Presented by : Abdul Qahar Buneri

Animal Behavior types

AWKUM (BUNER CAMPUS)

The first type is innate behavior.From Latin . innatus "inborn,“Innate behaviors are those you develop on your own, which do not

need to be taught or learned.Innate behavior is something the animal is born knowing how to

do.Examples include fish swimming and geese migrating. What other examples can you think of?

Innate behavior  Behavior determined by the "hard-wiring" of

the nervous system is Innate behavior . It is usually inflexible, a given stimulus

triggering a given response.Example: A salamander raised away from

water until long after its siblings begin swimming successfully will swim every bit as well as they the very first time it is placed in the water.

Clearly this rather elaborate response is "built in" in the species and not something that must be acquired by practice.

Types of innate behavior 1:irratibity2:tropisam3:nasties4:taxes5:kinesisi6:reflex action7:instinct8:motivation let study detail

Types if innate behavior 1: Irritability def.: Irritability is an excessive

response to stimuli.ConditionsIrritability can occur in people experiencing

any of a variety of conditions, including:AnxietyAlcoholismFever

Examples of irritability

Protozoans lack nervosa system but protoplasm is capable of receiving the stimuli.

They can distinguished between edible and non edible particles.

2:  tropism :Cause of name: (from Greek  trope, "a turning")Def: it is a biological phenomenon, indicating growth or turning movement of a biological organism, usually a plant, in response to an environmental stimulus.or involuntary orientation by an organism or one of its parts that involves turning or curving by movement or by differential growth and is a positive or negative response to a source of stimulationIn tropisms, this response is dependent on the direction of the stimulusTropisms are typically associated with plants.

Types of tropism

Chemotropism, movement or growth in response to chemicals

Geotropism (or gravitropism), movement or growth in response to gravity

Heliotropism, movement or growth in response to sunlight

Sonotropism, movement or growth in response to sound.

Hydrotropism, movement or growth in response to water

Phototropism, movement or growth in response to lights or colors of light (e.g.- the sunflower)

Types of tropismThermotropism, movement or growth in

response to temperatureElectrotropism, movement or growth in

response to an electric fieldThigmotropism, movement or growth in

response to touch or contact

3:nasties Def: these Are non directional responses to stimuli

 (e.g. temperature, humidity, light irradiance), and are

usually associated with plantsThe movement can be due to changes in turgor

 or changes in growth. Nastic movements differ from tropic movements

 in that the direction of tropic responses depends on the direction of the stimulus, whereas the direction of nastic movements is independent of the stimulus' position. 

Types of nasties Epinasty: downward-bending from growth at the

top, for example, the bending down of a heavy flower.

Photonasty: response to lightNyctinasty: movements at night or in the darkChemonasty: response to chemicals or nutrientsHydronasty: response to waterThermonasty: response to temperatureGeonasty/gravinasty: response to gravityThigmonasty/seismonasty/haptonasty: response

to contact

Examples of nasties

4:Taxis

Cause of name: A taxis from ancient Greek  meaning arrangement

Def.: it is an innate behavioral response by an 

organism to a directional stimulus or gradient of stimulus intensity.

A taxis differs from a tropism (turning response, often growth towards or away from a stimulus) in that the organism has motility and demonstrates guided movement towards or away from the stimulus source

ExamplesFor example, flagellate protozoans of the

genus Euglena move towards a light source. Here the directional stimulus is light, and the orientation movement is towards the light. This reaction or behaviour is a positive one to light and specifically termed "positive phototaxis", since phototaxis is a response to a light stimulus, and the organism is moving towards the stimulus. If the organism moves away from the stimulus, then the taxis is negative.

Types of taxisAerotaxisAerotaxis is the response of an organism to

variation in oxygen concentration, and is mainly found in aerobic bacteria.

ChemotaxisChemotaxis is a migratory response that is elicited

by chemicals: that is, a response to a chemical concentration gradient.[For example, chemotaxis in response to a sugar gradient has been observed in motile bacteria such as E. Coli. Chemotaxis also occurs in the antherozoids of liverworts, ferns, and mosses in response to chemicals secreted by the archegonia.

Energy taxisEnergy taxis is the orientation of bacteria

towards conditions of optimal metabolic activity by sensing the internal energetic conditions of cell. Therefore in contrast to chemotaxis (taxis towards or away from a specific extracellular compound), energy taxis responds on an intracellular stimulus (e.g. proton motive force, activity of NDH- 1) and requires metabolic activity.

PhototaxisPhototaxis is the movement of an organism in

response to light: that is, the response to variation in light intensity and direction. Negative phototaxis, or movement away from a light source, is demonstrated in some insects, such as cockroaches. Positive phototaxis, or movement towards a light source, is advantageous for phototrophic organisms as they can orient themselves most efficiently to receive light for photosynthesis. Many phytoflagellates, e.g. Euglena, and the chloroplasts of higher plants positively phototactic, moving towards a light source.[

ThermotaxisThermotaxis is a migration along a

gradient of temperature. Some slime molds and small nematodes can migrate along amazingly small temperature gradients of less than 0.1C/cm.

