Arabic 2 Basics on

Verbs

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Preliminary notes The verb is a word that indicates a meaning by itself and affords a tense. The third person singular masculine ¨He / It (masc.): هو ¨ is considered the simplest form of the verb functioning as¨Infinitif¨ but is not a real infinitif as the notion of ¨infinitif¨does not exist in Arabic.The verb can be seen from different persectives and so divided in sections that include many categories:1- With respect to the number of letters, the verb is divided into: A - Stripped verb المجرد which is the simple form or root form of the verb. It consists الفعلmost of three-radical while a smaler number consists of four.B - The Increased verb المزيد known as derived forms of the root made by adding specific الفعلletters in specific places to the three or foor-radical.2- With respect to time, the verb is divided into:A - الماضي verb in the Pefect tense, known as the Past, indicates completed action and الفعلused mainly to refer to events that have already taken place.B - المضارع verb in the Imperfect tense, known as the Present, expresses mainly actions الفعلstill continuing at the time to which reference is being made, habitual actions and the future with the letterس added at the beginning of the verb most of the time or سوف preceding it. C - األمر verb in the Imperative, the command tense related manily to the Imperfect and الفعلmay be considered as a modification of it.

3- With respect to its object, the verb can be:A - Transitive verb المتعدي which requires a direct object to have a complete الفعلmeaningful sentence that consists of a verb, a subject of the verb and an object of the verb. There is no indirect object in Arabic.B - Intransitive verb الالزم does not need a direct object and so the sentence is الفعلcomplete with a verb and its subject.

4- With respect to its subject, the verb can be:A - Active verb للمعلوم المبني which has a subject ¨ the doer ¨ known, identified الفعلin the sentence.B - Passive verb للمجهول المبني .in which the subject ¨the doer ¨is omitted الفعلunknown or intentionally not identified.

5 - With respect to its radicals ¨root-letters¨ being strong or weak, the verb is divided into: A - Regular verb الصحيح is the verb that no radical ¨root-letter ¨ in it is a weak : الفعلletter such as – – ي ا . وB - Irregular verb المعتل ¨is the verb in which one or two of its radicals ¨root-letters : الفعلis/are weak: – – ي ا و

* Next is a chart illustrating the parts of the verbs mentioned above. Details are right after:

المزيد/ ١ الفعل و المجرد الفعلThe stripped verb & the increased verb

The verb, with respect to the number of its radicals, is divided into:مجرد مزيد stripped verb and فعل .increased verb فعل

المجرد / 1الفعل , the stripped verb, is the root verb form. It consists most of three-radical represented by + + ل ع consisting when joined togetehr the basic stem that is فrefered to as Form 1 triliteral verb. This from occurs in three vowel classes of the perfect tense (Past) of the third person singular masculine هو ¨ He ¨, which is considered as the simplest form and so functions as ¨infinitif ¨ : فـعـل , فـعـل and فـعـل . A smaler number consists of four-radical represented by + + + ل ل ع pronounced ف.(He هو Past of) and known as Form 1 quadriliteral verb, perfect tense فـعـلـل المزيد / 2الفعل ,the increased verb, known as the derived verbs from the three and the four-radical are ususally identified in Arabic as foreign language by roman numerals starting in both three and four-radical from 2 up, and so classified in categories that are to be memorized. The following chart illustrates the necessary details:

Examlpes أمثلة F I ذهب to goto play لعب to grow up كبر

F II س to teach در

F III ساعد to helpF IV أخرج to take out

F V تكلم to speak

F VI تناول to takeF VII إنقسم to be divided

F VIII إجتمع to meet

F IX إحمر to turn red

F X إستقبل to wecome

F XI إحدودب to be humpbacked

Examplesأمثلة

F1 تـرجـمto translate to dominateسـيـطر to obstructعـرقـل to mixt upبـعـثـر

F II تـدهـورto decline to acclimatizeتـأقـلـم

to centredتـمـركـز to act Americanتـأمـرك

F III إخرنطمto be proud

F IV إطـمـأنto be reassured to become darkإكفـهــر to be disgustedإشـمـأز

األمر/ ٢ و المضارع و Perfect, Impefect & ImperativeالماضيArabic is very poor in tenses. The verb is divided with respect to time into three categories :

1- Perfect ¨Past tense verb¨ الفعل .which indicates completed action الماضي 2- Imperfect ¨Present tense verb¨ المضارع indicates a continuing process الفعلindependant of time in which the event takes place, an habitual action, and the future with س attached to the verb in the present tense or سوف separated from it.3- Imperative ¨Command tense verb¨األمر which is formed from the imperfect base.- There is no infinitif in Arabic, thus the verb in the past pefect, third person singular masculine being considered the simplest form of the verb functions as ¨ infinitif ¨ and referd to it whenever the notion of the infinitif is mentioned.- The verb has a suffix conjugation and prefix one indicating a specific pronoun. The suffix conjugation is used to form the perfect and the prefix one is used to form the imperfect.  - Personal pronouns, called subject pronouns or independant pronouns are set in three categories: Singular, dual and plural. Each has 5 pronouns (masculine and feminine) making all a total of 15. These pronouns are not to be used with the verbs when conjugated since suffixes and prefixes indiacte the pronouns in question.

