 m

x 0

.2 m

Cut

. Sub

circ

ular

in p

lan.

The

nor

ther

n ha

lf w

as

exca

vate

d. T

he n

orth

, wes

t and

eas

t bre

ak o

f slo

pe

top

is sh

arp,

side

s are

stee

p an

d co

ncav

e an

d br

eak

of sl

ope

base

is ro

unde

d. C

ut o

f a h

eart

h w

aste

pit,

fil

led

with

Con

text

49.

603

E169

2:59

Fill

621.

0 m

E-W

x 0

.8

m x

une

xcav

ated

Fill.

Red

epos

ited

natu

ral.

Thi

s is t

he fi

ll of

a p

os-

sible

pit,

cut

Con

text

62

and

it is

abov

e C

onte

xt 6

0 an

d 61

.6

03E1

692:

60Fi

ll62

+0.2

m x

0.2

m x

un

exca

vate

dFi

ll. M

id p

inki

sh b

row

n sil

ty c

lay.

Not

fully

ex

pose

d an

d no

t exc

avat

ed. F

ill o

f pit,

cut

Con

text

62

.

86



Are

a no

C. N

oC

ut/F

illFi

ll of

/ Fill

ed w

ithD

imen

sions

Des

crip

tion

Stru

ctur

e/ F

eatu

reA

rtef

acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

es

603

E169

2:61

Fill

62+0

.6 m

N-S

x 0

.5

x un

exca

vate

dFi

ll. M

id y

ello

wish

bro

wn

clay

ey si

lt. N

ot fu

lly

expo

sed

and

not e

xcav

ated

. Fill

of p

it, c

ut C

onte

xt

62.

603

E169

2:62

Cut

59,6

0,61

1.3

m E

-W x

0.8

m

x u

nexc

avat

ed.

Cut

of p

it, fi

lled

with

Con

text

s 59,

60,

61.

603

E169

2:63

Fill

640.

24 m

N-S

x

0.18

m x

0.2

3 m

Fill.

Lig

ht p

inki

sh b

row

n sil

ty c

lay

with

occ

asio

nal

smal

l sto

nes a

nd m

ediu

m p

ebbl

es. F

ill o

f sta

ke-

hole

, cut

Con

text

64.

603

E169

2:64

Cut

630.

24 m

N-S

x

0.18

m x

0.2

3 m

Cut

. Sub

-circ

ular

in p

lan.

Sou

ther

n ha

lf ex

cava

ted.

Br

eak

of sl

ope

top

and

base

roun

ded.

Sid

es v

ertic

al

and

conc

ave.

Bas

e is

tape

red

blun

t poi

nt in

pro

file.

C

ut o

f sta

keho

le, f

illed

with

Con

text

63.

603

E169

2:65

Fill

670.

26 m

E-W

x

0.24

m x

0.0

5 m

Fill.

Mid

pin

kish

bro

wn

clay

ey si

lt. F

ill o

f fea

ture

, cu

t con

text

67.

Abo

ve C

onte

xt 6

6.6

03E1

692:

66Fi

ll67

0.26

m E

-W x

0.

24 m

x 0

.11

mFi

ll. L

ight

pin

kish

yel

low

cla

yey

silt.

Fill

of fe

atur

e,

cut c

onte

xt 6

7.6

03E1

692:

67C

ut65

,66

0.26

m E

-W x

0.

24 m

x 0

.16

mC

ut. S

ub-o

val s

hape

in p

lan.

Rou

nded

bre

ak o

f slo

pe to

p an

d ba

se. S

ides

stee

p an

d co

ncav

e. B

ase

flat.

Cut

of s

mal

l pos

sible

dum

ping

pit,

fille

d w

ith

Con

text

s 65

and

66.

603

E169

2:68

Fill

690.

5 m

E-W

x 0

.3

m x

0.15

mFi

ll. P

urpl

ish b

row

n sil

ty c

lay

with

freq

uent

flec

ks

of c

harc

oal.

Fill

of fi

re w

aste

pit,

cut

Con

text

69.

603

E169

2:69

Cut

680.

5 m

E-W

x 0

.3

m x

0.15

mC

ut. S

ub-c

ircul

ar sh

ape

in p

lan.

Cut

of f

ire w

aste

pi

t, fil

led

with

Con

text

68.

6

03E1

692:

70Fi

ll72

0.34

m E

-W x

0.

26 m

x 0

.11

mFi

ll of

feat

ure,

cut

Con

text

72.

No

othe

r inf

orm

a-tio

n.6

03E1

692:

71Fi

ll72

0.34

m E

-W x

0.

26 m

x 0

.11

mFi

ll of

feat

ure,

cut

Con

text

72.

No

othe

r inf

orm

a-tio

n.6

03E1

692:

72C

ut70

,71

0.34

m E

-W x

0.

26 m

x 0

.22m

Cut

. Sub

-circ

ular

shap

e in

pla

n. S

ides

ver

tical

and

co

ncav

e. N

o ot

her i

nfor

mat

ion.

Cut

of f

eatu

re

fille

d w

ith C

onte

xts 7

0 an

d 71

.6

03E1

692:

73Fi

ll74

0.2

m x

0.2

m x

un

reco

rded

Fill

of st

akeh

ole,

cut

Con

text

74.

