Application Of PCR BY HINA ZAMIR

ROLL # 04

PCR• PCR is use to create millions or billions of copies of

DNA through repeated cycles of denaturing, annealing, and extension/elongation, where the DNA strands are used as templates to build two new strands of DNA

Large no of copies

Mol. identificationSequencingGenetic modifications

PCR applications :

PCR Applications : • PCR in bioremediation

• PCR in genetic engineering

• Diagnosis of genetic disease

• Detection and diagnosis of infectious disease

• Detection of infection in the environment

• Detecting genetically modified organisms

• Detection of mutations

• Detecting genetically modified organisms

• Detection of mutations

• Genomic studies / genotyping

• Classification of organisms

• Evolutionary studies:

• Site directed mutagenesis

• PCR in research

• PCR in medical research :

Applications :PCR is used in research laboratories in DNA cloning procedures,, DNA sequencing, recombinant DNA technology

• The role of PCR in genetic engineering

These cloned DNA fragments can then be inserted into the target organism, including microorganisms, plants or animals, using vectors such as bacteria and viruses.

• PCR in bioremediation

• Detecting genetically modified organisms

PCR can also be used to detect the presence and quantity of known genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in the environment

• Detection of mutations

> Simple pcr(amplicons ) > a modified PCR acts as the primary mutation-detection system

Diagnosis of genetic diseases

Diseases can be diagnosed even before birth. Examples include:

• Genetic counselling

screening the parents for genetic disease

Preimplantation diagnosis

screening for genetic disease before implantation of an embryo in IVF (in vitro fertilization)

• Screening for genetic disease before birth using tissue samples from the chorionic villus (the membranes found between the mother and unborn baby);, amniotic fluid (the fluid around the unborn baby); or the small quantities of foetal DNA

• Detection and diagnosis of infectious disease

PCR can detect infectious disease before standard serological laboratory tests (tests to detect the presence of antibodies), so allowing treatment to start much earlier. Because of this,

PCR is also useful for screening donated blood for infections,

• Detection of infection in the environment

• PCR is used to monitor and track the spread of infectious disease within an animal or human population.

• PCR can also be used to detect bacterial and viral DNA in the environment, for example looking at pathogens in water supplies.

• Forensic science : Genetic fingerprints

• PCR is very important for the identification of criminal.

• The DNA fingerprinting technique is used in forensic science.

• A single molecule of DNA ( stains of blood , hair etc ) is enough for amplification

• Genomic studies / genotypingcompare the genotype of two organisms and identify the difference between them

• when body characteristics alone do not provide enough evidence. For example, PCR analysis revealed that red panda bears are more closely related to raccoons than to greater panda bears, a distinction that had previously been impossible to determine.

• Classification of organisms

• Evolutionary studies:It plays an important role in phylogenetic analysis. Minute quantities of DNA from any source such a fossilized material, hair, bones, mummified tissues can be amplified using PCR techniques

• to examine how the genome of an organism has changed over the course of evolution

• Site directed mutagenesis

• Personalised medicine

• PCR is used in personalised medicine to select patients for certain treatments, for example in cancer when patients have a genetic change that makes a patient more or less likely to respond to a certain treatment.

• PCR in research

• PCR can be used to create copies of DNA for introduction into host organisms such as Escherichia

• PCR can be used in analysis of gene expression, for example looking at levels of expression and when genes are switched on and off in physiological processes, including in health and disease.

• PCR in medical research :to amplify the DNA of a virus, such as HIV, to understand how it infects humans, or to replicate the DNA of a hormone , such as insulin, to understand how it functions.

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