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A presentation for Higher Secondary Zoology.
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ANIMAL KINGDOMANIMAL KINGDOM
* Basis of classification* Basis of classification
* Classification of animals* Classification of animals
Basis of classificationBasis of classification
1. Levels of organisation1. Levels of organisation 2. Symmetry2. Symmetry 3. Diploblastic and Triploblastic 3. Diploblastic and Triploblastic 4. Coelom4. Coelom 5. Segmentation5. Segmentation 6. Notochord6. Notochord
1. Levels of Organisation1. Levels of Organisation
Cellular levelCellular level :Cells are arranged :Cells are arranged as loose cell agregates. as loose cell agregates.
Tissue levelTissue level : cells grouped : cells grouped together to perform same together to perform same function.function.
Organ level Organ level :Tissues are grouped :Tissues are grouped together to form organs for a together to form organs for a function.function.
Organ system levelOrgan system level:Organs are :Organs are associated to form functional associated to form functional systems. systems.
Organsystems in different animals Organsystems in different animals exibit various patterns of complexities.exibit various patterns of complexities.
Eg The digestive system in Eg The digestive system in platyhelminthes has only a single platyhelminthes has only a single opening while higher organisms have opening while higher organisms have two openings, mouth and anus. two openings, mouth and anus. Similarly the circulatory system are of Similarly the circulatory system are of two types.two types.
Open type and Closed type Open type and Closed type
Open circulationOpen circulation System in which blood is not System in which blood is not
always continued within a always continued within a network of blood vesselsnetwork of blood vessels
Closed circulationClosed circulation System in which System in which
blood is blood is contained within contained within a network of a network of blood vesselsblood vessels
2. SYMMETRY2. SYMMETRY
Asymmetrical Asymmetrical :Any plane that passes :Any plane that passes through the centre does not divide through the centre does not divide them into equal halves.them into equal halves.
Radial SymmetryRadial Symmetry
: When any plane passing through : When any plane passing through the central axis of the body divides the central axis of the body divides the organism into two equal halves is the organism into two equal halves is called radial symmetry. Or A body called radial symmetry. Or A body can be divided into two equal halves can be divided into two equal halves in any plane passing through the in any plane passing through the central axis of the body.central axis of the body.
Body Symmetry Body Symmetry Central AxisCentral Axis
A Radial PlaneA Radial Plane
Another Radial PlaneAnother Radial Plane
(a)(a) RadialRadialSymmetry Symmetry
Bilateral SymmetryBilateral Symmetry
When the body can be divided into When the body can be divided into two equal halves in only one plane two equal halves in only one plane passing through the central axis is passing through the central axis is called bilateral symmetry. called bilateral symmetry.
Body Symmetry Body Symmetry Sagittal PlaneSagittal Plane
AnteriorAnterior
PosteriorPosterior(b)(b) BilateralBilateralSymmetry Symmetry
3. Diploblastic and Triploblastic3. Diploblastic and Triploblastic
Animals in which the cells are Animals in which the cells are arranged in two embryonic layers ,an arranged in two embryonic layers ,an external ectoderm and an internal external ectoderm and an internal endoderm are called diploblastic endoderm are called diploblastic animals.An undifferentiated animals.An undifferentiated layer ,mesoglea is present in layer ,mesoglea is present in between the ecto and endoderms.between the ecto and endoderms.
TriploblasticTriploblastic
Those animals in which the Those animals in which the developing embryo has a third layer, developing embryo has a third layer, mesoderm in between ecto and mesoderm in between ecto and endoderm are called triploblastic endoderm are called triploblastic animals.animals.
4. Coelom4. Coelom
A body cavity derived from and lined A body cavity derived from and lined with mesoderm are called coelom. with mesoderm are called coelom. Such animals are called coelomates.Such animals are called coelomates.
Eg. Annelids, Molluscs etc Eg. Annelids, Molluscs etc
The True CoelomatesThe True Coelomates
Digestive CavityDigestive Cavity
Digestive TractDigestive Tract
CoelomCoelom
Body WallBody Wall
Body cavity Body cavity completely lined completely lined with mesodermwith mesoderm
Complete LiningComplete Lining
AnnelidaAnnelida
PseudocoelomPseudocoelom
The body cavity is not lined by The body cavity is not lined by mesoderm, instead it is present as mesoderm, instead it is present as scattered pouches in between ecto scattered pouches in between ecto and endoderms called and endoderms called pseudocoelom. Such animals are pseudocoelom. Such animals are called pseudocoelomates.called pseudocoelomates.