No

othe

r inf

or-

mat

ion.

603

E169

2:74

Cut

730.

2 m

x 0

.2 m

x

unre

cord

edC

ut o

f sta

keho

le, c

ircul

ar sh

ape

in p

lan,

fille

d w

ith

Con

text

73.

No

othe

r inf

orm

atio

n.

87



Are

a no

C. N

oC

ut/F

illFi

ll of

/ Fill

ed w

ithD

imen

sions

Des

crip

tion

Stru

ctur

e/ F

eatu

reA

rtef

acts

Envi

r. Sa

mpl

es

1203

E169

2:77

1.2

m N

-S x

1.0

m

x 0

.05

mSp

read

. Bur

nt st

one

and

mid

-bla

ckish

gre

y cl

ayey

sil

t. Bu

rnt s

prea

d, a

bove

Con

text

78.

1203

E169

2:78

1.2

m N

-S x

1.0

m

x 0

.05

mSp

read

. Cha

rcoa

l ric

h bu

rnt d

epos

it. T

his i

s a

burn

t spr

ead

and

does

not

app

ear t

o fil

l a c

ut.

1203

E169

2:79

Fill

801.

0 m

E-W

x 0

.8

m x

0.0

9 m

Fill.

Lig

ht g

rey

char

coal

rich

ston

y sil

t. Fi

ll of

a

shal

low

dum

ping

pit.

Pos

sibly

orig

inal

ly a

bur

nt

spre

ad th

at b

ecam

e im

bedd

ed o

ver t

ime

resu

lting

in

a su

ppos

ed c

ut.

1203

E169

2:80

Cut

791.

0 m

E-W

x 0

.8

m x

0.0

9 m

Cut

. Cut

of a

pos

sible

shal

low

pit,

fille

d w

ith

Con

text

79.

1203

E169

2:81

1.4

m N

-S x

1.0

m

x 0

.1 m

Spre

ad. M

id g

rey

silt w

ith m

oder

atel

y oc

cur-

ring

med

ium

pie

ces o

f cha

rcoa

l. Ir

regu

lar s

hape

d sp

read

, thi

n sp

read

of b

urnt

mou

nd m

ater

ial.

1203

E169

2:82

10 m

NE-

SW x

2.

5 m

x 0

.1 m

Spre

ad. D

ark

grey

ish b

lack

bur

nt st

one

rich

silty

m

ater

ial.

Spre

ad o

f bur

nt m

ound

mat

eria

l, ab

ove

Con

text

83.

12

03E1

692:

83Fi

ll85

4.0

m N

E-SW

x

2.5

m x

0.0

8 m

Spre

ad. D

ark

blac

kish

gre

y bu

rnt s

tone

rich

silty

m

ater

ial.

Spre

ad o

f bur

nt m

ound

mat

eria

l, ab

ove

Con

text

84.

1203

E169

2:84

Fill

852.

6m N

E-SW

x

2.5

m x

0.0

2 m

Fill.

Gre

y sil

t. Ba

sal f

ill o

f tro

ugh,

cut

Con

text

85.

1203

E169

2:85

Cut

83,8

42.

5 m

NW

-SE

x 2.

5 m

x 0

.2 m

Cut

. Sou

thea

st si

de o

f the

trou

gh is

slop

ing

con-

cave

ly a

nd th

e br

eak

of sl

ope

base

is ro

unde

d C

ut

of tr

ough

of b

urnt

mou

nd, f

illed

with

Con

text

s 83

and

84.

88



14.2 Appendix 2: Stratigraphic Matrix

Please see attached CD for matrix

89



14.3 Appendix 3: Finds Register

Site Code Context Find Area Grid square Description04E0712 1 1 Surface finds A7 to the west of structure D04E0712 1 2 Surface finds A7 to the west of structure D04E0712 1 3 Surface finds A7 to the west of structure D04E0712 1 4 Scrapers. stray finds from topsoil04E0712 1 5 Scrapers. stray finds from topsoil04E0712 1 6 Flint slug knife04E0712 1 7 5 5 Possible rhyolite flake04E0712 1 8 5 5 Flint flake04E0712 1 9 5 5 Possible rhyolite flake04E0712 1 10 7 7 Retouched flint artefact04E0712 21 1 3 1 Flint flake04E0712 21 2 3 1 Flint flake04E0712 21 3 3 1 Flint flake04E0712 21 4 3 1 Flint flake04E0712 25 1 3 1 Flint flake04E0712 25 2 3 1 Flint core04E0712 25 3 3 1 Flint flake04E0712 25 4 3 1 Flint split Pebble Fragment04E0712 25 5 3 1 Flint flake04E0712 25 6 3 1 Flint flake04E0712 25 7 3 1 Flint split Pebble04E0712 25 8 3 1 Flint flake04E0712 25 9 3 1 Flint core04E0712 25 10 3 1 Flint split Pebble04E0712 25 11 3 1 Flint core04E0712 25 12 3 1 Flint split Pebble Fragment04E0712 25 13 3 1 Flint flake04E0712 25 14 3 1 Flint flake04E0712 25 15 3 1 Flint flake04E0712 25 16 3 1 Flint flake04E0712 25 17 3 1 Flint flake04E0712 25 18 3 1 Flint flake04E0712 25 19 3 1 Flint scraper04E0712 25 20 3 1 Flint flake04E0712 25 21 3 1 Flint split Pebble04E0712 25 22 3 1 Flint core04E0712 32 1 6 Fragment of Vessel 104E0712 32 2 6 Fragment of Vessel 104E0712 32 3 6 3 Bodysherd of Vessel 204E0712 32 4 6 3 Fragment of Vessel 104E0712 32 5 6 3 Rounded stone04E0712 32 6 6 3 Bodysherd of Vessel 204E0712 32 7 6 3 Bodysherd of Vessel 204E0712 32 8 6 3 Fragment of Vessel 104E0712 32 9 6 3 Fragment of Vessel 104E0712 33 1 6 Flint blade04E0712 33 2 6 3 Flint flake04E0712 34 1 5 Postmedieval pottery04E0712 36 1 5 Flint scraper04E0712 38 1 6 3 Bodysherd of Vessel 204E0712 38 2 6 3 Rim fragment of Vessel 104E0712 38 3 6 3 Rim sherd of Vessel 204E0712 38 4 6 3 Fragment of Vessel 1

