THE CRISIS OF AUTHORITY

Kristin Rivas, Isai Argueta, Chris Manners, Ian Kytlica

CHAPTER 30

The Youth CultureProtest focuses: 1. Political Left- strived to create a community of "the people" who would:

- break up powers that elites had- end the war -pursue racial and economic justice -WANTED TO CHANGE POLITICAL LIFE

2. Liberation- spoke for and through groups, so that these particular groups would gain recognition from society.

-African Americans-Native Americans-Hispanics- Women- Gays and lesbians

The New Left The largest generation of youth in American history dominates more than half of the population. New Left: was formed by college and university students in the 1960s. -Students for Democratic Society (SDS) in 1962. Free Speech Movement:

- University of California Berkeley, Columbia University, Harvard University -1969 People's Park at UC Berkeley-The Weathermen- bombed school campuses and killed people in the process.-Students did everything possible to make war efforts difficult.

ex. March on the Pentagon, attack corporations that made weapons.

The Counterculture A group of young people who openly expressed their disposition to middle class values and lifestyles.

HIPPIES- Sexual Revolution: contraceptive, birth control pill, abortion legalized in '73-Haight-Ashbury- Rock 'n' Roll: became famous in the the 1950s but began transitioning to mimic the lifestyles displayed by the rebellious generation. ex. Woodstock in 1969

The Mobilization of MinoritiesMany of the protests displayed by African Americans inspired other groups and minorities to protest for their recognition and rights as well.

The IndiansJohn Collier, the Commissioner of Indian Affairs retired in 1946.- 1953 "termination".

1. Removes all federal recognition of tribes.

2. Encouraged Indians to assimilate themselves to American ways so that they will lose their cultural distinctiveness. - 1958, the Eisenhower administration halts the termination policies.- 1961 The Indian Civil Rights Movement begins after the Declaration of Indian Purpose is signed.

The Indians Continued

-1968, the American Indian Movement (AIM) was formed by young Indian militants. -1968, Indian Civilian Rights Act is passed by Congress-1970, President Nixon promised increased tribal self-determination and an increase in federal aid.-1972, Indian demonstrators occupied the Bureau of Indian Affairs in Washington D.C. for six days.-1973, Wounded Knee, South Dakota-1978, United States v. Wheeler- 1985, County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation

"right to choose our own way of life"

Latino Activism - 1952, Operation Wetback

- AFL-CIO American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations.

- Chicanos: Mexican American activists

- United Farm Workers (UFW)

- 1974, right of non-English speaking students to schooling in their native language.

- Muliculturalism

Gay Liberation

- Homosexuals tried to gain equality and social acceptance

-Stonewall Riot June 27, 1969

-liberation movement helped homosexuals "come out" openly

The Rebirth of Feminism

-Equal Pay Act- pay women the same amount of money as men- 1966, National Organization for Women created; helped women gain equality- NOW denounced exclusion of women from professions, politics, etc.

Achievements of Women

-all male schools began to enroll women; "two-career" family became normal- women began serving in Congress; competing against men

The Abortion Controversy

- Abortion had once been legal in the U.S., but was banned until the 1960's- In 1973, the Supreme Court invalidated all laws prohibiting abortion during the first trimester

The New Science of Ecology

- Ecology is the Science of the interrelatedness of the natural world. - widespread belief of "land ethic"- the findings of ecology including things like ecosystems, food chains, etc.

Environmentalism

- Many organizations predated the rise of modern ecological science, including agencies not related to environmentalism- American Civil Liberties Union, The League of Women's Voters, AFL-CIO, etc. - pollution was a huge problem; water, air, acid rain

Environmental Degradation

● Water Pollution ex. Cuyahoga River

would catch on fire because of the petroleum that was dumped into it.● Air Pollution from

factories and cars.● Smog levels● Acid rain● Global Warming

Cuyahoga River, Cleveland, Ohio 1969

Earth Day and Beyond

● Earth day was originally supposed to be a series of teach-ins on college campuses. ○ earth day however grew to more than

that

● Earth day popularized environmentalism and helped create movements with more controversial topics.