Eg Aschelminthes, Eg Aschelminthes,
The PseudocoelomatesThe Pseudocoelomates
Digestive CavityDigestive Cavity
Digestive TractDigestive Tract
PseudocoelomPseudocoelom
Body WallBody Wall
Body cavity Body cavity partially lined with partially lined with
mesodermmesoderm
Partial LiningPartial Lining
NematodaNematoda
AcoelomAcoelom
The animals in which the body cavity The animals in which the body cavity is absent are called acoelomates.is absent are called acoelomates.
Eg platyhelminthes.Eg platyhelminthes.
AcoelomatesAcoelomates
DigestiveDigestiveCavityCavity
DigestiveDigestiveLiningLiningSolidSolid
TissueTissue
Body Body WallWall
No cavity between No cavity between body wall & body wall &
digestive tractdigestive tract
CnidariaCnidaria
5. Segmentation5. Segmentation
The external and internal division of The external and internal division of the body into segments called the body into segments called metamerism.metamerism.
Eg EarthwormEg Earthworm
6. Notochord6. Notochord
It is a mesodermally derived rod like It is a mesodermally derived rod like structure formed on the dorsal side structure formed on the dorsal side during embryonic period is called during embryonic period is called notochord.notochord.
Evolutionary TreeEvolutionary Treeof Major Animal of Major Animal
PhylaPhyla
Porifera
Porifera
No trueNo truetissuestissues
TrueTruetissuestissues
2 tissue2 tissuelayers; radiallayers; radial
symmetrysymmetry
Ctenophora
Ctenophora
Cnidaria
Cnidaria
3 tissue3 tissuelayers; bilaterallayers; bilateral
symmetrysymmetry
Platyhelminthes
Platyhelminthes
No bodyNo bodycavitycavity Body cavityBody cavity
PseudocoelPseudocoel
Nematoda
Nematoda
Rotifera
Rotifera
CoelomCoelom
ProtostomeProtostomedevelopmentdevelopment
Annelida
Annelida
Mollusca
Mollusca
Insecta
Insecta
DeuterostomeDeuterostomedevelopmentdevelopment
Mammalia
Mammalia
Echino-
Echino-
dermata
dermata
Phylum-PoriferaPhylum-Porifera
Commonly called spongesCommonly called sponges They have canal systemThey have canal system Water enters through ostia into Water enters through ostia into
spongocoel and goes out through spongocoel and goes out through osculum.osculum.
Spongocoel is lined by ChoanocytesSpongocoel is lined by Choanocytes Body is supported a skeleton like Body is supported a skeleton like
spiculesspicules
Phylum Porifera (Sponges)Phylum Porifera (Sponges)
The The Body Body
Plan of Plan of SpongSpong
eses
OsculumOsculumEpithelialEpithelialCellCell
SpiculesSpiculesAmoeboidAmoeboidCellsCells
PorePoreCellCell
CollarCollarCellCell
PorePore
Water FlowWater Flow
AsymetricalAsymetrical
Phylum CnidariaPhylum Cnidaria
Phylum- Cnidaria(Coelenterata) Phylum- Cnidaria(Coelenterata)
• Presence of cnidoblastPresence of cnidoblast• Have central cavity called coelenteronHave central cavity called coelenteron• Two distinct body plans:Two distinct body plans:
Polyp, attached (sessile and cylindrical)Polyp, attached (sessile and cylindrical) Medusa, free swimming (Umbrella shaped)Medusa, free swimming (Umbrella shaped) Exibit alternation of generation Exibit alternation of generation
(Metagenesis) ie polyps produce medusae (Metagenesis) ie polyps produce medusae asexually and medusae form polyps asexually and medusae form polyps sexually.sexually.
• One digestive openingOne digestive opening• Reproduce sexually and asexuallyReproduce sexually and asexually
The PolypMouthMouth TentacleTentacle
BodyBodyWallWallMesogleaMesoglea
GastrovascularGastrovascularLiningLining GastrovascularGastrovascular
CavityCavityFootFoot
ColumnColumn
The Medusa
MouthMouth
TentacleTentacle
BodyBodyWallWall
MesogleaMesoglea
GastrovascularGastrovascularLiningLining
GastrovascularGastrovascularCavityCavity
The Cnidoblast
ArmedArmedCnidocyteCnidocyte BodyBody
WallWall
WaterWater
FilamentFilament
TriggerTrigger
NucleiNuclei
SpentSpentCnidocytCnidocytee
Portuguese Man-of-War
Sea AnemonesSea Anemones
Coral
Phylum CtenophoraPhylum Ctenophora
It exibits Bioluminescence ( the property of It exibits Bioluminescence ( the property of emitting light )emitting light )
Eg PleurobrachiaEg Pleurobrachia
Phylum Platyhelminthes
TapewormLiver fluke
Body is dorsoventrally flattenedBody is dorsoventrally flattened Mostly endoparasitesMostly endoparasites Presence of hooks and suckersPresence of hooks and suckers Planaria possess high regeneration Planaria possess high regeneration
capacity.capacity. Eg Tapeworm,liver fluke and planaria.Eg Tapeworm,liver fluke and planaria.