90



Site Code Context Find Area Grid square Description04E0712 38 5 6 3 Fragment of Vessel 104E0712 38 6 6 3 Fragment of Vessel 104E0712 38 7 6 3 Fragment of Vessel 104E0712 38 8 6 3 Fragment of Vessel 204E0712 38 9 6 3 Bodysherd of Vessel 204E0712 38 10 6 3 Fragment of Vessel 104E0712 73 1 6 Fragment of Vessel 304E0712 73 2 6 Bodysherd of Vessel 304E0712 73 3 6 Fragment of Vessel 304E0712 73 4 6 Fragment of Vessel 304E0712 73 5 6 Fragment of Vessel 304E0712 73 6 6 Fragment of Vessel 304E0712 73 7 6 Fragment of Vessel 304E0712 73 8 Flint flake04E0712 73 9 6 Flint retouched Artefact04E0712 73 10 6 Flint scraper04E0712 73 11 6 Flint flake04E0712 98 1 Flint core04E0712 98 2 Flint split Pebble Fragment04E0712 98 3 Flint debitage04E0712 98 4 2 Quernstone04E0712 107 1 2 Quernstone04E0712 107 2 2 Flint split pebble04E0712 121 1 7 Bodysherd of Vessel 404E0712 121 2 7 Rimsherd of Vessel 404E0712 121 3 7 Fragment of Vessel 404E0712 121 4 7 Bodysherd of Vessel 404E0712 121 5 7 Bodysherd of Vessel 404E0712 121 6 7 Bodysherd of Vessel 404E0712 121 7 7 Fragment of Vessel 404E0712 129 1 Flint blade04E0712 135 1 Flint natural chunk04E0712 136 1 Pottery, too small and indistinct to be assigned to vessel.04E0712 136 2 Flint natural chunk04E0712 145 1 7 Bodysherd of Vessel 604E0712 155 1 7 Fragment of Vessel 704E0712 170 1 7 1 Bodysherd of Vessel 504E0712 182 1 7 Fragment of Vessel 604E0712 211 1 7 Possible hammerstone04E0712 211 2 7 5 base-angle fragments, 2 bodysherds, 4 fragments of Vessel 804E0712 225 1 7 Flint flake04E0712 290 1 7 Flint retouched Artefact04E0712 333 1 7 Possible loom weight03E1692 Feature

31 6W Flint, possible debitage, mid grey flint with cortex (found during

monitoring)03E1692 Feature

32 6W Flint, piece of debitage with cortex or possible retouched scraper?

Mid grey flint (found during monitoring)03E1692 Feature

43 6W Flint, piece of unworked mid grey flint (found during monitoring)

03E1692 43 11 6W Unworked white stone03E1692 50 12 6 Flint, possible debitage, mid grey flint with cortex03E1692 50 13 6 Chert, possible debitage, pinkish white chert with cortex03E1692 50 14 6 Flint, mid brown debitage with cortex03E1692 50 15 6 Flint, mid brown core with cortex03E1692 50 16 6 Flint, mid brown core

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Site Code Context Find Area Grid square Description03E1692 50 17 6 Flint, unworked flint cortex03E1692 52 18 6 Flint, unworked flint cortex03E1692 52 19 6 Flint, pebble, unworked

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14.4 Appendix 4: Plant remains from Ballynattin, Co. Wicklow 04E0712

By Mary Dillon

The site is located at Ballynattin in the coastal town of Arklow, Co. Wicklow. It consisted of a three potentially Bronze Age structures and associated features. This report deals with the charred plant remains retrieved from the site and looks at the information produced on environment, agricultural practices and diet. The site was divided into seven areas and most of the samples came from Structure C in Area 7.