● 1970 congress passed and Nixon signed the National Environmental Protection Act-- created the Environmental Protection Agency

Vietnamization

● Henry Kissinger: national security advisor.

● Lottery system- destroys Selective Service

System.

● Vietnamization-train South Vietnamese

military.

Escalation

- Nixon orders bombing of Cambodia territory.- Establish a pro-American regime under General Lon Nol.-May 4, Kent State University, Ohio -Pentagon Papers-My Lai Massacre-Black Mail-Easter Offensive

"Peace and Honor"

- Kissinger discusses peace with Le Duc Tho: North Vietnamese foreign secretary.- December 16, talk of peace ends- December 17, American B-52's began air raids.- December 30, Nixon terminates Christmas bombing-January 27, 1973 a peace agreement is signed

Defeat in Indochina

● March 1975, the North Vietnamese launched a full-scale offensive against the forces of the south.

● April 1975, communist forces marched into Saigon.

● Thieu regime and the staff of the American embassy had fled the country

● Communist forces occupied the capital. Renamed it Ho Chi Minh City

Defeat in Indochina cont. ● The Lon Noi Regime in

Cambodia fell to communists at the same time.

● This was the end of American involvement in Vietnam.

● 1.2 million Vietnamese soldiers had died.

● The war cost the nation $150 billion in direct costs.

● 55,000 deaths and 300,000 injured.

China and the Soviet Union

● 1949 Current U.S. Relations with China

● Nixon's visit to China○ July 1971-Henry

Kissinger○ February 1972-Nixon

himself● SALT 1 (1972)

○ ICBMs

Chinese Relations With Soviets

The Problems of Multipolarity

● Nixon Doctrine○ "Participate in the defense and development of

allies and friends," but leave the "basic responsibility."

○ Military Junta-Gov't run by military officers● "Six-Day War"

○ Middle East (1967)○ King Hussein threatened by influx of Palestinians

● Arab Oil Embargo○ Yom Kippur War○ Embargo (1973)-Arab Gov't to supp. of Israel

Domestic Initiatives

● Nixon's Domestic Policies○ Dismantled the

programs of the Great Society and the New Frontier

○ EX: The Office of Economic Opportunity

From the Warren Court to the Nixon Court

● Supreme Court Rulings disrupted traditional social patterns and, in the opinion of many Americans, contributed to an increase in crime, disorder, and moral decay.

● Baker v. Carr○ Warren Court (1962)○ All citizen's votes would have equal weight

● Bakke v. Board of Regents of California○ 1978○ Affirmative Action (Nixon court)

● New Court Fell Short of many conservatives expectations!

The Election of 1972

- Nixon entered reelection with a strong political campaign- Democrats nominated George McGovern, but his campaign was unappealing to the public-Nixon won by a landslide: 60.7% of the popular vote

The Troubled Economy

● Inflation began to take off at an alarming rate○ Disturbing economic problem of the 1970s○ Most likely caused by federal deficit spending

(1960s)○ No longer able to get cheap raw minerals

■ Cost of energy went up (Dependency of automobiles and fossil fuels)

● OPEC○ Arab members stating the closure of oil imports to

nations that supported Israel○ Nations agreed to rais oil prices by 400%!

The Troubles Economy (CONT.)

● Deindustrialization○ Factories closed across the country

■ Workers lost jobs● Many more knowledge based jobs (i.e.

technology, information systems)● Industrial workers could not get work at the

"knowledge based" jobs● Result: Growing pool of unemployed and

underemployed workers○ Industry never went back to the way it was in the

1950s and 1960s

The Nixon Response

● Nixon decided to focus on inflation in response to the economic decline○ Cost of living rose to 15 percent (First 2 1/2 years)

● "Stagflation"-(Slow economic growth)○ Summer of 1971 Freeze!○ November-Phase II of Nixon economic plan○ Afraid of recession being more damaging during

election year, the administration reversed itself○ Largest budget deficit since WWII

● Substantial increase in inflation throughout these events