Larvae migrate through Larvae migrate through vessels to pig muscles & vessels to pig muscles & encyst there. encyst there.
Larvae migrate through Larvae migrate through vessels to pig muscles & vessels to pig muscles & encyst there. encyst there.
Adult tapewormAdult tapewormAdult tapewormAdult tapeworm
Head with hooks & Head with hooks & suckerssuckers
Head with hooks & Head with hooks & suckerssuckers
Flatworm Organ Systems(a) Digestive System(a) Digestive System
GastrovascularGastrovascularCavityCavity
PharynxPharynxPharynxPharynx
(b1) Excretory System(b1) Excretory System
Excretory CanalExcretory CanalExcretory CanalExcretory Canal
Excretory PoreExcretory PoreExcretory PoreExcretory Pore
(b2) Nervous System(b2) Nervous System Nerve CordNerve CordNerve CordNerve CordBrainBrainBrainBrain
Phylum-AschelminthesPhylum-Aschelminthes
Body is circular in cross-section hence Body is circular in cross-section hence the name roundwormsthe name roundworms..
Sexes are separate( Females are longer Sexes are separate( Females are longer than males )than males )
. . Eg: Ascaris, Wuchereria, AncylostomaEg: Ascaris, Wuchereria, Ancylostoma
Round Body, tapered at both ends, two openings
Phylum-AnnelidaPhylum-Annelida It shows metamerismIt shows metamerism Circular and longitudinal muscles Circular and longitudinal muscles
help in locomotion.help in locomotion. It has closed circulatory systemIt has closed circulatory system Excretion with the help of NephridiaExcretion with the help of Nephridia Nereis is an aquatic annelid possessNereis is an aquatic annelid possess
parapodia for swimming.parapodia for swimming. Eg : Earthworm, Nereis, Leech Eg : Earthworm, Nereis, Leech
(Hirudinaria)(Hirudinaria)
An Annelid:An Annelid:the Earthwormthe Earthworm
MouthMouthMouthMouth
BrainBrainBrainBrain
PharynxPharynxPharynxPharynx VentralVentralVesselVessel
VentralVentralVesselVessel
VentralVentralNerve CordNerve Cord
VentralVentralNerve CordNerve Cord
HeartsHeartsHeartsHearts EsophagusEsophagusEsophagusEsophagus CropCropCropCrop
GizzardGizzardGizzardGizzard
IntestineIntestineIntestineIntestine
VentralVentralNerve CordNerve Cord
VentralVentralNerve CordNerve Cord
AnusAnus
CoelomCoelomCoelomCoelomIntestineIntestineIntestineIntestine
ExcretoryExcretoryPorePore
ExcretoryExcretoryPorePore
NephridiaNephridiaNephridiaNephridia
CoeloCoelomm
CoeloCoelomm
Leech
Nereis
Phylum-ArthropodaPhylum-Arthropoda
• Body is covered with chitinous exoskeleton
• The body consists of Head, thorax and abdomen.
• They have jointed appendages.
• Respiration by means of gills, booklungs, tracheal system.
• Excretion with the help of malpighian tubules.
• Largest phyla consists of 4 classes.
Arthropoda - ClassesArthropoda - Classes
Class Crustacea Eg Prawn,CrabClass Crustacea Eg Prawn,Crab ,,,, Insecta ,, Grasshopper,SilverfishInsecta ,, Grasshopper,Silverfish ,, Arachnida ,, Scorpion,Spider,, Arachnida ,, Scorpion,Spider ,, Myriapoda ,, Centipede,Millepede,, Myriapoda ,, Centipede,Millepede
Class-Crustacea(Prawn)
Class-Insecta(Grasshopper)
WingWingWingWing
AbdomenAbdomenAbdomenAbdomen ThoraxThoraxThoraxThorax HeadHeadHeadHead AntennaeAntennaeAntennaeAntennae
CompoundCompoundEyesEyes
CompoundCompoundEyesEyes
Class-Arachnida(Spider)
Arachnida(Scorpion)Arachnida(Scorpion)
Class-Myriapoda(Centipedes)
Class-Myriapoda(Millipede)
Other insectsOther insects
Economically important isectsEconomically important isects:-:-Honey bee, Silkworm, Honey bee, Silkworm,
Vectors (Spreads diseases):-Vectors (Spreads diseases):-Mosquitos (Female Anopheles, culex, Mosquitos (Female Anopheles, culex, AedesAedes
Pest:-Locust, Beetle, LeptochorizaPest:-Locust, Beetle, Leptochoriza Living fossil:- King crabLiving fossil:- King crab
Phylum-MolluscaPhylum-Mollusca
Body is covered by calcareous shell with Body is covered by calcareous shell with Head, Muscular foot and Visceral hump.Head, Muscular foot and Visceral hump.