Methodology

Bulk soil samples were collected on site and were processed post-excavation using a simple flotation method. Each sample was saturated in water to allow the carbonised plant material to float, this was then poured off into a series of sieves (1mm and 250µm), trapping the ‘flot’ (floating material) which was air-dried and stored in air-tight plastic bags. The flots were sorted and scanned for plant material and charcoal using a low-powered binocular microscope (magnification x10 to x 40). Nomenclature and taxonomic orders follows Stace (1997). All twenty-five samples were scanned for botanical mate-rial.

Results

Eleven samples contained plant remains. Area 2 produced one sample with plant remains (sample 34, C107). This came from a furnace, lined with stones and containing a broken saddle quern. A possible flue was also identified. Only one cereal grain of indeterminate type was recovered. If this furnace was used for drying cereals it was very well cleaned out.Area 4 produced two samples with plants remains (sample 31; C82 and sample 33, C.83). Sample 31 came from a hearth. It contained a large quantity of oat grains (228) and a small amount of rye (7). Grass seeds were frequent. Sample 33 came from a posthole. It produced seven grains of emmer wheat and one seed from the knotgrass family.Area 7 produced nine samples with plant remains. Eight samples came from Structure C slot trenches (Sample 60, C.208; sample 68, C.149; sample 47; C. 149; sample 63, C.199; sample 48, C.150; sample 45, C.145; sample 33, C.83 and sample 46, C155) and one sample came from a posthole associated with Structure C (sample 56; C.181). It is postulated that there were two phases of construction, as the slot trench consisted of two cuts. Samples from both cuts were analsyed. The largest sample came from the posthole C.181, which was situated within the structure. It produced 56 barley grains, several of which were probably naked barley because they had several characteristics of naked barley, but they could not be fully identified due to poor conditions of preservation. Twenty-two emmer wheat grains and 31 indeterminate wheat grains were identified. The indeterminate wheat grains were also prob-ably emmer as no chaff from other wheat types was found. Nine emmer wheat spikelets (the piece that holds the grain to the stem) were also recognized. Sample 47 from C.149 from the secondary cut of

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the slot trench of Structure C was very interesting. It contained a large amount of knotgrass seeds (130, however, this represented only one third of the seeds).

Fig. 1 Pie chart showing the percentage frequency of cereals and weeds seeds from Area 7 at Ballynattin

Discussion

There are a number of differences between the plant remains assemblages from Areas 4 and 7 at Bal-lynattin. A large amount of oat grains were identified in the hearth sample from Area 4, in contrast to their absence from Area 7. Oat originated as a weed of barley and wheat crops and was widely culti-vated in temperate regions because of its suitability to damp and cool climates (Kelly, 1998). It first ap-pears as a cultivated cereal in Ireland during the Early Christian period, although it may occasionally appear up as a weed of wheat and barley in the prehistoric period (Monk 1985/86).The amount of grains in this sample suggests that it was cultivated, and this implies that this context is not prehistoric. The author of an eight century law text Bretha Déin Chécht classes oat as being the least valued cereal, probably because it didn’t make good bread and was quite common (Kelly, 1998). As well as being used as a human food stuff, it was used as an animal fodder. The presence of oat in this sample from Area 2 is very important as it means that the hearth it came from is unlikely to date to earlier then the Early Christian period. The oats will be radiocarbon dated in order to establish their age, and the age of the hearth. The sample from Area 4 which contained the oats also contained a number of rye grains. Rye is ranked as the second most important cereal in the Bretha Déin Chécht and is found widely, but in small amounts, on Early Christian sites (Kelly, 1998; Monk et al. 1998). Rye was absent from Area 7.Most of the samples came from Structure C in Area 7. This cereal probably represents material which was swept from the floor of the building to the sides, where it accumulated against the base of the

Weeds from the knotgrass family

25%Indeterminate cereals

20%

Plantain4%

Cleavers3%

Barley 22%

Wheat (mostly identif ied as Emmer)

26%

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walls and eventually in the slot trenches. It could also represent material that was used to pack the slot trenches, therefore preceding the use of the structure. The largest sample from Structure C comes from a posthole that was located within the structure.Emmer wheat is the most dominant cereal grain in the samples from Structure C Emmer wheat is not rated highly in the Bretha Déin Chécht, possibly for the reason that it is unsuitable for bread mak-ing (Kelly, 1998, 225). It has been found at Neolithic sites across Ireland, such as at settlement site at Tankardstown, Co. Limerick (Monk 1988), a Neolithic habitation layer at Townley Hall, Co. Meath (Monk 1987, 41) and for the most part has been the most common cereal found on such sites (Monk 1988). Emmer wheat was the main wheat species cultivated in Ireland until the Early Christian Period (Monk 1987, 41). Three of the samples from Structure C had emmer wheat spikelets present, thus confirming the identification of the grains.Although both wheat and barley were grown in the Bronze Age, excavations, including those at Fota Island, Co. Cork (Rutter and O’Connell 1992), Ballyveelish, Co. Tipperary (Monk 1987) and Doon-moon and Elton, both in Co. Limerick (Monk 1988, 191), have indicated that barley was the dominant crop. Barley, which originated as a wild grass in the Near East, was probably introduced to Ireland in the Neolithic (Monk 1986, 1), but became widespread during the Bronze Age period. Barley was likely an important food source as well as possible animal fodder and, significantly, can be harvested regardless of bad weather (Tierney and Hannon 2003, 155). It was well represented in the samples from Structure C. It possible that the barley here is naked barley, although the degraded nature of the surface of the grains makes definitive identification impossible. A large amount of weed seeds were identified in the assemblage. From sample 31 from Area 4, there was a significant amount of grass seeds, probably growing and harvested alongside the oats. From Area 7, weeds from the knotgrass family predominate (Fig. 1). Sample 47 produced vast quantities of such seeds, which are tiny, barely visible to the naked eye. These weeds normally are associated with dis-turbed and arable ground, but it has also been suggested that they were purposely collected and used to supplement the diet. Helbaek thought that knotgrass family weeds were eaten in Prehistoric Denmark (Helbaek, 1954) and faecal material from an 11th century house in Dublin City revealed many weed seeds, both from the knotgrass and goosefoot families (Mitchell, 1987). It is possible that, given the hundreds of weed seeds of one specific type, these seeds were purposely collected and possibly added to food stuffs.

