Gender

GenderI. Demography, Health Issues

A. Longevity Gap: difference in life expectancy between men & women 1. Global norm, Women outlive men

B. Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR): # of Women who die during childbirth per 100,000 live births 1. Inadaquate medical services 2. Malnutrition 3. Illegal abortions

C. Infanticide: killing a child before 1 year old 1. Prenatal Gender Detection: find out gender before

birth. 2. Hindu Society: Males = Lineage + Lighting father’s

funeral pyre. Females = Dowry payment 3. Dowry Death = Bride killed if full dowry not paid 4. One Child Policies

GenderC. Female Genitalia Mutilation (FGM)

1. Cause: a. Ancient ritual b. Ensure virginity, suitability for marriage c. Control women’s attitude toward sex

2. Problems a. Infection, infertility, child birth issues

3. Who/Where a. Africa, SE Asia, Mid/Cen Asia b. 2 Million girls under 11 every year

Female Mortality Rate

GenderII. Culture & Society

A. Gendered Spaces B. Job Discrimination & occupation Segregation C. Wage Inequalities D. Unequal Access/Rights in Courts

1. Domestic Violence, Rape 2. Divorce

E. Sharia Law 1. Controlling of women’s clothing 2. No: music, celebrations, jobs, schooling, adultery

F. Work & Education 1. Africa, S/SE Asia: Domestic & Subsistant Ag 2. Women produce 40% of world’s food 3. 65-75% of Indian Women illiterate 4. Work in Informal Markets

GenderIII.Measuring Inequality

A. GEM: Gender Empowerment Measurement 1. Women’s ability to participate in econ/pol decisions

B. GDI: Gender Development Index A. Measures gender gaps in the HDI index

C. GII: Gender Inequality Index 1. Reproductive health, empowerment, labor market