They apparently use this behavior to move to an optimal level in so

PhonotaxisPhonotaxis is the movement of an

organism in response to sound.

GravitaxisGravitaxis (known historically as geotaxis)

is a response to the attraction due to gravity. The planktonic larvae of the king crab Lithodes aequispinus use a combination of positive phototaxis (movement towards the light) and negative gravitaxis (upward movement) Both positive and negative gravitaxes are found in a variety of protozoans

MagnetotaxisLogically, magnetotaxis is the ability to

sense a magnetic field and coordinate movement in response. However, the term is commonly applied to bacteria that contain magnets and are physically rotated by the force of the Earth's magnetic field. In this case, the "behavior" has nothing to do with sensation, and the bacteria are more accurately described as "magnetic bacteria

Galvanotaxis / electrotaxisGalvanotaxis or electrotaxis is directional

movement of motile cells in response to an electric field. It has been suggested that by detecting and orientating themselves toward the electric fields, cells are able to direct their movement towards the damages or wounds to repair the defect. It also is suggested that such a movement may contribute to directional growth of cells and tissues during development and regeneration. This notion is based on 1) the existence of measurable electric fields that naturally occur during wound healing, development and regeneration; and 2) cells in cultures respond to applied electric fields by directional cell migration – electrotaxis / galvanotaxis.

RheotaxisRheotaxis is a response to a current in a fluid.

Positive rheotaxis is shown by fish turning to face against the current. In a flowing stream, this behavior leads them to hold their position in a stream rather than being swept downstream. Some fish will exhibit negative rheotaxis where they will avoid currents.

ThigmotaxisThigmotaxis is the response of an organism to

physical contact, or to the proximity of a physical discontinuity in the environment (e.g. rats preferring to swim near the edge of a water maze).

Lateral-line sense organs and rheotactic responses of the torrent fish

rat at the end of a maze arm

KlinotaxisKlinotaxis occur in organisms with

receptor cells but no paired receptor organs. The cells for reception are located all over the body, particularly towards the anterior side. The organisms detect the stimuli by turning their head sideways and compare the intensity. When the intensity of stimuli is balanced equally from all sides then the organisms move in a straight line.

Examples: movement of larva of blowfly and butterfly.

TropotaxisTropotaxis are displayed by organisms

with paired receptor cells. When the stimuli coming from a source is balanced equally the organisms show movement. In this animals are capable of showing sideways movement unlike klinotaxis where the organisms show movement in a straight line. Example: movement of Greyling butterfly, fish louse

The dorsal light reaction is another important form of a taxis dependent on bilateral receptor organs that is exhibited by many aerial and aquatic organisms. This reaction functions to keep the animal's dorsal surface uppermost and oriented toward the natural light source. Again, this is accomplished by maintaining equal stimulation of bilateral photoreceptor organs.

Argulus, a marine crustacean, normally swims with its dorsal surface toward light. In a natural situation, the light always comes from above. However, if an artificial light is presented from below, the animal will swim about upside-down. If one eye is removed, it makes the characteristic continuous circling movements.

Many fish show the dorsal light reaction, but in most it is modified by information on gravity detected by the labyrinth organ of the inner ear. Thus, the orientation of labyrinthectomized fish is determined only by the position of the light, whereas normal intact fish orient using both the direction of light and the pull of gravity

MenotaxisMenotaxis In this constant angular orientation

of the organisms takes place. Example: Bees returning to their hive at night, movement of ant with response to the sun

MnemotaxisMnemotaxis are a complex type of stimuli. In

this the organisms pick up the trails left by them when traveling back to their home. Thus this is a memory response of an organisms

e.g the hunting digger wasp uses a number of land marks simultinslly while returning to there nest.

TelotaxisTeleotaxis require paired receptors. The movement occurs along the direction where the intensity of the stimuli is stronger. For example: when bees move from their hive for food they balance the stimuli from the sun as well as flower but reside on the flower whose intensity is higher for them.

5:KinesisKinesis, like a taxis, is a movement or activity of a

cell or an organism in response to a stimulus. However, unlike taxis, the response to the stimulus provided (such as gas exposure, light intensity or ambient temperature) is non-directional.

Kinesis is an animals non-directional response to a stimulus, for example humidity. The animal does not move toward or away the stimulus but moves at either a slow or fast rate depending on its "comfort zone." In this case a fast movement(non random) means that the animal is searching for its comfort zone but a slow movement indicates that it has found it.

The two main types of kineses include:Orthokinesis: in which the speed of

movement of the individual is dependent upon the intensity of the stimulus. Take, for example, the locomotion of a woodlice in relation to temperature. With increased humidity there is an increase in the percentage time that the woodlice will remain stationary.