Summary

The plant remains assemblage from Ballynattin provides information on agriculture and diet in the Bronze Age. The identification of oats from Area 4 is very useful as it highlights that at least some of the features here are later than Bronze Age in date. The large amount of emmer wheat identified from Structure C contrasts with the evidence from other Bronze Age sites in Ireland, where barley was the main cereal cultivated.

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References

Helbaek, H. 1954 Prehistoric food plants and weeds in Denmark. A survey of archaeological botanical research. Danmarks Geoligishe. Unders, 11, no. 80, 250-261. Copenhagen.

Jones, G. 1998 Wheat grain identification – why bother? Environmental Archaeology, Vol. 2, pp. 29-34.

Kelly, F. 1998 Early Irish Farming. Dublin, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.

Mitchell, G F 1951 ‘Studies in Irish Quaternary deposits’. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy, 53B, 111-206

Mitchell, G. F. 1987 Archaeology and Environment in Early Dublin (with contributions from C.A. Dickson and J.H. Dickson). Dublin. National Museum of Ireland/Royal Irish Academy.

Monk, M. 1985/86. ‘Evidence from macroscopic plant remains for crop

husbandry in prehistoric and early historic Ireland: A review’, Journal of

Irish Archaeology 3.

Monk, M.A. 1987 The charred plant remains from Ballyveelish. In: Cleary, R.M., Hurley, M.F and Twohig, E.A Archaeological excavations on the Cork – Dublin Gas Pipeline (1981-82), Department of Archaeology, University College Cork, Cork pp. 30-31.

Monk, M.A. 1988 Archaeobotanical study of samples from pipeline sites. In: Gowen , M. Three Irish Gas Pipelines: New archaeological evidence in Munster, Wordwell, Dublin, pp. 185-191.

Monk, M., Tierney, J. and Hannon M. 1998 Archaeobotanical studies. In: Monk, M. and Sheehan, J. (eds.) Early Medieval Munster. Archaeology, History and Society, Cork University Press, Cork. pp. 65-75.

Rutter, E. and O’Connell, P. 1992 Fota, Co. Cork. In Digging up Cork: archaeological excavations Cork, 1992, Cork Public Museum, Cork, pp. 11-13.

Stace, C.A. 1997 New Flora in the British Isles (2nd edition), Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

Tierney, J. and Hannon, M. 2003 Charred plant remains. In: Cleary, R.M. Enclosed Late Bronze Age habitation site and boundary wall at Lough Gur, Co. Limerick, Royal Irish Academy, Vol. 103C, No. 4, pp. 152-157.

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14.5 Appendix 5: Pottery Report

Helen Roche and Eoin Grogan

The Assemblage

An assemblage of forty eight sherds was found during the excavation. Three rimsherds, six base-angle sherds, thirteen bodysherds and twenty six fragments are present, representing a minimum of eight Late Bronze Age coarse vessels (c. 1150-800 BC). Sherds representing vessels 1 and 2 were found in the slot trenches of Structure A (Contexts 32 and 38) and vessel 3 was found in a cremation pit (Context 73) in Area 6W. Sherds representing vessels 4 and 5 were associated with Structure B, coming from the fill of a slot trench (Context 121) and a stakehole (Context 170). Vessels 7 and 8 were found in primary and secondary cuts associated with Structure C (Contexts 155 and 211). The two sherds rep-resenting vessel 6 came from different areas with one sherd associated with Structure B (Context 182:external posthole) and the other associated with Structure C (Context 145:secondary cut). However, the similarity in fabric suggests that they are either part of the same vessel or represent sherds from two very similar vessels. A fragment too small to be assigned to a particular vessel was found in a posthole associated with Structure B (Context 136)

The sherds are poorly preserved and fragmented but the surviving evidence demonstrates that the eight vessels were upright or tub-shaped, flat-based coarse vessels, an identification based on the featured sherds and fabric consistency. The fabric is medium to thick-walled, ranging from 7.9mm to 17.1mm in thickness with a medium to high content of inclusions. Vessels 1-6 display clear evidence in the form of carbonised matter and fire-blackening on the both surfaces, for domestic use.