A soft layer of skin a mantle over the A soft layer of skin a mantle over the hump.hump.
The space between the hump and The space between the hump and mantle called mantle cavitymantle called mantle cavity
Mouth contains a rasping organ for Mouth contains a rasping organ for feeding called radula.feeding called radula.
Internal structure of a molluscTentacleTentacle
EyeEye
MouthMouthRadulaRadula
FootFoot
GangliaGanglia(brain)(brain)
GangliaGanglia(brain)(brain)
Digestive TractDigestive TractDigestive TractDigestive Tract GonadGonadGonadGonad
Nerve CordsNerve CordsNerve CordsNerve Cords
HeartHeartHeartHeart CoelomCoelomCoelomCoelom
ShellShellShellShell
MantleMantleMantleMantle
AnusAnusAnusAnus
GillGillGillGill
Pila
Pearl oysterPearl oyster
SquidSquid
Octopus
ChitonChiton
Phylum-EchinodermataPhylum-Echinodermata
Have an endoskeleton of calareous Have an endoskeleton of calareous ossiclesossicles
Presence of Water vascular system Presence of Water vascular system helps in locomotionhelps in locomotion
Presence of tube feetsPresence of tube feets
Star FishStar Fish
Sea Urchin
Sea lily
Sea Cucumber
Brittle Sea StarBrittle Sea Star
Phylum-HemichordataPhylum-Hemichordata
Worm likeWorm like Body is composed of proboscis, collar Body is composed of proboscis, collar
and trunk.and trunk. Eg : BalanoglossusEg : Balanoglossus
BalanoglossusBalanoglossus
Phylum ChordataPhylum Chordata
Presence of notochordPresence of notochord
,, Dorsal tubular nerve ,, Dorsal tubular nerve chordchord
,, Paired pharyngeal gill slits,, Paired pharyngeal gill slits
Comparison of Chordates and non-Comparison of Chordates and non-chordateschordates
S.NoS.No ChordatesChordates Non-chordatesNon-chordates
11 Notochord presentNotochord present AbsentAbsent
22 Dorsal hollow single Dorsal hollow single nerve cordnerve cord
Ventral, solid, Ventral, solid, doubledouble
33 Pharyngeal gill slits Pharyngeal gill slits presentpresent
Gill slits are Gill slits are absentabsent
44 Heart is ventralHeart is ventral Heart is doralHeart is doral
55 Post anal tail is presentPost anal tail is present AbsentAbsent
Phylum Chordata is divided into three Phylum Chordata is divided into three sub phylas :-sub phylas :-
UrochordataUrochordata CephalochordataCephalochordata VertebrataVertebrata
UrochordataUrochordata
• They are exclusively marine
• Notochord is present only in larval tail
• Eg : Ascidia
AscidiaAscidia
Gill SlitsGill Slits
BrainBrain MouthMouth
GutGutHeartHeart
WaterWaterExitExit
ADULTADULT
Ascidia(photo)
CephalochordataCephalochordata
They are marineThey are marine Notochord extends from head to tail Notochord extends from head to tail
throughout their life.throughout their life. Eg : AmphioxusEg : Amphioxus
AmphioxusNotochordNotochordNerve CordNerve Cord
Gill SlitsGill Slits
MouthMouth
GutGut
MuscleMuscleSegmentsSegments TailTail
AnusAnus
Amphioxus
VertebrataVertebrata
The notochord is replaced by The notochord is replaced by vertebral column in the adult. Thus vertebral column in the adult. Thus all vertebrates are chordates but all all vertebrates are chordates but all chordates are not vertebrates.chordates are not vertebrates.