Klinokinesis:

in which the frequency or rate of turning is proportional to stimulus intensity.e.g planaira changes its direction of movement according to the intensity of light. in dim light it turns oaccsaionsliy but in bright light the rate of turning increase.Both orthokinesis and klinokineses result in aggregations. However, the stimulus does not act to attract or repel individuals

7: Reflex actionsOf the many kinds of neural activity, there is one simple kind in which a stimulus leads to an immediate action. This is reflex activity. The word reflex (from Latin reflexus, “reflection”) was introduced into biology by a 19th-century English neurologist, Marshall Hall, who fashioned the word because he thought of the muscles as reflecting a stimulus much as a wall reflects a ball thrown against it. By reflex, Hall meant the automatic response of a muscle or several muscles to a stimulus that excites an afferent nerve. The term is now used to describe an action that is an inborn central nervous system activity, not involving consciousness, in which a particular stimulus, by exciting an afferent nerve, produces a stereotyped, immediate response of muscle or gland

The anatomical pathway of a reflex is called the reflex arc. It consists of an afferent (or sensory) nerve, usually one or more interneurons within the central nervous system, and an efferent (motor, secretory, or secreto-motor) nerve. Probably the best-known reflex is the pupillary light reflex.

If a light is flashed near one eye, the pupils of both eyes contract. Light is the stimulus; impulses reach the brain via the optic nerve; and the response is conveyed to the pupillary musculature by autonomic nerves that supply the eye. Another reflex involving the eye is known as the lacrimal reflex. When something irritates the conjunctiva or cornea of the eye, the lacrimal reflex causes nerve impulses to pass along the fifth cranial nerve (trigeminal) and reach the midbrain. The efferent limb of this reflex arc is autonomic and mainly parasympathetic. These nerve fibers stimulate the lacrimal glands of the orbit, causing the outpouring of tears.

Example of reflex action:

7:InstinctInstinct is the inherent inclination of a living

organism toward a particular complex behavior.Any behavior is instinctive if it is performed

without being based upon prior experienceAn instinct should be distinguished from a reflex,

which is a simple response of an organism to a specific stimulus

such as the contraction of the pupil in response to bright light or the spasmodic movement of the lower leg when the knee is tapped

The behavior in fixed way is called fixed action pattern.

Fixed Action PatternsA fixed action pattern (FAP) is a

sequence of unlearned, innate behaviors that is unchangeable.Once initiated, it is usually carried to

completion.

Fixed Action PatternsA FAP is triggered by an external sensory

stimulus known as a sign stimulus.The egg, for example.

Lorenz and Tinbergen (1938) examined egg-rolling behavior in the greylag goose.If the egg slipped away, she continued the

motion.Once started, the behavior must be

completed in a specific way.

Fixed Action PatternsIn male sticklebacks, the sign stimulus for

attack behavior, is the red underside of an intruder.

(a) A male three-spined stickleback fish shows its red underside.

Fixed Action Patterns

When presented with unrealistic models, as long as some red is present, the attack behavior occurs.

No attack occurs with the realistic model that lacks red.

Fixed Action Patterns

An instinctive behavior of shaking water from wet fur.

Fixed Action Patterns

Male English robins will attack a bundle of red feathers placed in their territory, but will ignore a stuffed juvenile (no red).

Fixed Action PatternsThere are costs involved with attack

behavior.Inappropriate attack responses can be costly.Red items are not common in the

environment.

8:MotivationMotivation is the psychological feature that

arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal and elicits, controls, and sustains certain goal directed behaviors. For instance: An individual has not eaten, he or she feels hungry, and as a response he or she eats and diminishes feelings of hunger. There are many approaches to motivation: physiological, behavioural, cognitive, and social

Motivation may be rooted in a basic need to minimize physical pain and maximize pleasure, or it may include specific needs such as eating and resting, or for a desired object. Conceptually, motivation is related to, but distinct from, emotion.

Intrinsic motivationIntrinsic motivation refers to motivation that is

driven by an interest or enjoyment in the task itself, and exists within the individual rather than relying on any external pressure. Intrinsic motivation is based on taking pleasure in an activity rather than working towards an external reward. Intrinsic motivation has been studied since the early 1970s.

Students who are intrinsically motivated are more likely to engage in the task willingly as well as work to improve their skills, which will increase their capabilities. Students are likely to be intrinsically motivated if they:

attribute their educational results to factors under their own control, also known as autonomy,

learning to achieve good grades.

Extrinsic motivationExtrinsic motivation refers to the performance

of an activity in order to attain an outcome, which then contradicts intrinsic motivation. It is widely believed that motivation performs two functions. The first is often referred to as the energetic activation component of the motivation construct. The second is directed at a specific behavior and makes reference to the orientation directional component.

Common extrinsic motivations are rewards like money and grades, and threat of punishment.

The other type is learned behavior.

Ensha Allha in next class. THANX