While varying in thickness, vessels 1, 3-5, 7 and 8 show similarities in fabric and in preservation. All examples the crumbly slightly sandy-textured fabric has a moderate to high content of inclusions and the exterior surfaces are either weathered or completely missing. The sherds representing vessels 2 and 6, although also showing evidence for weathering appear to have been more skilfully fired, with the fabric having a harder consistency and showing evidence that the exterior surfaces had been smoothed with a slurry was before firing.

Few featured sherds survive with the exception of three rimsherds from vessels 1, 2 and 4 and por-tion of the base from vessel 8. Rimsherd 38:21 (vessel 1) is rounded with a slight constriction on the exterior surface. The sherd, while small, shows that the vessel was more straight-sided than curved in profile, coming from a rather small vessel probably only about 18cm in height and 16-17cm in rim diameter. The simple rounded rim 38:3 (vessel 2) is from a larger vessel measuring up to 23cm in height and 19cm in rim diameter. The curvature of the sherd shows that the vessel was tub-shaped. Rimsherd 121:2 (vessel 4) appears to represent a similarly shaped and sized vessel to the previous

1 Theexcavationnumber04E0712isomittedthroughout;onlythefeaturenumberfollowedbythefindnumberisincluded.Where the pottery is listed the feature numbers are in bold: e.g. Rimsherd 38:2.

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example. However, this rim is flat with a constriction on the exterior surface below which is a low raised cordon-like feature which would have given the upper portion of the vessel a bulbous profile. The profile of the base-angle sherds from vessel 8 is gently stepped and again would have represented a tub-shaped vessel.

Comparative Assemblages

The Late Bronze Age assemblage from Ballynattin is a welcome and important addition to our under-standing of this prehistoric period in Co. Wicklow. Regionally it represents one of a growing number of similarly dated sites displaying comparative pottery assemblages, for example, Johnstown, Co. Wicklow (Fitzpatrick 1998), Rathgall, Co. Wicklow (Raftery 1995, 154-5; Roche forthcoming) [30 km to west of IDA Business Park Arklow], Lugg, Co. Dublin (Kilbride-Jones 1950; Roche forthcom-ing) and Freestone Hill, Co. Kilkenny (Raftery 1969). The overall fabric construction, shape and rim type of the Ballynattin vessels can be widely paralleled throughout the country and has been found in both domestic and funerary contexts. Significant Late Bronze Age ceramic assemblages from both domestic and funerary contexts have been studied from the Knockadoon peninsula in Co. Limerick (Ó Ríordáin 1954; Grogan and Eogan 1987; Cleary 1995), the Grange Stone Circle (Ó Ríordáin 1951; Roche 2004), several occupation and burial sites in southeast Limerick (Gowen 1988) and the settle-ment site at Knocknalappa, Co. Clare (Raftery, J. 1942; Grogan et al. 1999).

Catalogue

Vessel 1. Rim fragment 38:2 and ten fragments 32:1, 2, 4, 8, 9; 38:4-6, 7, 10.Rounded rim with slight constriction on the exterior surface just below the rim. Poor quality friable fabric with a moderate content of inclusions (≤5.0mm). Much of the exterior surface is missing but where it survives it has been smoothed. Carbonised matter is present on areas of the interior surface. Colour: orange/grey-black/black-buff. Thickness: 9.8-10.0mm.

Vessel 2. Rimsherd 38:3, four bodysherds 32:3, 6/7; 38:1, 9 and a fragment 38:8. Slightly in-turned rounded rim. Hard, brittle fabric, slightly sandy in texture with a moderate to high content of inclusions (≤5.2mm). The surfaces are weathered and inclusions protrude through the sur-face but the exterior surface had been originally smoothed. Carbonised matter is present on areas of the interior surface. Colour: orange-grey/black/black-grey. Thickness: 10.8-12.9mm.

Vessel 3. A bodysherd 73:2 and six fragments 73:1, 3-7. Hard friable fabric with a high content of inclusions (≤7.0mm). The surfaces are weathered and rough to touch and inclusions protrude, the exterior surface is missing. Carbonised matter is present on areas of the interior surface. Colour: orange/grey-black/grey-black. Thickness: 9.5-10.4mm.

Vessel 4. Rimsherd 121:2, four bodysherds 121:1, 4, 5, 6 and two fragments 121:3, 7. Flat rim with a slight constriction on the exterior surface, below which is low raised ridge/cordon-like feature. Thick-walled, hard, good quality slightly brittle fabric with a high content of inclusions

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(≤7.1mm). Much of the exterior surface is weathered and rough to touch but the rimsherd is relatively smooth. Traces of carbonised matter are present on the interior surface and on the exterior surface just below the rim. Colour: orange-black/grey-black/grey-black. Thickness: 12.1-17.1mm.

Vessel 5. Bodysherd 170:1. Hard coarse fabric with a high content of inclusions (≤4.1mm). The exterior surface is weathered and missing with inclusions protruding. Slight traces of carbonised matter are present on the interior sur-face. Colour: orange/grey/orange-grey. Thickness: 11.0mm.

Vessel 6. A bodysherd 145:1 and a fragment 182:1. Thick-walled, hard compact fabric with a moderate to high content of inclusions (≤3.9mm). Little of the exterior surface survives but the surviving area shows that it had been smoothed. Small cavities are present on both surfaces. The interior surface is fire-blackened. Colour: orange/orange-black/grey-black. Thickness: 11.3-13.9mm.