VertebrataVertebrata
Agnatha (Lacks jaw ):- Class Agnatha (Lacks jaw ):- Class CyclostomataCyclostomata
Gnathastomata ( Bears jaw ):-Super Gnathastomata ( Bears jaw ):-Super class Pisces(bear fins) and class Pisces(bear fins) and Tetrapoda(bear limbs)Tetrapoda(bear limbs)
CyclostomataCyclostomata
• They have sucking and circular mouth without jaws.
• They are marine but migrate to fresh water for spawning and within few days they die. But the larvae return to ocean.
Cyclostomata-Lamprey
Cyclostomata Cyclostomata HagfishHagfish
Cyclostomata Cyclostomata HagfishHagfish
Super class- PiscesSuper class- Pisces
Class- ChondrichthyesClass- Chondrichthyes Class- OsteichthyesClass- Osteichthyes
Class-ChondrichthyesClass-Chondrichthyes
Have streamlined body with cartilaginous Have streamlined body with cartilaginous endoskeletonendoskeleton
Mouth is ventralMouth is ventral Gill slits without operculamGill slits without operculam Skin is tough with placoid scalesSkin is tough with placoid scales Air bladder is absent.Air bladder is absent.
Eg :Shark
Sting ray
Torpedo
Class-OsteichthyesClass-Osteichthyes
Bony endoskletonBony endoskleton Mouth is terminalMouth is terminal Four pairs of gills covered by operculumFour pairs of gills covered by operculum Skin with cycloid scales Skin with cycloid scales Air bladder is present.Air bladder is present.
Hippocampus (Sea horse)
3. Osteicthyes
Super class-TetrapodaSuper class-Tetrapoda
Class- AmphibiaClass- Amphibia ,, Reptilia,, Reptilia ,, Aves,, Aves ,, Mammalia,, Mammalia
Class- AmphibiaClass- Amphibia
Live aquatic as well as in terrestrial Live aquatic as well as in terrestrial habitathabitat
Body is divided into head and TrunkBody is divided into head and Trunk Skin is moist and slimySkin is moist and slimy A tympanum is presentA tympanum is present Common opening ,cloaca for alimentary Common opening ,cloaca for alimentary
and reproductive tractand reproductive tract Cold blooded.Cold blooded. Eg: Toad, Frog, Salamander, IchthyophisEg: Toad, Frog, Salamander, Ichthyophis
Toad
Frog
Salamander
Class- ReptiliaClass- Reptilia
They are creeping or crawling animalsThey are creeping or crawling animals
Body is covered by dry scales or Body is covered by dry scales or scutesscutes
Two chambered heart ( In crocodile 4 Two chambered heart ( In crocodile 4 chambers)chambers)
PoikilothermsPoikilotherms
They cast their skin periodically.They cast their skin periodically.
Eg: Turtle, tortoise, Calotes, Lizard, Eg: Turtle, tortoise, Calotes, Lizard, Crocodiles, Snakes etc. Crocodiles, Snakes etc.
Turtle
Crocodile
KING COBRA
Python
Class- AvesClass- Aves Presence of feathersPresence of feathers Possess beakPossess beak Forelimbs are modified into wingsForelimbs are modified into wings Hindlimbs modified for walking, swimming, Hindlimbs modified for walking, swimming,
claspingclasping Hollow bonesHollow bones Four chambered heartFour chambered heart Homeotherms.Homeotherms.
Ostrich-Flightless bird
Class- MammaliaClass- Mammalia
Presence of mammary glandsPresence of mammary glands Skin is covered with hairSkin is covered with hair External ears (Pinnae) presentExternal ears (Pinnae) present Different types of teeth presentDifferent types of teeth present Viviparous Viviparous
• Class mammalia is divided into three sub classes namely 1.Prototheria, 2. Metatheria 3.Eutheria
• 1.Prototheria:- Egg laying mammals
• 2.Metatheria :- Marsupial mammals
• 3.Eutheria :- Placental mammals.
Prototheria(Egg laying)-Platipus
Echidna
Metatheria(marsupial)Kangaroo
Eutheria (Placental mammals)
Eutheria (Placental mammals ) Order 1. Primates : Man, Ape, Monkeys. Order 2. Carnivora : Tiger, Lion Order 3. Rodentia : Squirrel, Rat Order 4. Chiroptera : Bat, Vampire Order 5. Proboscidia: Elephant Order 6. Ungulata : Cow, Buffalow Order 7. Insectivora : Hedgehog, Mole. Order 8. Cetacea : Whales, Dolphines.
ThankyouThankyou With Besr With Besr
Compliments fromCompliments from Jose Mathew.KJose Mathew.K HSST (Zoology)HSST (Zoology)
CMS HSS MallappallyCMS HSS Mallappally