* The following chart serves as a general introduction to the conjugation precess:

Singular المفرد Dual المثنى Pluralالجمعدرس

to studyدرسنا : نا ــــــ نحن

درستم : تم ــــــ أنتمدرستن : تن ــــــ أنتن

درسوا : وا ــــــ همدرسن : ن ــــــ هن

درسنا : نا ــــــ نحن

درستما : تما ــــــ أنتمادرستما : تما ــــــ أنتما

درسا : ا ــــــ همادرستا : تا ــــــ هما

درست : ت ــــــ أنا

درست : ت ــــــ أنتدرست : ت ــــــ أنت

درس : ــــــ هودرست: ت ــــــ هي

الماضيPAST

ندرس : ــــــ نـ نحن

تدرسون : ون ــــــ تـ أنتمتدرسن : ن ــــــ تـ أنتن

يدرسون : ون ــــــ يـ هميدرسن : ن ــــــ تـ هن

ندرس : ــــــ نـ نحن

تدرسان : ان ــــــ تـ أنتماتدرسان : ان ــــــ تـ أنتما

يدرسان : ان ــــــ يـ هماتدرسان : ان ــــــ تـ هما

أدرس : ـــــــ أ أنا

تدرس : ــــــ تـ أنتتدرسين : ين ــــــ تـ أنت

يدرس : ــــــ يـ هوتدرس: ــــــ تـ هي

المضارعP

RESET

أدرسوا : وا ـــــــ أ أنتم

أدرسن : ن ـــــــ أ أنتن

أدرسا : ـــــــ أ أنتما

أدرسا : ـــــــ أ أنتما

أدرس : ـــــــ أ أنت

أدرسي : ي ـــــــ أ أنت

األمــرIMPE

RATIVE

المتعدي/ ٣ الفعل و الالزم Intransitive & Transitive الفعل- The verb with respect to its object can fall into two categories: transitive and intransitive:The transitive verb المتعدي requires a direct object to complement the meaning of the sentence by الفعلanswering the question ¨What ماذا ¨ as in:What do you study ? تدرس ؟ماذا → I study history التاريخ أ.درس . While the intransitive verb الالزم doesn’t ¨ ماذا does not need a direct object and so the question with ¨What الفعلtake place as in:¨ I sleep at ten o’clock العاشرة أ.نام الساعة في . - Arabic verbs don’t have indirect object and so any preposition used with a verb is analyzed separately with the noun following it as a prepositional phrase out of the verb.- Some transitive verbs require one objective as is the example above, others require two objects and very few require three.Example with a verb requiring 2 objects: ” I gave the student a pen . ” الطالب أعطيت قلما Example of 3 objects: ” I have informed the students that the exam is easy اإلمتحان الطالب أخبرت سهال ”.- The object of the verb is in accusative case (please refer to¨Arabic 1 Basics on nouns¨ slides). * The following is a chart with examples of intransitive and transitive verbs :

المبني/ ٤ و للمعلوم المبنيللمجهول

Active verb & Passive verbThe active verb للمعلوم المبني a doer¨ known, identified in the¨ فاعـل is the verb that has a subject الفعلsentence as a seen subject ظاهر مستتر or hidden, estimated فاعل فاعل The passive verb للمجهول المبني is the verb that its subject is unknown or الفعـلintentionally not identified and so replaced by a ¨ deputy representing the subject ¨ called الفاعل . ناـئبTo make active verbs passive ones, set changes of the vowelling of the active verbs are to be respected in regard to the forms of the verbs and the tenses. The change in the past is characterised mainly by Damma on the first syllable and Kasra in the mid, and in the present by Damma on the first as well and FatHa in the mid. Example:

* The following chart illustrates the verbs forms in both active & passive, past and present:

Active past Passive pastالباب األستاذ The teacher opened the door فتح الباب The door was opened فـتـح

Active present Passive presentالباب األستاذ The teacher opens the door يفتح الباب The door is opened (habitually) يفتح

Past – Perfectالماضي Present – Imperfectالمضارع Passiveالمجهول Activeالمعلوم Passiveالمجهول Activeالمعلوم

يـفـعـل يـفـعــل I فــعـــل فـعــل

ل يـفـعـ ل يـفـعـ II ـل فــعـ ل فـعـ

يفاعل يفاعل III فـوعـل فاعل

يـفعـل يـفـعـل VI أفــعــل أفـعل

ل يتـفعـ ل يتفـعـ V ل تـفـعـ تـفعل

يتفاعل يـتفاعل IV تـفـوعـل تـفاعل

يـنـفـعل يـنـفـعل IIV أنـفـعــل إنـفعل

يـفـتـعل يـفـتـعل IIIV أفـتـعــل إفـتعل

يـستفعل يـستفعل X أستفعـل إستفعل

المعتل /٥ الفعل و الصحيح الفعلRegular & Irregular verb

The term ¨Regular / Irregular¨ is used in Arabic as foreign langauge to simplify for the learner the classification of the verb with respect to its radicals ¨root-letters¨ being strong or weak, as the term ¨regular, irregular¨ is quite common in learning languages and can help to assimilate the idea as first step.

Weak letters with regards to the verb are three: – – ( ي ( و ى . اWhen one of the three radicals ¨root-letters¨ (فـعل) – – ل ع is a weak letter in stripped verb: فlike ق و، ينس ، لاقف and in increased verbs (the derived ones) like أعط اإستف ، ىد , the verb is seen then as ¨Irregular¨ مـعـتـل (weak verb).

When none of these radicals is a weak letter, the verb is ¨Regular¨ صـحـيـح (strong / healthy verb) such as سافر ، م تكل ، . درس

The regular verbs الصحيحة ,are of three types (no weak letter in the radicals, root-letters) األفعالand the irregular verbs المعتلة (with one weak letter or more in the radicals, root-letters) األفعالare of five types.

The following two charts illustrate these categories with examples :

النهايةتحياتي

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النهاية تحياتي

الزعيم محمد