Vessel 7. A fragment 155:1. Hard friable, slightly sandy textured fabric with a moderate to high content of inclusions (≤2.9mm). The sherd is weathered and the exterior surface is missing. Colour: orange/orange/buff. Thickness: 8.1mm.

Vessel 8. Five base-angle fragments 211:2a-e, two bodysherds 211:2f-g and four fragments 211:h-k.Gently stepped base-angle. Poorly preserved coarse friable fabric with a high content of inclusions (≤9.5mm). The surfaces are weathered and inclusions protrude through the surfaces. Colour: orange/black/orange. Thickness: 9.1-10.9mm.

A fragment too small and indistinct to be included as a vessel - 136:1. Friablt fabric with a moderate content of inclusions (≤2.3mm). The exterior surface is abraded and little survives. Colour: orange/black/black. Thickness: 7.9mm.

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References

Cleary, R. 1995 Later Bronze Age Settlement and Prehistoric Burials, Lough Gur, Co. Limerick, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 95C, 1-92.

Fitzpatrick, M. 1998 Johnstown South enclosure, Co. Wicklow, in I. Bennett (ed.) Excavations 1997, 199-200, Wordwell, Dublin.

Gowen, M. 1988 Three Irish Gas Pipelines: New Archaeological Evidence in Munster. Wordwell, Dublin.

Grogan, E. and Eogan, G. 1987 Lough Gur excavations by Seán P. Ó Ríordáin: further Neolithic and Beaker habitations on Knockadoon, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 87C, 299-506.

Grogan, E., O’Sullivan, A., O’Carroll F. and Hagen, I. 1999 Knocknalappa, Co. Clare: a reappraisal, Discovery Programme Reports 6, 111-123, The Discovery Programme/Royal Irish Academy, Dublin.

Kilbride-Jones, H. 1950 The excavation of a composite Early Iron Age monument with “Henge” features at Lugg, Co. Dublin, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 53C, 311-32.

Ó Ríordáin, S.P. 1951 Lough Gur excavations: The Great Stone Circle (B) in Grange townland, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 54C, 37-74.

Ó Ríordáin, S.P. 1954 Lough Gur Excavations: Neolithic and Bronze Age Houses on Knockadoon, Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 56C, 297-459.

Raftery, J. 1942 Knocknalappa crannóg, Co. Clare. North Munster Antiquarian Journal 3, 53-72.

Raftery, B. 1969 Freestone Hill, Co. Kilkenny: an Iron Age hillfort and Bronze Age cairn. Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 68C, 1-108.

Raftery, B. 1995 The Conundrum of Irish Iron Age Pottery, 149-156. In B. Raftery (ed.) Sites and Sights of the Iron Age. Oxbow Monograph 56, Oxford.

Roche, H. 2004 The Dating of the Embanked Stone Circle at Grange, Co. Limerick. In H. Roche, E. Grogan, J. Bradley, J. Coles and B. Raftery (eds) From Megaliths to Metals, 109-116. Oxbow Books. Oxford.

Roche, H. forthcoming The Prehistoric Pottery Assemblage from Rathgall, Co. Wicklow. In B. Raftery Excavations at Rathgall, Co. Wicklow.

Roche, H. forthcoming The Late Bronze Age Pottery Assemblage from Lugg, Co. Dublin.

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14.6 Lithics Finds Report for 03E1692 and 04E0712 Ballynattin, Co. Wicklow

Farina SternkeDepartment of Archaeology, University College Cork

The lithic assemblage from Ballynattin, Co. Wicklow (03E1692 and 04E0712) presented for analysis consists of 65 pieces, 62 of which are flints, two are volcanics, possibly rhyolites, and one is a piece of quartz.

Condition:The majority of the lithics are fresh or slightly patinated and nineteen lithics are patinated, while a few are weathered, waterrolled and four are burnt and heatfractured (see Table 1).

Condition Amount

Fresh 19

Slightly Patinated 17

Patinated 19

Slightly Weathered 1

Weathered 2

Waterrolled 3

Burnt 4

Total 65

Table 1 Assemblage Condition

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Context:The majority of finds are associated with a spread of re-deposited natural and possibly the dumping of burnt deposits in a natural hollow (Table 2). Four finds 04E0712:73:8-11 were recovered from a potential cremation pit, while 04E0712:107:2 was associated with the fill of a furnace.

Find Number Context Description Type03E1692:20 Surface Stray Find Natural Chunk04E0712:1:1 Surface Topsoil Core04E0712:1:2 Surface Topsoil Flake04E0712:1:3 Surface Topsoil Flake04E0712:1:4 Surface Topsoil Flake04E0712:1:5 Surface Topsoil Flake04E0712:1:6 Surface Topsoil Slug Knife04E0712:1:7 Surface Topsoil Flake04E0712:1:8 Surface Topsoil Flake04E0712:1:9 Surface Topsoil Flake04E0712:1:10 Surface Topsoil Flake04E0712:25:1 25 re-deposited natural + dumping of burnt deposits in natural hollow Flake04E0712:25:2 25 re-deposited natural + dumping of burnt deposits in natural hollow Core04E0712:25:3 25 re-deposited natural + dumping of burnt deposits in natural hollow Flake04E0712:25:4 25 re-deposited natural + dumping of burnt deposits in natural hollow Split Pebble Fragment04E0712:25:5 25 re-deposited natural + dumping of burnt deposits in natural hollow Flake04E0712:25:6 25 re-deposited natural + dumping of burnt deposits in natural hollow Flake04E0712:25:7 25 re-deposited natural + dumping of burnt deposits in natural hollow Split Pebble04E0712:25:8 25 re-deposited natural + dumping of burnt deposits in natural hollow Flake04E0712:25:9 25 re-deposited natural + dumping of burnt deposits in natural hollow Core04E0712:25:10 25 re-deposited natural + dumping of burnt deposits in natural hollow Split Pebble04E0712:25:11 25 re-deposited natural + dumping of burnt deposits in natural hollow Core04E0712:25:12 25 re-deposited natural + dumping of burnt deposits in natural hollow Split Pebble Fragment04E0712:25:13 25 re-deposited natural + dumping of burnt deposits in natural hollow Flake04E0712:25:14 25 re-deposited natural + dumping of burnt deposits in natural hollow Flake04E0712:25:15 25 re-deposited natural + dumping of burnt deposits in natural hollow Flake04E0712:25:16 25 re-deposited natural + dumping of burnt deposits in natural hollow Flake04E0712:25:17 25 re-deposited natural + dumping of burnt deposits in natural hollow Flake04E0712:25:18 25 re-deposited natural + dumping of burnt deposits in natural hollow Flake04E0712:25:19 25 re-deposited natural + dumping of burnt deposits in natural hollow Scraper04E0712:25:20 25 re-deposited natural + dumping of burnt deposits in natural hollow Flake04E0712:25:21 25 re-deposited natural + dumping of burnt deposits in natural hollow Split Pebble04E0712:25:22 25 re-deposited natural + dumping of burnt deposits in natural hollow Core04E0712:73:8 73 potential cremation pit Flake04E0712:73:9 73 potential cremation pit Retouched Artefact04E0712:73:10 73 potential cremation pit Scraper04E0712:73:11 73 potential cremation pit Flake04E0712:107:2 107 fill of a furnace Split Pebble

Table2ContextInformation(whereknown)fortheStratifiedLithics

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Technology: The worked lithic material includes the technologically classifiable items shown in the Table 3 below.

The technology is marked by an exploitation of beach flint pebbles which were split on an anvil, how-ever, find 03E1692:15 is a simple single platform core. This core is a reasonably large example. It is commonly suggested that the bipolar technique would frequently be used when the core becomes too small to be handheld during reduction, it therefore is not unusual to find single-platform cores in as-sociation with bipolar cores. Two more unusual core forms, 04E0712:25:9 and 04E0712:25:11, were found within the same context (C25). They are split pebble halves which have been worked on 60 percent of its circumference in cen-tripetal fashion. Exploitation ceased when the removal surface became too flat and the resulting flakes became more reduced in size due to an increase in hinge fractures. This distinct reduction was prob-ably carried out by a more inexperienced knapper, while the remainder of the assemblage does contain evidence for experienced knappers in the form of well prepared core rejuvenation flakes.

Finds 04E0712:25:21 and 04E0712:107:2 are split pebbles, which were tested, found to be unsuitable and then discarded. Find 03E1692:19 is an unmodified beach pebble which was probably found to be unsuitable for reduction.

Flake 04E0712:33:2 is comparatively large and was possibly brought in from a region to the north were flint is more abundant and the general nodule size larger.

Of particular interest are the two volcanic, possibly rhyolite, flakes (04E0712:1:7 and 04E0712:1:9) which were probably produced on the same nodule.

Type Amount

Core 8

Flake 33

Blade 2

Debitage 2

Retouched Artefact 7

Split Pebbles 9

Natural Pebble/Flake/Chunk 4

Total 65

Table 3 Assemblage Composition

104



Retouched Artefacts:

The retouched component of the assemblage is dominated by end scrapers (04E0712:25:19, 04E0712:36:1 and 04E0712:73:10) (Table 4). An unfinished slug knife (04E0712:1:6) was recovered from the surface.

Type Amount

Slug Knife 1

Scraper 3

Miscellaneous Retouched Artefact 3

Total 7

Dating:

The end scrapers and the unfinished slug knife suggest a dating of the assemblage to the Bronze Age. This is supported by the bipolar core technology and the suggested overall interpretation of the exca-vated features at the site.

Interpretation:

The lithic finds from Ballynattin, Co. Wicklow represent predominantly waste products from flake production as well as a few retouched tool forms associated with hide processing and other general domestic tasks. The fact that none of the flint pieces refit supports the suggestion that many of the deposits were the result of dumping. It is likely that the flintknapping activity took place elsewhere on the site. Overall, the assemblage supports the dating of the excavated cremation pits and furnace to the Bronze Age.

Education

Archaeological Report - IDA Arklow Business & Technology Park, Ballynattin, Co. Wicklow